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{{See also|Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic}} |
{{See also|Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic}} |
Revision as of 08:40, 24 April 2020
There are many fake and unproven medical products and methods that claim to diagnose, prevent and cure COVID-19.[1] Fake medicines sold for COVID-19 may not contain the ingredients they claim to contain, and may even contain harmful ingredients.[2]
No vaccine for COVID-19 prevention is currently available, as of 2020, thought there are many worldwide efforts to develop one as soon as possible.[1][3] As of March 2020, the World Health Organization does not recommend any medicines to treat or cure COVID-19, although research is underway in many countries, including the Solidarity Trial spearheaded by WHO.[4] WHO has requested member countries to immediately notify them if any fake medicines or other falsified products are discovered.[4] There are also many claims that existing products help against COVID; these spread through rumours online rather than conventional advertising.
Anxiety about COVID-19 makes people more willing to "try anything" that might give them a sense of control of the situation, making them easy targets for scams, according to April Thames, associate professor of psychology at the University of Southern California.[5] Many false claims about measures against COVID-19 have circulated widely on social media, but some have circulated by text and even in some mainstream media. Officials have advised that before forwarding information, people should think carefully and look it up. "Does something feel like it’s trying to scare you? Is it claiming it has all the facts while others don’t? Is it jumping to conclusions that you haven’t seen in other places? Is it using rhetorical tools in order to persuade you of something?", said Graham Brookie, of the Digital Forensic Research Lab at the Atlantic Council. He also said that people should check the information source's source: "if it’s not pointing to the latest, verified science-based information, like coronavirus.gov, then absolutely think twice about it".[6][5][7] Arthur Caplan, head of medical ethics at New York University's medical school, had simpler advice for COVID-19 products: "Anything online, ignore it".[5]
Products which claim to prevent COVID-19 risk giving dangerous false confidence and increasing infection rates.[8] Some of the pretend treatments are also poisonous; hundreds of people have died from using fake COVID-19 treatments.[9][10]
Prevention
Widely circulated posts on social media have made many unfounded claims about methods of preventing infection with SARS-CoV2. Among others:
Commercial products
There are many fraudulent products that claim to work against COVID-19.[1][5]
- "Virus Shut Out Protection" pendants, supposedly from Japan, worn around one's neck, have been sold with claims that they prevent infection. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said that no evidence had been presented that they work, and took legal action against importers.[11]
- a mix containing amphetamines, cocaine and nicotine, on sale on the Dark Web for US$300, was advertised as a vaccine against COVID-19.[12]
- cocaine does not protect against COVID-19. Several viral tweets purporting that snorting cocaine would sterilize one's nostrils of the coronavirus spread around Europe and Africa. In response, the French Ministry of Health released a public service announcement debunking this claim, saying "No, cocaine does NOT protect against COVID-19. It is an addictive drug that causes serious side effects and is harmful to people’s health." The World Health Organisation also debunked the claim.[13]
- a Twitter post claimed that scientists from the "Australian Medical University" had developed a vaccine for the coronavirus. It accepted 0.1 Bitcoin as payment for a vaccination kit and promised shipping in 5-10 days. The linked website was later removed.[14](notable?)
- homeopathic 'Influenza complex' has been marketed as a preventive measure for COVID-19 by a man in New Zealand, who claimed to have identified and imbued his product with the "frequency" of COVID-19 using a "radionics machine". Homeopathic remedies such as this one have no active ingredients and cannot protect against flu, colds, or COVID-19, said University of Auckland associate professor and microbiologist Dr Siouxsie Wiles. The NZ Ministry of Health said that COVID-19 was not a strain of flu, and criticized products which claim to prevent COVID-19 as giving dangerous false confidence.[15]
Protective equipment and hand sanitizers
- Over 34,000 counterfeit surgical masks — which may have been touted for as coronavirus prevention — were seized by Europol in March 2020.[20]
- Making masks out of wet-wipes has not been officially recommended as an alternative to surgical masks, contrary to some claims.[21]
- Hand sanitizer prepared at home by mixing rum, bleach and fabric softener has been widely promoted as effective at preventing COVID-19 in YouTube videos in the Philippines. The Integrated Chemists of the Philippines (ICP) released statements saying that alcoholic drinks contain only about 40% alcohol, less than the 70% needed in effective hand sanitizers, and that mixing bleach and alcohol creates chloroform, which is toxic and dangerous when inhaled or when it comes in contact with the skin. The manufacturers of the brands of rum and bleach used in the videos have both publicly issued statements calling the recipe dangerous and urging people not to use it.[22][medical citation needed][23]
- Vodka was alleged to be an effective homemade hand sanitizer, or an ingredient in one. The company whose brand was alleged to be protective responded to the rumours by citing the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statement that hand sanitizers needed to be at least 60% alcohol to be effective, and stating that their product was only 40% alcohol.[24][25][medical citation needed]
- Hand sanitizer is not more effective than washing in plain soap and water.[26] Washing in soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the best way to clean hands in most situations. However, if soap and water are not available, a hand sanitizer that is at least 60% alcohol can be used instead, unless hands are visibly dirty or greasy.[27][28]
- Soap is effective at killing coronaviruses, but "antibacterial" soap is not better than plain soap.[29][30]
- Red soap is not more germicidal than soaps of other colors, contrary to claims in a popular Facebook post, said Dr. Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka’s Health Promotion Bureau (HPB); he suggested that it might be a reference to carbolic soap.[31][medical citation needed]
- White does not have a 'harmful effect' on coronavirus, as claimed in a widely-shared Facebook post; nor does the colour of a handkerchief have an effect on the virus, according to Dr. Ashan Pathirana, the registrar of Sri Lanka’s Health Promotion Bureau (HPB). Using hankerchiefs or tissues of other colours to sneeze or cough into will be just as effective.[31][medical citation needed]
Food, drink, and naturopathic products
- Claims that vegetarians are immune to coronavirus spread online in India, causing "#NoMeat_NoCoronaVirus" to trend on Twitter.[32] Eating meat does not have an effect on COVID-19 spread, except for people near where animals are slaughtered (see zoonosis), said Dr. Anand Krishnan, professor at the Centre for Community Medicine of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).[33] Fisheries, Dairying and Animal Husbandry Minister Giriraj Singh said that the rumour had significantly affected industry, with the price of a chicken falling to a third of pre-pandemic levels. He also described efforts to improve the hygiene of the meat supply chain.[34]
- Consuming large amounts of boiled ginger after fasting for a day was rumoured to prevent or cure coronavirus on Facebook. There is no evidence that this prevents or cures any coronavirus infection, Dr. Mark Kristoffer Pasayan, a fellow at the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said.[35]
- Drinking lemon in warm water has been claimed to prevent both COVID-19 and cancer by increasing vitamin C levels. This claim circulated on Facebook in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. There is no evidence that vitamin C was effective against coronaviruses, nor are lemons the fruit with the most vitamin C content, said Henry Chenal, director of the Integrated Bioclinical Research Centre (CIRBA) in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.[36] The WHO said that there was no evidence that lemons would protect against COVID-19, though they recommended consuming fresh fruit and vegetables in a healthy diet.[37]
- Eating turmeric is said to prevent COVID-19, but the WHO says there is no evidence that it does.[37]
- A Sri Lankan herbal drink was said to remedy COVID-19 and all other viruse infections which can affect humans, with reposts circulating widely on Facebook. The drink might reduce fever symptoms, but this might lead to the infected person infecting other people, and the mixture could have long-term health complications, according to Dr. L. P. A. Karunathilake, a senior lecturer at the Colombo University Institute of Indegenous Medicine.[38][medical citation needed]
- Facebook claims that 'gargling salt water, drinking hot liquids like tea and avoiding ice cream can stop the transmission of COVID-19' have been criticized by health professionals.[39]
- homeopathic treatment with Arsenicum album is claimed as an "add on" to prevent COVID-19.[40][medical citation needed]
- Eating ice cream and frozen foods will neither cure nor cause COVID-19, as long as they are hygienically prepared.[37]
- Eating mango will not cure COVID-19.[37]
- Eating durian will not cure COVID-19.[37]
- Eating chicken will not cause COVID-19, as long as it is hygienically prepared and well-cooked.[37]
- Drinking large amounts of water will not prevent or cure COVID-19, though avoiding dehydration is healthy.[37]
Temperature and radiation
- Cold and snow do not kill the COVID-19 virus. The virus lives in humans, not in the outdoors.[41]
- Exposure to sunlight, drinking warm water or hot baths/heating to 26–27 °C (79–81 °F) will not kill the COVID-19 virus. It has been claimed that these statements were made by UNICEF in coronavirus prevention guidelines, but UNICEF officials refuted this.[44][41][37]
- UV-C light, chlorine, and high (over 56 °C) temperatures cannot be used on humans to kill the COVID-19 virus.[45][41]
Diagnosis
No at-home self-swab tests for COVID 19 have been FDA licensed as of the end of March 2020.[5] Official government screening questionnaires that tell patients who might have COVID-19 to visit their doctor for a test do exist online in some countries.[citation needed]
- Counterfeit testing kits, which were originally used for testing HIV and monitoring glucose levels, were touted as for coronavirus diagnosis.[20][46]
- Holding one's breath for 10 seconds was claimed to be an effective self-test for the coronavirus.[47] The WHO stated that this test did not work and should not be used.[41]
- Manufacturer Bodysphere briefly sold what it claimed were coronavirus antibody tests that it falsely marketed as made in the United States and having received and FDA Emergency Use Authorization.[48] Antibody tests from other companies have since been authorized.[medical citation needed]
Treatment methods
Naturopathic methods
- Snake oil, a traditional Chinese medicine, was advertised by the Xinhua News Agency as being able to treat the coronavirus. In the US and China, the product sold out in stores across the country.[49][50]
- Drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body was claimed to cure coronavirus by Indian politician Swami Chakrapani. He also stated that only Indian cows must be used.[51][52] MP Suman Haripriya also promoted cow dung and urine. Dr Shailendra Saxena of the Indian Virological Society stated that there is no evidence that cow urine has any anti-viral effect, and eating cow dung might even create a new zoonosis.[53][medical citation needed]
- Consuming garlic, ginger and onions circulated as a preventive measure against COVID-19 on Facebook.[54]
- Steam inhalation was suggested as a cure for coronavirus infection that circulated on Facebook.[55][56]
- Juice of bittergourd, a vegetable used in traditional medicine, was suggested as a cure for COVID-19 on social media.[57]
- Drinking water every 15 minutes was claimed to prevent coronavirus infection.[58]
- Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) were claimed to be remedies for COVID-19 in rumours that circulated in India.[59]
- Bananas were claimed to be able to strengthen the immune system and prevent and cure COVID-19.[60][61]
- Taking six deep breaths and then coughing by covering one's mouth was circulated as a treatment for COVID-19 infection in social media, including by celebrities.[62]
- Tea was said to be effective against COVID-19 in claims circulating on social media, which said that since tea contained the stimulants methylxanthine, theobromine and theophylline, it was capable of warding off the virus. These claims were falsely attributed to Dr Li Wenliang.[63][53]
- Posts on social media claimed that volcanic ash from the eruption of the Taal Volcano on January 12, 2020 in the Philippines was the cause of low infection rates in the country, stating that it could kill the virus and had "anti-viral" and "disinfectant qualities".[64]
- Andrographis paniculata was claimed to boost the immune systems and relieve symptoms of coronavirus by a Thai media website. Dr. Pakakrong Kwankao, Head of the Empirical Evidence Centre at Chao Phraya Abhaibhubehjr Hospital, and Dr. Richard Brown, Programme Manager of Health Emergencies and Antimicrobial Resistance at the World Health Organisation (WHO) in Thailand, said that there was no evidence to back these claims.[65]
- Sap from Tinospora crispa (makabuhay) plants was claimed to serve as an antibiotic against the coronavirus when used as an eye drop; it was also claimed that the coronavirus is from the skin and crawls to the eyes. These rumours circulated in the Philippines. Dr. Jaime Purificacion from the University of the Philippines’ Institute of Herbal Medicine said that while there was evidence for makabuhay as a treatment for scabies, there was no evidence that it was useful for treating coronavirus, and no evidence that putting the sap in your eyes was safe. He strongly advised against putting plant sap in the eyes, saying it could be dangerous.[66] The WHO has stated that antibiotics do not kill the coronavirus, as they kill bacteria, not viruses.[41]
- Saline solutions were said to kill the coronavirus in claims originating from China.[67]
Chemical methods
- Industrial methanol was claimed to cure the coronavirus. Drinking alcohol is ethanol, while methanol is acutely poisonous. Iranian media were reporting nearly 300 dead and 1000 hospitalized (or 600 dead and 3,000 hospitalized, according to a unidentified doctor in the Health Ministry) as of April 8, 2020. Alcoholic beverages are illegal in Iran, resulting in a black market in liquor made illegally;[9][10] while drinking alcohol is ethanol, other alcohols, such as methanol, are acutely poisonous, and may be present in badly-prepared alcoholic beverages.[68]
- Contrary to some reports, drinking ethanol alcohol also does not protect against COVID-19, and can increase health risks[41] (short term and long term).
- A YouTuber claimed that 'a miracle mineral solution', which effectively only contained chlorine dioxide, can 'wipe out' coronavirus. The FDA has warned that drinking chlorine dioxide can cause serious health problems.[69]
- A person living in California marketed pills for curing coronavirus, although the contents of the pill were not made public. He was arrested for attempted fraud, which carries up to 20 years of prison.[70]
- Cocaine was projected as a cure for the coronavirus.[69] When this news appeared on social media, Facebook flagged this as misinformation[71] and French officials were required to release an official statement confirming that cocaine could not cure the virus.[72]
- Claims that colloidal silver solution can kill over 650 pathogens including coronavirus prompted antifraud actions. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health warned on their website against taking colloidal silver as dietary supplement. Seven warning letters were filed to companies for selling fraudulent products.[73] Preacher Jim Bakker had been claiming that the colloid silver he sold (and only his) could be used to treat COVID-19.[74] Colloidal silver is not an effective treatment for anything, and may interfere with other medications or cause permanent argyria (blue-gray skin discoloration).[75]
- Toothpastes, dietary supplements and creams were being sold illegally in the US, with claims that they could cure coronavirus infection.[76] Alex Jones was directed by the USFDA to cease promoting these products as a cure.[74]
Radiation-based methods
- Celebrity chef Pete Evans claimed that a device called the BioCharger NG Subtle Energy Platform, costing US$14,990, could cure the coronavirus. He faced backlash, taking down his advertisement after the Australian Medical Association dismissed the product as a "fancy light machine".[77][74] The Australian distributors, Hydrogen Technologies Pty Ltd, stated the device would help "open the airways of Coronavirus victims by reducing the inflammation it causes in the lungs" as well as other unproven therapeutic claims.[78]
Magical and religious methods
- Televangelist Kenneth Copeland had urged followers to touch their televisions as a means of vaccination by proxy, and also attempted to exorcise COVID-19 on at least three occasions by summoning "the wind of God".[74]
Use of existing drugs unproven against COVID-19
- In March 2020, the US President Donald Trump stated that chloroquine, the anti-malarial drug had been approved by the US Food and Drugs Administration for treating COVID-19. The FDA later clarified that it has not approved any therapeutics or drugs to treat COVID-19, but that studies were underway to see if chloroquine could be effective in treatment of COVID-19.[79] Following the president's claim, panic buying of chloroquine was reported from many countries in Africa and South Asia. Patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, who take these medications regularly, have had trouble obtaining supplies.[80] Taking related products indended for aquarium use can cause serious illness and death.[1]
- Rumours circulated in Iraq that the Iraqi pharmaceutical company PiONEER Co. had discovered a treatment for coronavirus. These reports were loosely based on a statement by PiONEER, which mentioned hydroxychloroquine sulphate, azithromycin, and zitroneer (its brand name[81] for the same azithromycin, a common antibiotic[82]) and said that it would try and make these drugs available free of charge. The statement did not say that these drugs can cure COVID-19. The company later clarified that they had not attempted to find a cure for COVID-19, and criticized the news media for spreading inaccurate reports and misinformation, running with the story without checking whether they had misunderstood the company's statement. Two days later, another false story was widely reported, saying that Samaraa, another Iraqi phrama company, had found a cure.[83] Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin[82]) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria.[84] Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial co-infection. Overuse of azithromycin causes antibiotic resistance, and rare side effects include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss.[82][85]
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