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| {{flagicon image|Flag.svg}} [[Cyprus dispute|Cyprus]] |
| {{flagicon image|Flag.svg}} [[Cyprus dispute|Cyprus]] |
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| {{flag|Republic of Cyprus}}<br>{{flag|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}} |
| {{flag|Republic of Cyprus}}<br>{{flag|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus}} |
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| Proposed reunification of the two Cypriot states to end the [[Cyprus dispute]]. Talks are ongoing, although specific plans, such as the [[Annan Plan for Cyprus|Annan Plan]], have so far failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2004/annan-cyprus-problem_maps_26feb03.pdf |title=Basis for a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |format=PDF |access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> |
| Proposed reunification of the two Cypriot states to end the [[Cyprus dispute]]. Talks are ongoing, although specific plans, such as the [[Annan Plan for Cyprus|Annan Plan]], have so far failed. Renewed UN Cyprus Reunification Conference is taking place on January 12th, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2004/annan-cyprus-problem_maps_26feb03.pdf |title=Basis for a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |format=PDF |access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> |
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| {{flag|East African Federation}} |
| {{flag|East African Federation}} |
Revision as of 15:59, 7 January 2017
This is a list of proposed state mergers, including both current and historical proposals originating from sovereign states or organizations. The entities listed below differ from separatist movements in that they would form as a merger or union of two or more existing states, territories, colonies or other regions, becoming either a federation, confederation or other type of unified sovereign state.
Current
Proposed state | Components | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | Albania Kosovo |
The unification of partially recognized Kosovo and Albania has gained popularity since the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence.[citation needed] |
Australia | Australia New Zealand |
The proposed merger of Australia & New Zealand has been looming since before the Federation of Australia was created in 1901. There are still calls for merger of the two nations, who share a close political, economical and cultural friendship. For more details, see Proposed States of Australia.[citation needed] |
China | People's Republic of China Republic of China (Taiwan) |
Reunification of the Greater China region is the stated goal of both states, though support in Taiwan is decreasing over time. Supported by Chinese nationalists in both states.[1][2][3] |
Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |
Proposed reunification of the two Cypriot states to end the Cyprus dispute. Talks are ongoing, although specific plans, such as the Annan Plan, have so far failed. Renewed UN Cyprus Reunification Conference is taking place on January 12th, 2017.[4] |
East African Federation | Burundi Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Tanzania Uganda |
Proposed political union between the six member states of the East African Community.[5] Federation was proposed in 2004, but in 2016 it was decided that confederation would be the short-term goal. South Sudan is not as integrated as the other five members.[6] |
Korea | North Korea South Korea |
Korean reunification has been a goal for both Koreas since the 1953 armistice agreement. However, proposed strategies vary between the two Koreas.[7] |
Romania | Romania Moldova |
The reunification of Romania and Moldova became a popular concept in the two countries during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and remains a commonly discussed aspiration for some in both countries.[citation needed] |
Serbia | Serbia Republika Srpska |
The secession of Republika Srpska from Bosnia and Herzegovina and unification with Serbia has been proposed since the 1990s.[citation needed] |
Union State | Russia Belarus |
The Union State became a popular concept in the Post-Soviet states during the late 1990s, and remains a goal of some of the states.[citation needed] |
Historic
21st century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Russia | Russia Crimea |
2014 | Yes (de facto) |
Crimea unilaterally seceded from Ukraine and later conducted a referendum to join the Russian Federation and was later annexed by Russia. The referendum was controversial and most countries continue to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine. |
Peru–Bolivian Confederation | Bolivia Peru |
2011 | No | President Ollanta Humala of Peru proposed Bolivian president Evo Morales to reunite the countries in a confederation.[8][9] The Cabinets of the two countries have held joint meetings.[10] |
20th century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | East Germany West Germany |
1990 | Yes | German reunification |
Yemen | North Yemen South Yemen |
1990 | Yes | Yemeni unification |
Senegambia Confederation | The Gambia Senegal |
1982–1989 | Yes (1 January 1982 – 30 September 1989) |
A loose confederation was formed, but ended due to the Gambia's lack of interest in integration. |
Federation of Arab Republics | Libya Egypt Syria Also invited: Iraq Sudan |
1972–1977 | Yes (1 January 1972 – 19 November 1977) |
An attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to build a Pan-Arab state. |
Vietnam | North Vietnam South Vietnam |
1976 | Yes | Unified due to military conquest. See Reunification Day and the Fall of Saigon. |
India | India Sikkim |
1975 | Yes | After independence in 1947, joining the new Indian Union was rejected by popular vote. Sikkim grew closer to India over time, becoming a protectorate and later a suzerainty of India. With Indian pressure and support, Sikkim voted to join India in 1975.[11][12] |
United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman Umm al-Qaiwain Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah Also invited: Bahrain Qatar |
1971 | Yes | Six independent emirates formed the United Arab Emirates in December 2, 1971. Ras Al Khaimah later joined the federation. |
Arab Islamic Republic | Libya Tunisia |
1974 | No | Proposed by Muammar Gaddafi. |
Tanzania | Tanganyika Zanzibar |
1964 | Yes | |
Malaysia | Malaya North Borneo Sarawak Singapore Also invited: Brunei |
1963 | Yes | Singapore was expelled from the federation on 9 August 1965 due to political conflict and power tension. |
North Borneo Federation | North Borneo Sarawak Protectorate of Brunei |
1956–1960 | No | |
Arab Federation | Kingdom of Iraq Jordan |
1958 | Yes (14 February 1958 – 2 August 1958) |
An attempt to unify the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan. While successful, the short-lived union was disestablished after a military coup deposed King Faisal II of Iraq. |
United Arab Republic | Republic of Egypt Syrian Republic |
1958 | Yes (22 February 1958 – 28 September 1961) |
A short-lived Pan-Arab state. |
West Indies Federation | British Barbados British Jamaica British Leeward Islands British Trinidad and Tobago British Windward Islands |
1958 | Yes (1958–1962) |
The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state, however, before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts. |
United Arab States | United Arab Republic Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen |
1958 | Yes (8 March 1958 – 26 December 1961) |
Loose confederation between the United Arab Republic and (North) Yemen. |
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | Nyasaland Northern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia |
1953 | Yes (1953–1963) |
A semi-independent state. |
People's Republic of China | People's Republic of China Tibet |
1950–1951 | Yes | Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet |
Canada | Canada Newfoundland |
1949 | Yes | Newfoundland Act |
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia People's Socialist Republic of Albania People's Republic of Bulgaria |
1946–1948 | No | Josip Broz Tito came extremely close to getting Albania into accepting integration into Yugoslavia, but relations cooled in 1948 over fears that Yugoslavia only intended to use Albania for raw materials, subsequently resulting in the expulsion of Yugoslav diplomats. Yugoslav/Bulgarian negotiations fell through when Moscow attempted to force both countries into accepting Soviet control over the merge, which caused Yugoslavia to withdraw from negotiations and precipitated the Tito–Stalin split. |
India | India Hyderabad |
1948 | Yes | Annexation of Hyderabad |
India | India Junagadh |
1947–1948 | Yes | Annexation of Junagadh |
Pakistan | Pakistan Princely states |
1947–1950 | Yes | Instrument of Accession |
India | India Princely states |
1947–1950 | Yes | Instrument of Accession |
Greek-Yugoslav confederation | Strictest definition: Kingdom of Greece Kingdom of Yugoslavia Loosest definition also includes: Albanian Kingdom Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Romania |
1942–1944 | No | |
Polish-Czechoslovak confederation | Czechoslovak Republic Polish Republic |
1939–1948 | No | Proposed by Władysław Sikorski. |
Republic of Turkey | Republic of Turkey Hatay State |
1939 | Yes | Hatay was a disputed territory between Syria and Turkey until 2004. Territory ceded from Syria to Turkey during the French Mandate of Syria, never formally recognized by Syria, but gave it up in 2004. |
Nazi Germany | Nazi Germany Federal State of Austria |
1938 | Yes (1938–1945) |
Anschluss |
Soviet Union | Byelorussian SSR Russian SFSR Transcaucasian SFSR Ukrainian SSR |
1922 | Yes (1922–1991) |
Treaty on the Creation of the USSR |
Ukrainian People's Republic | Ukrainian People's Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic |
1919 | Yes (1919) |
Act Zluky |
Kingdom of Romania | Kingdom of Romania Kingdom of Hungary |
1919 | No | Proposed federation between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union under the Romanian King.[13] |
Weimar Republic | Weimar Republic Republic of German-Austria |
1918–1919 | No | Following the disintegration of Austria-Hungary in the final days of World War I, the German-speaking territories of the Empire attempted to begin a process of integration into Weimar Germany. The Allies did not favor the idea, and forced the Austrian rump state to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which prohibited Austria from uniting with Germany. |
Międzymorze | Belarusian People's Republic Czechoslovak Republic Estonia Finland Hungarian People's Republic Latvia Lithuania Polish Republic Kingdom of Romania Ukrainian People's Republic Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
November or December 1918 | No | Also called "Intermarium". Suggested shortly after World War I to combat the influences of Germany and Russia. |
Kingdom of Romania | Kingdom of Romania Transylvania (Part of Hungary) Banat Republic Duchy of Bukovina |
1918 | Yes (1918–1947) |
Unification of Greater Romania |
Kingdom of Romania | Kingdom of Romania Moldavian Democratic Republic |
1918 | Yes (1918) |
See Treaty of Bucharest |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Montenegro Kingdom of Serbia State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs |
1918 | Yes (1918–1992) |
Creation of Yugoslavia |
Balkan Socialist Federation | Principality of Albania Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Yugoslavia |
1910–1916 | No | |
Australia | New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Also invited: Fiji New Zealand |
1901 | Yes | Federation of Australia |
19th century
18th century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom of Great Britain | Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland |
1707 | Yes | Though having been ruled since 1603 in Personal Union when James I succeeded both the English and Scottish crowns both countries remained separate sovereign nations states until 1706 when the Treaty of Union unified them into a single entity. |
United States of America | Vermont Republic United States of America |
1777–1791 | Yes | |
United States of America | Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia |
1786-1788 | Yes (1788–1861) |
United States Constitution is ratified by the Thirteen Original Colonies, replacing the Articles of Confederation and thereby forming a Federal government, ending the individual sovereignty of the US States. |
17th century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate |
1658–1659 | No | Treaty of Hadiach |
16th century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia |
1574–1658 | No | |
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) Grand Duchy of Lithuania |
1569 | Yes (1569–1795) |
See Union of Lublin |
15th century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jagiellonian Union | Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569) |
1440 | Yes (1440–1444) |
See Union of Hungary and Poland |
14th century
Proposed state | Components | Time period | Successful? | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Angevin Union | Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385) |
1370 | Yes (1370–1382) |
See Union of Hungary and Poland |
See also
References
- ^ Lynch, David (9 October 2014). "China's Long Game With Taiwan Just Got Longer". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ Nylander, Johan (4 November 2014). "Taiwan president will deal with China but not at expense of sovereignty". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ Chung, Lawrence (25 September 2014). "Ruling on Hong Kong poll a hammer blow to Taiwan reunification hopes". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ "Basis for a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem" (PDF). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ LAMU (3 September 2009). "An East African Federation: Big ambitions, big question-marks". The Economist. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ "East African Nations agree to disagree". All Africa. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ Babones, Salvatore (17 October 2014). "2015: The Year of Korean Reunification?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ "Humala Invites Morales to Consider the Re-Unification of Peru and Bolivia". mercopress.com. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Humala Says Dreams of Peru-Bolivia Reunification". buenosairesherald.com. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Peru and Bolivia reach gas deal at 'bi-national cabinet'". perureports.com. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ "The Forgotten Kingdom". FP. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
- ^ "25 years after SIKKIM". Nepali Times. 23 March 2001. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
- ^ Béla K. Király, Gunther Erich Rothenberg, War and Society in East Central Europe: Trianon and East Central Europe antecedents and repercussions, p. 114