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Although [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, [[Sanskrit]] which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of [[Latin]] in [[English language|English]] and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for [[neologism]]s, these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of [[Jayapura]] city (former Hollandia) and [[Jayawijaya Mountains]] (former Orange Range) in Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s, both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards; such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names. |
Although [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, [[Sanskrit]] which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of [[Latin]] in [[English language|English]] and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for [[neologism]]s, these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of [[Jayapura]] city (former Hollandia) and [[Jayawijaya Mountains]] (former Orange Range) in Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s, both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards; such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names. |
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The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of [[religion]], [[art]] and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with [[India]] long ago before the |
The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of [[religion]], [[art]] and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with [[India]] long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or with the intermediary of the [[Old Javanese language]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by prof. [[P.J. Zoetmulder]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. |
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Revision as of 01:30, 1 April 2014
The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, including Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and other Austronesian languages.
Indonesian differs from the Malaysian language in a number of respects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced.
Vice versa, words of Malay-Indonesian origin also has been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok) generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).
Chronology
The study on Indonesian etymology and loan words reflected its historical and social context. Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings probably in the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and the ones from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.[1]
- Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.
- Indonesian has involved in trade with Chinese since ancient times and also significant of Chinese immigrants began to migrate to Indonesia, as the result some of Chinese language, especially Hokkien dialect being absorbed into Indonesian.
- Muslim influence, which came at first through Arabic and Persian traders, over a number of centuries results in an extensive Arabic influence and also Persian.
- Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
- Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, had an extensive impact on the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus had an impact on the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-as" (e.g., kwalitas = quality), "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administration), and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictive) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still use intensively today, although there are genuine Indonesian language.
- Modern Indonesian regularly adapts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hitech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet).
But the processes may also be ‘out of period’; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.[1]
Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer or "odol" as all of toothpastes. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".
List of loanwords
From Austronesian languages
From Minangkabau[2]
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
abang | older brother | abang |
acuh | careful | acuah |
adat | custom | adaik |
alih | shift | aliah |
angguk | nod | angguak |
angkuh | arrogant | angkuah |
angsur | gradually | ansua |
anjak | move | anjak |
anjungan | pavilion | anjuang |
anyir | rancid | anyia |
apung | float | apuang |
asing | outside | asiang |
asuh | nurture | asuah |
awak | you (regional), crew, member | awak |
bangkang | rebel | bangkang |
bantah | denies | bantah |
baruh | lowland | baruah |
basa basi | courtesy | baso basi |
basuh | flush | basuah |
bengis | fierce, angry | bangih |
berang | angry | berang |
bernas | spirited | boneh |
beruk | monkey | baruak |
biduk | boat | biduak |
bilik | room | biliak |
bunda | mother | bundo |
buyung | sonny | buyuang |
cabik | torn | cabiak |
cabul | lewd | cabua |
cacat | disabled, defect | cacek |
cakak | fight | cakak |
campin | skilled | campin |
canggung | clumsy | cangguang |
capuk | pockmarked | capuak |
cegak | vigorous | cegak |
celik | open eyes, see | caliak |
celoteh | babble | ciloteh |
cemeeh | jeer | cemeeh |
cengang | amazed | cangang |
cerdik | dodgy | cadiak |
cirit | feces | cirik |
ciut | shrunken | ciuk |
condong | tend, skew | condong |
cungkil | grub up | cukia |
dara | girl, virgin, dove | daro |
dadih | buttermilk | dadiah |
dawat | ink | dawek |
dendang | sing | dendang |
dongak | looking up | dongak |
elok | good, beautiful | elok |
entah | I don't know | antah |
erat | tight | arek |
gadai | mortgage | gadai |
gadang | large | gadang |
gadis | girl, virgin | gadih |
gaduh | noisy | gaduah |
gaek | aged | gaek |
galau | confusion | galau |
gegas | hurry | gageh |
gelar | title | gala |
gelimang | mixed | galimang |
gengsi | prestige | gengsi |
gepuk | obese | gapuak |
giat | active | giaik |
hamba | I, me | ambo |
hambar | tasteless | amba |
hambat | block | ambek |
hangat | warm | angek |
harap | hope | arok |
heboh | noisy | heboh |
hela | pull | elo |
helat | reception | alek |
hempas | crash | ampeh |
hembus | blow | ambuih |
hening | silence | aniang |
himbau | call | imbau |
iba | compassion | ibo |
ingsut | sliding | insuik |
jangat | skin | jangek |
jenis | kind | jinih |
jenjang | ladder | janjang |
jerang | boiled | jarang |
jerat | snare | jarek |
jernih | limpid | janiah |
jinjing | pick-up | jinjiang |
junjung | respectful | junjuang |
kangkang | straddle | kangkang |
kebat | bundle | kabek |
kecoh | swizzle, dishonesty | kicuah |
kejut | shock | kajuik |
kelok | meanders | kelok |
kemas | spruce | kameh |
keruh | muddy | karuah |
kesan | impression | kasan |
kiat | tips | kiek |
kias | metaphors | kieh |
kilat | levin | kilek |
kusut | tangled | kusuik |
lada | pepper | lado |
lamban | slow | lamban |
lancang | sassy | lancang |
lapuk | rotten | lapuak |
lasak | restless | lasak |
lawak | buffoonery, joke | lawak |
layuh | weak | layuah |
lekang | fission | lakang |
lelap | sleep | lalok |
lereng | slope | lereng |
letih | tired | latiah |
ligat | quick | ligat |
lindap | obscure | lindok |
lintuh | weak | lintuah |
lisut | wilted | lisuk |
lusuh | shabby | lusuah |
mancur | fountain | ma(lun)cua |
membelalak | stare | mambalalak |
memilin | twist | mamilin |
mendaki | go up | mandaki |
mendiang | deceased | mendiang |
menekur | looking down | manakua |
menganga | gape | mangango |
moncong | muzzle | muncuang : mouth |
mufakat | discussion | mupakaik |
nan | which, who (connecting word) | nan |
ngarai | canyon | ngarai |
nian | very, really, trully | nian |
nyinyir | fastidious | nyinyia |
onggok | pile | ungguak |
pandir | dumb | pandie |
pangkal | outset | pangka |
pangkat | grade | pangkek |
pekak | deaf | pakak |
pekik | scream | pakiak |
pencak | art (martial art) | pancak |
penghulu | chief of family | panghulu |
pijak | stampede | pijak |
pintas | shortcuts | pinteh |
pukat | seine | pukek |
rakit | raft | rakik |
ranah | realm, domain | ranah: land |
rancak | beautiful | rancak |
rantau | foreign country | rantau |
remas | squeeze | rameh |
rendang | rendang | randang |
runding | discussion | rundiang |
rusuh | worried | rusuah |
sanak | family | sanak |
semarak | splendor | semarak |
semat | pin | samek |
sengat | sting | sangek |
sepakat | agreed | sepakaik |
serak | scattered | serak |
silat | silat (martial art) | silek |
simpang | intersection | simpang |
singgah | layover | singgah |
singkap | uncover | singkok |
sumbing | chipped | sumbiang |
sungut | mustache | sunguk |
surau | mosque | surau |
tagih | addicted | tagiah |
takziah | condolence | takziah |
tandang | away | tandang |
tandas | demolished | tandeh |
tengkar | embroilment | tangka |
telungkup | facedown | talungkuik |
terbengkalai | neglected | tabangkalai |
terlambat | late | talambek |
teroka | open up new areas | taruko |
terompah | sandals | tarompah |
tersentak | jerks | tasintak |
tersirat | implicit | tasirek |
tiba | arrive | tibo |
tuah | good luck | tuah |
tunda | delay, push | tundo |
tungkai | leg | tungkai |
umpama | example | umpamo |
usang | obsolete | usang |
From Javanese
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
adem | cool temperature | adhem |
adiluhung/adiluhur | refined, highly sophisticated taste | adiluhung |
amblas | vanish | amblas |
ambruk | collapse | ambruk |
among | nurture | among |
ampuh | potent | ampuh |
angker | haunted | angker |
anjlok | dropped | anjlok |
antek | stooge | antek |
anyar | new | anyar |
apik | neat, nice | apik |
asri | beautiful (scenery/nature), neat, clean, nice | asri |
ayu | beautiful (women), pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegant | ayu |
ayom | give shade, foster, protect | ayom, hangayomi |
baluwarti | palace fortified wall | baluwerti |
batik | batik | mbatik, from: amba-nitik |
bejat | depraved | bejat |
beres | completed | beres |
betot | pull suddenly | betot |
bopong | carry | bopong |
bromocorah | criminal | bromocorah |
buron/buronan | runaway or fugitive | buron: from buru-an (to be hunted) |
canggih | sophisticated | canggih |
cebol | midget | cebol |
celingukan | look around | celingukan |
ceplas ceplos | speak out frankly | ceplas ceplos |
copet | pick pocket | copet |
dengkul | knee | dengkul |
doyan | be fond | doyan |
edan | crazy | edhan |
empu | maestro, master craftsman | mpu |
gebrakan | blow | gebrakan |
gede | big | gede |
gembok | padlock | gembok |
gendong | pickaback | gendong |
gerebek | raid | grebeg: traditional ceremony involving mass competing to grab sacred objects |
gilas | run over | giles |
gosong | scorched | gosong |
irit | frugal | irit |
jagal | butcher | jagal |
jago | skillful, expert | jago: rooster |
jagoan | tough guy, hero | jago: rooster |
jajan | snack | jajan |
kemben | torso wrap | kembhen |
kesurupan | possessed | surup: fit, enter |
konde | bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head | kondhe |
lara | sadness (poetic) | lara: sickness |
larung | intentionally swept or send away through water (river/sea) | larung |
lapik | base | lapik |
luhur | noble, high | dhuwur, luhur |
manut | obedient | manut |
melengos | looked away | melengos |
minggat | flee | minggat |
mumpuni | accomplished | mumpuni |
nusantara | Indonesian archipelago, archipelago | nusantara |
nganggur | idle, jobless | nganggur |
pagar langkan | balustrade | pagar langkan |
pamrih | intention | pamrih |
pemirsa | viewers | pemirsa |
pilek | flu | pilek |
resik | clean, well maintained | resik |
selaras | harmonious | slaras |
selingkuh | affair | selingkuh |
semberono | careless | sembrono |
semrawut | complicated mess, out of order | semrawut |
sungkan | shy | sungkan |
tentram | peaceful | tentrem |
tembang | song | tembang |
titisan | reincarnated | nitis |
tuntas | complete | tuntas |
undakan | stages | undhak |
unduh | download | unduh |
unggah | upload | munggah |
From Sundanese
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
aci | tapioca flour | aci sampeu |
amburadul | mess, something out of order | amburadul |
anjangsana | high official visiting | anjangsana |
balairung | hall | bale riung: traditional building for meeting |
bloon (spelled blo-'on) | stupid | blo'on/o'on |
getol | active | getol |
hatur | to express, to send (polite) | haturkeun |
jangkung | tall | jangkung |
juara | champion, winner | jawara: tough guy, fighter, hero |
kedap | proof as in "kedap air" (waterproof) | kedap |
kesima | awe, amaze | kesima |
kesohor | famous | kasohor |
kolot | old fashioned | kolot: old |
lalap | raw vegetable, consumed | lalab |
majikan | boss | majikan |
menyaru | pretending, camouflaging | menyaru |
risih | uneasy, uncomfortable | risih |
patungan | chip in, joint-venture, collecting money to buy something for common use | patungan |
pengaruh | influence | pangaruh |
pemulung | waste picker | noun of the verb pulung: pick |
pepes | cooking method using banana leaf wrapping | papais: plural form of pais |
siksa | torture | siksa: education |
uwa | uncle or aunty older than parent | uwa |
From Betawi
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
bangkotan | aged | bangkotan |
begah | replete | begah |
butut | old fashioned | butut |
cebur | splash | cebur |
entot | copulate | entot |
gelandang | football midfielder, bringer | gelandang |
gelandangan | homeless | gelandangan |
gelandang | football midfielder, bringer | gelandang |
mampus | dead | mampus |
ngamen | street performance | ngamen |
ribet | complicated, hard, not easy | ribet |
rombeng | rags | rombeng |
timpuk | throw | timpuk |
udak | chase | udak |
From Nias
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
anda | you (respectful) | anda |
From Batak
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
molek | voluptuous | molek |
From Maluku
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
beta | I, me, myself | béta |
From Manado
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
pasti | surely | so pasti |
From Indian languages
From Sanskrit
Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of Latin in English and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms, these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s, both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards; such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.
The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or with the intermediary of the Old Javanese language.[citation needed] In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries.[citation needed] Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.
Word | Meaning | Original word | |
---|---|---|---|
acara | event, item in a programme | acara: by activities, behavior | |
adakala | sometimes | kata kāla: for some time | |
adi | ultimate (poetic) | adhi | |
agama | religion | āgama — Vedic principles | |
aneka | multifarious, varied, all sorts | aneka: many, various | |
anekaragam | variety show | aneka-rāgam: various color | |
anekawarna | multi-coloured | aneka-varṇa: variety of color | |
anggota | limb, member | ańga-jāḥ: born from the body, limbs, member | |
angkara | insolence, cruel | aham-kara: ego, pride-maker | |
aksara | letter | aksara | |
alpa | negligent | alpa: for a slight reason | |
angka | numerical figure | anka: numerical constant | |
angkasa | sky | akasa | |
angkasawan | astronaut | ākāśa-vān: the sky + having; possessing | |
angsa | goose | haṃsa: swan | |
angsana | Pterocarpus Indica (tree) | asana: Terminalia Tomen Indica (tree) | |
aniaya | maltreatment, abuse, injustice, tyranny | anyayā: sinful activities, mischief | |
antara | among, (in) between | antarā: between, in the meantime | |
anugerah | award, honour, grace | anugraha: to bestow blessings, compassion | |
angsana | Pterocarpus Indica (tree) | asana: Terminalia Tomen Indica (tree) | |
asa | hope | asha | |
asmara | love, passion | smara | |
asrama | dormitory | ashram | |
atau | or | athavā: alternatively, or, either | |
ayah | father | arya, ayya (same in Tamil and Telugu) | |
baca | read | vācā: words, with a voice | |
bagai | as if, like | bhagā: whose good fortune | |
bagi | for, give | bhāga: "(to) divide" | |
baginda | majesty | bhāgya: part, good fortune + -nda: Austronesian suffix | |
bahagia | blissful, lucky, blessed, happy | bhāgya: of the good fortune | |
bahasa | language | bhāsā | |
bahaya | danger | bhaya | |
bahu | shoulder | bāhu: arms | |
bahwa | that (conj.) | bhava: become, state of being | |
bahtera | ship | vahitra: a boat, ship | |
baiduri | opal (gem) | vaidårya: cat's eye (gem | |
bakti, bhakti | homage, devotion, service etc. | bhakti | |
bala | disaster, calamity; also means help, assist | bala: by the strength | |
bangsa | nation, race | vamça: lineage, dynasty | |
bangsawan | noble | vaṃśa-vān: of the dynasty + having, possessing | |
barat | west | bharat: India, located west from Indonesia | |
bayu | wind (poetic) | vayu: Hindu god of wind | |
basmi | eliminate, destroy | bhasmã: reduce to ashes | |
bela | defend | velà: time, death | |
belaka | merely | bàlaka: young | |
belantara | jungle | vanàntara: (interior of a) forest | |
belia | youth | ba-lya: childhood age | |
belanja | shopping, expense | valanja: that which is spent | |
bencana | disaster, calamity | vàncana: deception | |
berahi | passionate love | virahin: separated from one's beloved | |
berhala | idol, image of a god | bhaññàra: lord | |
berita | news | varta | |
bestari | clever | vistàrin: extending | |
biara | monastery | vihara | |
biasa | habitual, usual, ordinary | abhya-sa: of the accumulated practice | |
biaya | expense | vyaya: loss, expense | |
bicara | speak | vicàra: discussion | |
bidadari | apsara, nymph, lesser female deities | vidyadhari: bearer of knowledge | |
bidan | midwife | vidvàn: nom. masc. of vidvant: wise | |
bijak | clever, wise | vicakùaõna: clever | |
bijaksana | clever, wise | vicakùaõna: clever | |
biji | seed | bīja: seed | |
bina | to build | bhinna: different, fresh, new | |
binaraga | bodybuilding | from combined words bina: to build and raga: body | |
binasa | die, death, destroyed | vinàsa: destruction | |
bisa | venom, malice; but also means can, able, potent | visha: poisonous | |
budi | reason, virtue | boddhi, related to buddhism | |
bijaksana | wise, wisdom | vicakshana | |
bila | when | vela (time) | |
buana | world (poetic) | bhuvana | |
budaya | culture | combination of boddhi: virtue and dhaya: power | |
budi | kindness, good deed | buddhi: of intelligence | |
budiman | kind, wise | buddhiman: nom. of buddhi | |
bujangga | scholar | bhujanga: snake | |
bukti | proof | bhukti: enjoyment | |
bumi | earth | bhumi | |
bupati | the title of regency/regional leader | bhupati: lord of the earth | |
busana | clothing | bhusana | |
cahaya | light | chāyā | |
cakram, cakra | disk, sphere etc. | chakra | |
candi | temple | candika: another manifestation of Durga as goddess of death | |
cangkang | shell | çangkha: winged shell attribute of Vishnu | |
cakrawala | horizon | chakravala | |
cerita | story | charita: narration, e.g. Buddhacarita | |
chandra | moon (poetic), lunar | chandra: Hindu moon god | |
citra | image | chitra | |
dana | donation, funds | dhana | |
dasawarsa | decade | combined word from dasa: ten and varsa: rain, year | |
daya | power | dhaya | |
denda | fine, punishment | danda | |
dewa | god | deva | |
dewi | goddess | devi | |
desa | village | desh | |
dharma, darma | duty, good deeds (i.e. charity), truth etc. | dharmma | |
derma | alms giving | same origin with dharmma | |
dirgahayu | long live | dīrgha (long) and āyu (age); āyuṣā = with a life span | |
duka | sadness | dukkha | |
durjana | evil, wicked, malicious | durjana | |
gajah | elephant | gajha | |
gapura | gate | gopuram | |
gaya | stylish, fashionable | gaya: wealth, worth going to | |
gita | song (poetic) | gita | |
genta | bell | genta | |
guna | utilize, use, purpose | ghuna | |
guru | teacher, guru | guru | |
hina | lowly, inferior | hinna: small, lesser, petty | |
istri | wife | sttri | |
jaga | awake, guard | jagarti: be awake | |
jagat | universe | jhagad | |
jala | net, casting net | jala | |
jambu | tree (Eugenia) | jambu | |
jampi | incantation | japa | |
janda | widow | raõóa | |
jasa | merit, service, etc. | vyàsa: service also yasah: wonderful activities, glories | |
jati | tree (Tectonia grandis) | jàti: tree (Jasminum grandiflorum) | |
jawa | Java, Javanese | yava: barley, grain | |
jaya | glorious | jaya | |
jelata | common people | janata | |
jelita | lovely | lalita | |
jelma | incarnation, to become, to turn into | janma: birth | |
jentera | spinning, wheel | yantra: instrument | |
jiwa | life, soul, sanity | jiva: (personal) soul | |
juta | million | ayuta: thousand | |
jutawan | very rich | ayuta+vān: ten thousand + having, possessing | |
kaca | glass | kàca: glass | |
kacamata | glasses, spectacles | kàca: glass | |
kala | time | kàla: time | |
kalau | if | kàla: time | |
kali | time(s), in mathematics | kàla: time | |
kanta | lens | kànta: sun-crystal | |
kapas | cotton | karpàsa | |
karena | because | kàraña: cause | |
karma | karma | karma: Hindu-Buddhist concept | |
karsa | initiative, will | karsha | |
kartika | star (poetic) | kartika | |
karunia | blessing | karuña: compassion | |
karya | work, oeuvre | karya | |
kasturi | musk, musk flower (k.o. hibiscus) | kastårã: musk | |
kata | word | kathà: story | |
kati | a hundred thousand | koñi: ten million | |
kelahi | quarrel, fight | kalaha | |
keling | Indian, black-skinned | kàlinga: inhabitant of Kalinga, south Orissa, India | |
keluarga | family | kula-varga | |
kemboja | flowering tree (Plumeria Acuminata) | kamboja | |
kendi | water-pitcher | kuñďa | |
kepala | head | kaphala | |
keranda | coffin | karañďa: basket, box | |
kerja | work | karya: the work, the manifest products | |
kencana | gold, golden, grand, glorious | kanchana: gold | |
ksatria | warrior, knight | kùatriya | |
ketika | moment, when | ghañikà: hour (24 minutes) | |
kian | become more, as much (many) as | kiyan: how much | |
kosakata | vocabulary | kosa | |
kota | , city, town | koña: stronghold | |
kuasa | power | vasa | |
kuda | horse | kudda | |
kumala | jade, gemstone | komala: gracious | |
kumba | pot | kumbha | |
kunci | key | kucikà | |
kungkuma | saffron | kuïkuma | |
kurnia | mercy | kàruõya: compassion | |
kusta | leprosy | kuùñha | |
labu | gourd | alabå | |
laksa | ten thousand | lakça | |
laksamana | admiral | lakçmaña: name of Rama's younger brother | |
lawang | door, cinnamon | lavanga: clove | |
lela | graceful movement, elegant | lãlà: play | |
lena | sleep soundly | lãna: lying | |
lencana | seal, emblem, badge | lanchana | |
lingga | lingga (symbol of Shiva), phallic | liņga | |
loba | greedy | lobha: greed | |
loka | world, place, realm, abode | loka | |
madu | honey, co-wife | madhu: honey | |
maha | great, super, hyper, very | maha | |
mahadewa | supreme god | mahà+deva: supreme god | |
mahadewi | supreme goddess | mahà+devi: supreme goddess | |
maha esa | all-mighty | mahà+īśa: supreme lord | |
mahaguru | professor | mahà+guru: great teacher | |
maharaja | king | mahà+ràja: great king | |
maharani | queen | mahàrani | |
mahasiswa | (male) college/university student | mahà-śiṣyā: great-student | |
mahasiswi | (female) college/university student | mahà-śiṣyā: great-student | |
mahkota | crown | makuta | |
mala | stain, dirt | mala: dirty things | |
malapetaka | calamity, disaster | mahā-pātaka: the resultant actions of greatly sinful activities | |
manakala | when | māna-kàla: in honor of time | |
mani | sperm | mani: pearls, gemlike, jewel | |
manik | bead, sequin, jewel | mani: pearls, gemlike, jewel | |
mantera | mantra | mantra | |
menteri | minister (head of a government department) | mantri | |
merajalela | rage, raging, at large, spread widely and wildly | maharaja-lãlà: king + play | |
merdeka | freedom, liberty | mahardhikka | |
mitra | partner | mitra: friend | |
muka | face | mukkha | |
mula | to start, to begin | mula: origin | |
naga | dragon | naga: serpent deities | |
nama | name | naam | |
negara | country | nagara | |
negeri | city (lit.) | nagarī | |
neraka | hell | naraka | |
nirwana | an ideal condition of harmony or joy | nirvana | |
nusa | island (poetic) | nusa | |
pahala | merit, reward (for moral conduct) | phala (of fruits, of results) | |
paksa | to force | paksha | |
pendeta | priest, today used for Christian priest | pandhita | |
pendopo | hall | mandhapa, through Javanese: pendhapa | |
pekerti | understanding | krti: understanding | |
perkasa | powerful, forceful, manly | prakasha | |
perkosa | rape | prakasha (same origin as perkasa) | |
perwira | high-ranked military official | vira: brave or eminent man, hero, chief | |
pria | man/men | priya: beloved, dear | |
puasa | fasting | upawasa: get near to god (wisdom) | |
puja | worship, adore | puja | |
punya | have, possessive verb | punia: merit, deserving | |
pura | Hindu temple, city | pura: city/walled enclosure | |
purba | ancient | purva | |
puri | palace | pura: city/walled enclosure | |
pustaka | book | pushtaka | |
puspa | flower (poetic) | pushpa | |
putera, putra | son | putra: prince | |
puteri, putri | daughter, princess | putri: princess | |
raga | body | raga: to please, to colour | |
rahasia | secret | rahasya | |
raja | king | raja | |
raksasa | giant, monster | rakshasa: demon | |
rani | queen | rani | |
rasa | emotion, feeling, taste | rasha | |
ratna | jewel, gemstone (poetic) | ratna | |
resmi | official | rashmi: ray of light | |
rupa | look, appearance | rupa | |
sabda | to proclaim (poetic) | sabda | |
samudra | ocean | samudra | |
sasana | training hall | sasana: teaching | |
sastra | literature | sashtra | |
sakti | powerful | shakti | |
satwa | fauna | sattva | |
semadi | meditation, contemplation | samadhi | |
sempurna | perfect | sampurna: entirely, complete | |
sengsara | suffering | samsara: continuous flow of reincarnation | |
senopati | general, military leader (archaic) | senapati | |
seteru | enemy | satru | |
setia | loyal, truthful | satya: truth, correct | |
serba | all, everyhing, complete | sarva: all or everything | |
singa | lion | singha | |
singgasana | throne | singha-sana: the lion throne | |
suami | husband | svami | |
suara | sound | svara | |
sukma | soul | suksma: subtle | |
sunyi | quiet (situation) | śūnya: zero, nothing | |
surga | heaven | svarga-loka | |
surya | sun (poetic), solar | surya: Hindu sun god | |
suka | like, happy | sukkha | |
susila | modesty, appropriate | sushila | |
swa- | do something by oneself | sva: self, own | |
tata | order, to arrange | tatha | |
tali | rope, string | talli | |
topi | hat | topi | |
unta | camel | ushtra | |
upacara | ceremony | uppakara: religious ritual | |
usaha | effort | utsaha | |
usia | age | yuṣa | |
utama | ultimate, the most important, foremost | uttama | |
utara | north | uttara | |
wahana | ride, vehicle | vahana | |
wana | forest (poetic) | vana | |
wangsa | dynasty, royal house | vamça: lineage | |
warna | colour | varna | |
warta | news | varta (same origin as berita) | |
warta berita | news broadcast | varta | |
yudha | war, battle (poetic) | yuddha |
From Tamil
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
apam | kind of cake | apam |
gulai | kind of curry | gulai |
kapal | boat | kappal |
kedai | foodstall | kedai |
kuil | temple | koil |
mangga | mango | manga |
roti | bread | rotti |
topi | hat | toppi |
From Middle Eastern languages
From Arabic
The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Words of Arabic origin include dunia (from Arabic دنيا dun-ya = the present world, as opposed to the after-life world), kabar (خبر = news), selamat/ salam (سلام salam = a greeting), senin (الإثنين al-Itnain = Monday), selasa (الثلاثاء at-Tulata = Tuesday), jumat (الجمعة al-Jum'at = Friday), hadiah (هدية hadiyyah = gift/present), mungkin (from ممكين mumkin = perhaps), maklum (معلوم ma'lum = understood), kitab (كتاب kitab = book), and kamus (قاموس qamus = dictionary).
Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus. Psalms used to be translated as Zabur, the Arabic name, but now it is called Mazmur which corresponds more with Hebrew.
Word | Meaning | Original word | Transcription, notes |
---|---|---|---|
abdi | servant | Abd | |
adab | civilize, proper | adab | |
akal | reason | 'aqlun | |
akhir | end | akhirun | |
akhlak | moral | akhlaqun | |
akhirat | hereafter | akhiratun | |
alam | nature | alam | |
aljabar | algebra | aljabbar | |
amal | alms giving, good deed | aml | |
anda | you (formal) | anta | |
asal | origin | asl | |
asli | real, original | asl | |
awal | beginning | awwalun | |
badan | body | baddan | |
bahari | maritime, naval | bahri: sea | |
berkah | bless, barakah | barkatun | |
daftar | list | daftarun | |
dakwah | sermon | da'wah | |
dunia | world | دنيا | dun-yaa` |
fakir | poor people, pauper | fakr | |
gaib | unseen, other world | ghaib | |
halal | religiously lawful | halal | |
haram | religiously unlawful | haraam | |
hewan | animal | haywan | |
hikmah | (deeper) meaning | hikma | |
ilmu | knowledge, science | ilmi | |
ijazah | diploma | عجازة | 'ijazah |
jadwal | schedule | jadwal | |
jahanam | cursed, damned | jahannam: a name of hell, from Hebrew: gehenna | |
jail | prank, practical joke | jahil: ignorance | |
jilbab | hijab head covering | hijab | |
kafir | infidel | kafir | |
kitab | book | kitabun | |
korban | sacrifice | qurban | |
kurma | date palm | qurma | |
kursi | chair | kursiyyun | |
laskar | soldier | ash'kar | |
lisan | mouthly, mouth | litsanun | |
maaf | sorry, to apologise | maaf | |
makna | meaning | ma'na | |
maksud | meaning, purpose | ma'sud | |
majelis | assembly, majlis | majlis | |
masjid | mosque | masjid | |
maut | dead, deadly | mawt | |
menara | tower | manārah: lighthouse | |
miskin | poor | miskin | |
mubazir | useless | mubazir | |
muflis | bankrupt | muflis | |
mungkin | maybe | mumkin | |
murtad | apostate | murtad | |
munafik | hypocrite | munaffiq | |
musim | season | musim | |
nafsu | desire | nafs | |
najis | disgusting, unclean | najis | |
nikah | married | munakhat | |
petuah | lesson, advice | fatwa | |
pikir | to think | fikr | |
rahmat | blessing | rahmah | |
sabar | patience | sabr | |
sabun | soap | sabuun | |
saleh | pious | shalih | |
salju | snow | thalji | |
sedekah | gift, shodaqoh | shadaqatun | |
sehat | healthy | shihat | |
selamat | safe, well-being | salamah | |
shalat | pray | shalah | |
shaum | fasting | shaum | |
siasat | trick | siasatun | |
surat | letter | surah | |
sukur/syukur | thankful | shukr | |
sunat | circumcision | sunnat | |
syariah | Islamic law | shari'a | |
senin | Monday | ttsnain | |
selasa | Tuesday | tsalasa | |
rabu | Wednesday | arba'a (derived by Yemeni Arabic "rabu") | |
kamis | Thursday | khams | |
khitan | circumcision | khitan | |
jumat | Friday | jum'ah | |
sabtu | Saturday | السبت | as-Sabt |
tertib | orderly | ترتيب | tartib |
wahid | number one, the best | wahidun | |
wajah | face | wajh | |
waktu | time | waqtun | |
wilayah | region, area | wilayah | |
yunani | Greece | yunnan: ionia | |
zaitun | olive | zaytun | |
zakat | alms | zakkatun | |
zakar | penis and testicles | zakkarun | |
zaman / jaman | era | zaman | |
zinah | adultery | zina |
From Persian
Word | Meaning | Original word | Transcription, notes |
---|---|---|---|
anggur | grape | انگور | an-gur |
bandar | port | بندر | bandar |
cadar | veil | چادر | chādar |
dewan | assembly, meeting | دیوان | divan (administration) |
firdaus | eden, bountiful garden | فردوس | firdaus |
gandum | wheat | گندم | gandum |
kismis | raisin | کشمش | kishmish |
pahlawan | hero | پﮩلوان | pahlwān |
pasar | market/bazaar | بازار | bāzār |
pesona | charm | afsūn | |
piala | cup, trophy | پیاله | pyāla (cup, bowl) |
medan | area, field, square | میدان | meidan |
nakhoda | captain of a ship | ناخدا | nākhodā |
takhta | throne | تخت | takht |
sihir | magic | سِحْر | sihr |
syahbandar | portmaster | شاهِ بندر | shah-e bandar (lit. “king of the port”) |
ustad | teacher (religious, Islam) | اُستَاذ | ustad |
zirah | armor | زره | zirah |
From East Asian languages
From Chinese
The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia is almost 1%, although this may likely be an underestimate. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), mie (麵 > 面 Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko (茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu (bitter) and 力 li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origin comes from Hokkien dialect. Loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origins.
Word | Meaning | Original word (in Hakka or Hokkien/客家,福建) |
---|---|---|
amoi | Chinese girl | 阿妹 amei: sister |
angciu | cooking wine used for food flavour enhancer | 紅酒 ang ciu: red wine |
angpao | gift money for Chinese New Year | 紅包 ang pao |
bakcang | glutinous rice dumpling filled with meat | 肉粽 bak cang |
bakmie | meat noodle | 肉麵 bak mie |
bakso | meatball | (肉球?) bak so |
bakpau | meatbun | 肉包 bak pao |
bihun | rice vermicelli | 米粉 bee hoon |
cap cai | stir fried vegetable dish | 杂菜 cha̍p-chhài |
cawan | cup | 茶碗 chawan |
cukong | tycoon | 主公 cu kong |
dacin | balance scale | (抬輕?) dacin |
gua | me (slang) | 我 gua/wa |
hoki | luck, fortune | 福氣 hok khi |
kakak | older brother | 哥哥 ko—ko |
kecap | soybean sauce (ketchup is 'saus tomat', not kecap) | 茄汁 Keng Cio |
kerangkeng | cage | 間 -keng: room in Hokkien |
kue | kuih (cake) | 粿 kwe |
kuli | slave, labourer | 苦力 kuli |
kwetiau | kway teow (flat noodle) | 粿條 kway teow |
lihai | skillfull | 厲害 li hai |
lobak | daikon, radish | 蘿蔔 lo ba |
loténg | 2nd storey of a house, attic | 樓頂 lao teng |
lumpia | spring roll | 潤餅 lun pia |
mak comblang | matchmaker | 媒紅娘(?) |
mesiu | gunpowder | (not clear whether of Chinese descent or not) |
mi / mie | noodle | 麵 mie |
micin | MSG (flavouring for cooking) | 味精 vetsin |
sempoa | abacus, suanpan | 算盤 sui poa, suanpan |
singkék | Chinese newcomer (derogative), pure blooded Chinese, i.e. not of mixed ancestry | 新客 Shin Khek |
siomay | shumai (wrapped and steamed with fillings) | 燒賣 sio mai |
tahu | tofu | 豆腐 toufu/tauhu |
teh | tea | 茶 te |
teko | tea pot | 茶壺 te ko |
tionghoa | Chinese | 中華 chung hwa/tiong hwa |
tiongkok | China | 中國 chung kuo/tiongkok |
From Japanese
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
dakocan | black cartoon character | takko-chan: octopus character |
harakiri | suicide | hara kiri: cutting one's stomach |
kamikaze | suicidal soldier | kami kaze: the wind of god |
kempeitai | military police of the Japanese Army (World War II) | kempeitai |
jibaku | struggle | jibaku |
romusha | enslaved worker (during Japanese occupation) | romusha |
taiso | calisthenics | taishoo |
tsunami | tsunami | tsunami |
From European languages
From Portuguese
Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.[citation needed] Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include sabun (from sabão = soap), meja (from mesa = table), boneka (from boneca = doll), jendela (from janela = window), gereja (from igreja = church), bola (from bola = ball), bendera (from bandeira = flag), roda (from roda = wheel), gagu (from gago = stutterer), sepatu (from sapato = shoes), kereta (from carreta = wagon), bangku (from banco = chair), keju (from queijo = cheese), garpu (from garfo = fork), terigu (from trigo = flour), mentega (from manteiga = butter), and Minggu (from domingo = Sunday).[3]
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
akta | act (law) | acta |
armada | fleet | armada |
algojo | executioner | algoz |
armada | fleet | armada |
bangku | chair | banco: sitting |
bank | bank | banco: financial institution |
baret | barrette | barrete |
barikade | barricade | barricada |
belanda | Dutch, Holland, | Holanda |
bendéra | flag | bandeira |
beranda | verandah, porch | varanda |
biola | violin | viola |
bola | ball | bola |
(kué) bolu | (a type of) cake | bolo |
cerutu | cigar | charuto |
bonéka | doll | boneca |
dansa | dance (not including traditional dance) | dança |
dadu | dice | dado |
ganco | hook | gancho |
garpu | fork | garfo |
geréja | church | igreja |
gerilya | guerrilla | guerrilha |
infanteri | infantry | infanteria |
jendéla | window | janela |
kaldu | broth | caldo |
kanal | channel | canal, through Dutch: kanaal |
kavaleri | cavalry | cavaleria |
kéju | cheese | queijo |
keméja | shirt | camisa |
keréta | chariot/car | carreta |
kertas | paper | cartas (papel) |
kredo | creed | credo |
lemari | closet | armário |
lelang | auction | leilao |
mebel | furniture | movel, through Dutch: meubel |
meja | table | mesa |
mentéga | butter | manteiga |
minggu | Sunday | domingo |
misa | mass | missa |
mitos | myth | mitos |
nanas | pineapple | ananas |
natal | Christmas | natal |
nina | little girl | menina |
noda | stain | nodoa |
nona | young woman | dona |
nyonya | lady | donha |
pasta | paste | pasta |
pesiar | cruise, excursion | passear |
pesta | party | festa |
pigura | picture, figure | figura |
pita | ribbon | fita |
pompa | pump | bomba hidráulica, through Dutch: pomp |
risko | risk | risco |
sabtu | Saturday | sabado |
sabun | soap | sabão |
saku | pocket, bag | saco |
sekolah | school | escola (Latin: schola) |
sepatu | shoe | sapato |
serdadu | soldier | soldado |
tenda | tent | tenda |
témpo | time | tempo |
tinta | ink | tinta |
terigu | wheat | trigo |
tolol | fool | tolo |
tomat | tomato | tomate |
tukar | exchange | trocar |
frambus | raspberry | framboesa (Dutch: framboos) |
gardu | to guard, watch post | guarda (Dutch: garde) |
gubernur | governor | governador (Dutch: Gouverneur) |
gratis | free (not having to pay) | grátis, through Dutch: gratis |
topik | topic | tópico |
From Dutch
The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an impressive vocabulary that can be seen in words such as polisi (from politie = police), kualitas (from kwaliteit = quality), wortel (from wortel = carrot), kamar (from kamer = room, chamber), rokok (from roken = smoking cigarettes), korupsi (from corruptie = corruption), persneling (from versnelling = gear), kantor (from kantoor = office), resleting (from ritssluiting = zipper), kelas (from klas = class), and gratis (from gratis = free). These Dutch loanwords, and also from other non Italo-Iberian, European languages loanwords which came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa. For example Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] → sekrup [səˈkrup].
Note: Word after slash means 'genuine' Indonesian language, although may be loans from other language too.
onderdil || components/spare parts || onderdeelWord | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
administrasi | administration | administratie |
arde | ground (electricity) | aarde |
arbéi | strawberry | aardbei |
arloji/jam tangan | watch | horloge |
ban | tire | band |
baskom, waskom | washbasin | waskom |
baut & mur | bolt & nut | bout & moer |
beha/kutang | brassiere | beha |
béngkél | workplace | winkel: store, originally angle |
besuk/menjenguk | visiting | bezoeken |
begel/sengkang | bracket | beugel |
bioskop | cinema | bioscoop |
buncis | green beans | boontjes |
bruder | Roman Catholic friar | broeder = brother |
buku | book | boek |
kongres | congress | congres |
dak/atap | roof | dak |
dasi | necktie | das(je) |
dokter | medical doctor | dokter |
émbér | bucket | emmer |
éngsél | hinges | hengsel |
handuk | towel | handdoek |
jas | coat | jas |
hanger/penggantung | hanger | hanger |
helm | helmet | helm |
kabel | cable | kabel |
kaisar | emperor | keizer |
kakus | toilet | verb: kakken/noun: kakhuis |
kalkun | turkey | kalkoen |
kamar | room | kamer |
kantor | office | kantoor |
karcis | ticket | kaartjes: plural for diminutive of kaart, card or ticket) |
kartu | card | kaart |
katun | cotton | katoen |
kelar/selesai | ready, finished | klaar |
keran | faucet, tap | kraan |
knalpot (or kenalpot) | muffler (on a motor vehicle) | knalpot |
kol | cabbages | kool |
kopi | coffee | koffie |
kopling | clutch | koppeling |
korting | discount | korting |
kulkas/lemari es | ice box or refrigerator | koelkast |
kusén | window frame | kozijn |
laci | deskdrawer | laatje: diminutive form of la(de) |
lampu | lamp | lamp |
listrik | electric | elektrisch |
makelar | broker | makelaar |
mantel | coat | mantel |
meubel | furniture | meubel |
migrasi | migration | migratie |
mises | sprinkles | muisjes |
mobil | car, automobile | automobiel |
motor | motorcycle | motorfiets |
montir | mechanic | monteur |
nanas | pineapple | ananas (Portuguese: Ananas, origin South America) |
om/paman | uncle | oom |
oma/nenek | grandma | oma |
omzet/omset | revenue | omzet |
opa/kakek | granddad | opa |
oranye | orange (colour) | oranje |
pabrik | factory | fabriek |
pénsil | pencil | penseel (brush) |
persik | peach | perzik |
plafon | ceiling | plafond, from French |
potlot | pencil | potlood |
rékening | account | rekening |
rem | brake | rem |
résléting | zipper | ritssluiting |
ribewis/SIM | driving licence | rijbewijs |
rok | skirt | rok |
rokok | cigarette | roken: to smoke |
sakelar | switch | schakelaar |
sekrup | screw | schroef |
seks | sex | seks |
selang | water hose | slang |
sempak | swim briefs | zwempak |
setrika | clothes iron | strijkijzer |
setrum | current (electricity) | stroom |
sirkulasi | circulation | circulatie |
solusi/kesimpulan | solution | solutie |
spanduk | commercial or information banner | spandoeken |
stopkontak | power socket | stopcontact |
tas | bag | tas |
tégel/ubin | floor tile | tegel |
telat/terlambat | late | te laat (too late) |
televisi | television | televisie |
tomat | tomato | tomaat (Protuguese: tomate, origin Central America) |
wastafel | sink | wastafel |
wol | wool | wol |
wortel | carrot | wortel |
suster/perawat (wanita) | nun, nurse, sister | zuster |
From Greek
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
demokrasi | democracy | demokratia through Dutch: democratie |
filsafat | philosophy | philasophia, through Arabic: falsafah |
mitos | myth | mythos, through Portuguese: mitos |
stadion | stadium | stadion |
From Latin
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
abolisi | abolition | abolitia |
ad interim | temporarily | ad interim |
akta | act (law) | actus, through Portuguese: Acta |
amnesti | amnesty, state-granted pardon | amnestia |
almamater | revered name for one's university | almamater: wise and nurturing mother |
forum | forum | forum, through Portuguese: forum |
humaniora | humanities | humaniora |
kantata | song | cantata, through Portuguese: cantada |
kualitas | quality | kualitas, through Dutch: kwaliteit |
misi | mision | misi |
nihil | nil, nothing, zero | nihil |
nota bene | actually, after look carefully, also | nota bene: examine closely |
oknum | authority figure (police, soldier, prosecutor, judge) that perform unlawful or corrupted deed | ocnum: name personal |
status | status | status |
universitas | university | universitas |
From French
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
akur | agree, get along well | accord, through Dutch: akkoord |
arsip | archives | archives, through Dutch: archief |
garnisun | garrison | garnison |
intrik | intrigue | intrique |
kado | gift | cadeau, through Dutch: kado/cadeau |
karoseri | the body of vehicle, car, coach, or bus | carrosserie |
klise | cliche | cliché |
kudeta | coup | coup d'état |
legiun | legion | légion |
letnan | lieutenant | lieutenant |
manuver | manoeuver | manouvre |
sabotase | sabotage | sabotage |
sepeda | bicycle | velocipede |
supir | driver | chauffeur |
tante/bibi | aunt | tante, through Dutch: tante |
trotoar | sidewalk | trottoir |
From English
Word | Meaning | Original word |
---|---|---|
apartemen | apartment | apartment |
astronot | astronaut | astronaut |
bisnis | business | business |
diskon | discount | discount |
electronik | electronic | electronic |
gosip | gossip | gossip |
komplit | complate | complate |
komputer | computer | computer |
kondom | condom | condom |
korup | corrupt | corrupt |
modem | modem | modem |
modern | modern | modern |
partner | partner | partner |
pilot | pilot | pilot |
ponsel / hape | cell phone | hand phone (used in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea) |
radar | radar | radar |
roket | rocket | rocket |
satelit | satellite | satellite |
sistem | system | system |
stroberi | strawberry | strawberry |
target | target | target |
teori | theory | theory |
See also
- List of English words of Indonesian origin
- Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
- Indonesian history
- Differences between Malay and Indonesian
References
- ^ a b C. D. Grijns et al. (eds). "Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay" (PDF). KITLV. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
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has generic name (help) - ^ Nurlela Adan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur; Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau; Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 2001
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 26. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
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Bibliography
- de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. ISBN 90-6718-004-1.
- Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
External links
- Indonesian Etymology Database
- SEAlang Library Ortography search engine on Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay