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#REDIRECT [[Leadership of Communist Kyrgyzstan]] |
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In 1919, the [[Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast]] was created in [[Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Soviet Russia]]. This was the precursor to the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] (commonly known as Kirghizia) which was established in 1936 as republic in its own right within the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR). |
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With the Soviet Union came [[electricity]], [[water]], [[irrigation]], [[industrialization]] and [[literacy]] to Kyrgyzstan, and the other [[Soviet Central Asia]]n countries. Scholars such as Alec Nove and J.A. Newth have argued that most development indicators suggests that the Soviet Muslim countries far-exceeded those Muslim countries outside the Soviet sphere of influence. The administrative, political and economic system was [[revolutionary]] by Kyrgiz standards, however, numerical indicators of development only partially supports this view, with one claiming that 63.2% of Kyrgyzstan's population still lived in rural areas. This was, however, the highest of any country in [[Central Asia]]. The country's higher [[urbanization]] rate is in large part because of its large Russian population, with most Europeans living in urban areas. Russian immigration slowed in 1959, the same year the national birth rate increased.<ref>Collins 2006, pp. 83.</ref> However, the [[indigenous population]] had for the most part been untouched by [[Sovietization]], an example being that religion was still widespread.<ref name="lead">Collins 2006, pp. 84.</ref> |
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In spite of intense efforts to create [[Socialism (Marxism)|socialism]] from "scratch", the social institutions led to infiltrations by religious, tribal and communal group into the political system. After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], the level of repression declined and less surveillance from the [[KGB]] and [[Moscow]] led to an increase in the importance of tribes in communal affairs.<ref name="lead"/> |
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==Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1924–1925) and Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1925–1926)== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
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! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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! Nationality |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''First Secretary of the Kirghiz Provincial Organization of the All-Union Communist Party''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | M.D. Kamensky<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1924<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1925<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Nikolay Uzyukov<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1925<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1926 |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|} |
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==Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1926–1936)== |
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===Heads of government=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
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! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Yusup Abdrakhmanov<br><ref name="everyone">{{cite news | title = Soviet republics: Kirgiz S.S.R. | publisher = Rulers.org | url = http://rulers.org/sovrep.html#kyrgyzstan }}</ref> |
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| rowspan=1 | March 12, 1927<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 27, 1933<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Bayaly Isakeyev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 27, 1933<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 5, 1936<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|} |
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===Heads of party=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
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! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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! Nationality |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''First Secretary of the Kirghiz Provincial Organization of the All-Union Communist Party''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Nikolay Uzyukov<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1926<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1927<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Vladimir Shubrikov<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1927<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1929<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Mikhail Kulkov<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1929<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1930<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Aleksandr Shakhray<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1930<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1934<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Moris Belotsky<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1934<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 5, 1936<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Jewish people|Jewish]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|} |
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===Heads of state=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
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! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Abdukadyr Urazbekov]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | March 12, 1927<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 5, 1936<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|} |
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==Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)== |
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===Heads of government=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
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! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Bayaly Isakeyev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 5, 1936<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 8, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Murat Salikhov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 8, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | February 15, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Ismail Abuzyarov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | February 15, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | April 27, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Ivan Rebrov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | April 27, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 19, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Turabay Kulatov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 19, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | November 14, 1945<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 |[[Iskhak Razzakov]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | November 14, 1945<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 10, 1950<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Council of Ministers''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Abdy Suyerkulov <br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 10, 1950<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | March 6, 1958<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Kazy Dikambayev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | March 6, 1958<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 10, 1961<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Bolot Mambetov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 16, 1961<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 23, 1968<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Akhmatbek Suyumbayev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 23, 1968<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 22, 1978<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Sultan Ibraimov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 22, 1978<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 4, 1980<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Pyotr Khodos<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 4, 1980<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 21, 1981<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Arstanbek Duysheyev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 21, 1981<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 20, 1986<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Apas Jumagulov]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 20, 1986<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 21 Jan 1991 <br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|} |
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===Heads of party=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
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! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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! Nationality |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Moris Belotsky<br><ref name="MLbelotsky">Collins 2006, pp. 109.</ref> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 5, 1936 |
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| rowspan=1 | March 1937 |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Jewish people|Jewish]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kirghizia''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Maksim Ammosov<br><ref name="two"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | April 23, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | February 20, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Aleksey Vagov<br><ref name="two">{{cite book | author = Mohapatra, Nalin Kumar | title = Political Culture and Democratic Development in Central Asia | publisher = Bookwell | year = 2006 | location = [[University of Michigan]] | page = 53 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CTluAAAAMAAJ&q | isbn = 81-89640-17-8 }}</ref> |
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| rowspan=1 | February 20, 1938<br><ref name="two"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 1945<br><ref name="two"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Russians|Russian]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Nikolay Bogolyubov<br><ref>{{cite book | author = Abazov, Rafis | title = Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan | publisher = [[Scarecrow Press]]| year = 2004 | page = 340 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jsUUAQAAIAAJ&dq | isbn = 0-8108-4868-6 }}</ref> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 1945<br><ref name="two"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 7, 1950<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Iskhak Razzakov]]<br><ref>{{cite book | author = Institute for Central Asian and Caucasian Studies | title = Central Eurasia: Analytical Annual | publisher = CA&CC Press | year = 2006 | page = 184 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R-dtAAAAMAAJ&q | isbn = 91-976993-1-4 }}</ref> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 7, 1950<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 9, 1961<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Turdakun Usubalijev|Turdakun Usubaliyev]]<br><ref name="lastthreeleaders">{{cite book | title = Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States | volume = 4 | publisher = [[Routledge]]| year = 1999 | page = 446 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&dq | isbn = 1-85743-058-1 }}</ref> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 9, 1961<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | November 2, 1985<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Absamat Masaliyev]]<br><ref name="lastthreeleaders"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | November 2, 1985<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | April 6, 1991<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Jumgalbek Amanbayev<br><ref name="lastthreeleaders"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | April 6, 1991<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | August 29, 1991<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
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|} |
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===Heads of state=== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- style="background:#cccccc" |
|||
! colspan="2" width="150"| Holders |
|||
! rowspan="1" width="125"| Took office |
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! rowspan="1" width="125"| Left office |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Abdukadyr Urazbekov]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | 1936<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 16, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Mikhail Us<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 16, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | October 4, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Maryam Tugambayeva]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | September 16, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | October 4, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Sultankul Shamurzin<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | October 4, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 16, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Ivan Sokolov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 16, 1937<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | February 15, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Murat Salikhov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | February 15, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 15, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Kalima Amankulova]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | May 15, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 18, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairman of the Supreme Soviet''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | I.P. Boryak<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 18, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 19, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet''' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | {{Not a typo|Asanaly}} Tolubayev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | July 18, 1938<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | March 22, 1943<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Moldogazy Tokobayev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | March 22, 1943<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | November 14, 1945<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Turabay Kulatov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | November 14, 1945<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | August 25, 1978<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Sultan Ibraimov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | August 25, 1978<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 22, 1978<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | Andrey Buss<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | December 22, 1978<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 10, 1979<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of the Soviet Union}}" | |
|||
| rowspan=1 | Arstanbek Duysheyev |
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| rowspan=1 | January 10, 1979<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 14, 1981<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
|||
| rowspan=1 | Temirbek Koshoyev<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | January 14, 1981<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
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| rowspan=1 | August 8, 1987<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
|||
| rowspan=1 | Tashtanbek Akmatov<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
| rowspan=1 | August 8, 1987<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
| rowspan=1 | April 10, 1990<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
|- |
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|colspan="6" align=center|'''Chairman of the Supreme Soviet''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party}}" | |
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| rowspan=1 | [[Absamat Masaliyev]]<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
| rowspan=1 | April 10, 1990<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
| rowspan=1 | October 27, 1990<br><ref name="everyone"/> |
|||
|- |
|||
|colspan="6" align=center|'''President of Kyrgyzstan''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" | |
|||
| rowspan=1 | [[Askar Akayev]]<br><ref name="MLbelotsky"/> |
|||
| rowspan=1 | October 27, 1990 |
|||
| rowspan=1 | December 25, 1991 |
|||
|} |
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==See also== |
|||
*[[President of Kyrgyzstan]] |
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*[[Vice President of Kyrgyzstan]] |
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*[[Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan]] |
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==References== |
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===Notes=== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
===Bibliography=== |
|||
* {{cite book | author = Collins, Kathleens | title = Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2006 | page = [https://archive.org/details/clanpoliticsregi0000coll/page/376 376] | url = https://archive.org/details/clanpoliticsregi0000coll | url-access = registration | isbn = 0-521-83950-5 }} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://rulers.org/sovrep.html Republics of the Soviet Union] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Leadership Of Communist Kyrgyzstan}} |
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[[Category:Occupations in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Kyrgyzstan]] |
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[[Category:Communism in Kyrgyzstan]] |
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[[Category:Political history of Kyrgyzstan]] |
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[[Category:Lists of Kyrgyzstani politicians]] |
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[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in the Soviet Union|Kyrgyzstan]] |
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[[Category:Leaders of the Soviet Union|Kyrgyzstan]] |
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[[Category:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic people|Leaders]] |
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[[Category:Communist Party of Kirghizia politicians| ]] |
Revision as of 02:43, 14 April 2023
In 1919, the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast was created in Soviet Russia. This was the precursor to the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (commonly known as Kirghizia) which was established in 1936 as republic in its own right within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
With the Soviet Union came electricity, water, irrigation, industrialization and literacy to Kyrgyzstan, and the other Soviet Central Asian countries. Scholars such as Alec Nove and J.A. Newth have argued that most development indicators suggests that the Soviet Muslim countries far-exceeded those Muslim countries outside the Soviet sphere of influence. The administrative, political and economic system was revolutionary by Kyrgiz standards, however, numerical indicators of development only partially supports this view, with one claiming that 63.2% of Kyrgyzstan's population still lived in rural areas. This was, however, the highest of any country in Central Asia. The country's higher urbanization rate is in large part because of its large Russian population, with most Europeans living in urban areas. Russian immigration slowed in 1959, the same year the national birth rate increased.[1] However, the indigenous population had for the most part been untouched by Sovietization, an example being that religion was still widespread.[2]
In spite of intense efforts to create socialism from "scratch", the social institutions led to infiltrations by religious, tribal and communal group into the political system. After the death of Joseph Stalin, the level of repression declined and less surveillance from the KGB and Moscow led to an increase in the importance of tribes in communal affairs.[2]
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1924–1925) and Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1925–1926)
Holders | Took office | Left office | Nationality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Secretary of the Kirghiz Provincial Organization of the All-Union Communist Party | |||||
M.D. Kamensky [3] |
1924 [3] |
1925 [3] |
Russian [3] | ||
Nikolay Uzyukov [3] |
1925 [3] |
1926 | Russian [3] |
Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1926–1936)
Heads of government
Holders | Took office | Left office | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars | |||||
Yusup Abdrakhmanov [4] |
March 12, 1927 [4] |
September 27, 1933 [4] | |||
Bayaly Isakeyev [4] |
September 27, 1933 [4] |
December 5, 1936 [4] |
Heads of party
Holders | Took office | Left office | Nationality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Secretary of the Kirghiz Provincial Organization of the All-Union Communist Party | |||||
Nikolay Uzyukov [3] |
1926 [3] |
1927 [3] |
Russian [3] | ||
Vladimir Shubrikov [3] |
1927 [3] |
1929 [3] |
Russian [3] | ||
Mikhail Kulkov [3] |
1929 [3] |
1930 [3] |
Russian [3] | ||
Aleksandr Shakhray [3] |
1930 [3] |
1934 [3] |
Russian [3] | ||
Moris Belotsky [3] |
1934 [3] |
December 5, 1936 [4] |
Jewish [3] |
Heads of state
Holders | Took office | Left office | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee | |||||
Abdukadyr Urazbekov [4] |
March 12, 1927 [4] |
December 5, 1936 [4] |
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Heads of government
Holders | Took office | Left office | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars | |||||
Bayaly Isakeyev [4] |
December 5, 1936 [4] |
September 8, 1937 [4] | |||
Murat Salikhov [4] |
September 8, 1937 [4] |
February 15, 1938 [4] | |||
Ismail Abuzyarov [4] |
February 15, 1938 [4] |
April 27, 1938 [4] | |||
Ivan Rebrov [4] |
April 27, 1938 [4] |
July 19, 1938 [4] | |||
Turabay Kulatov [4] |
July 19, 1938 [4] |
November 14, 1945 [4] | |||
Iskhak Razzakov [4] |
November 14, 1945 [4] |
July 10, 1950 [4] | |||
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers | |||||
Abdy Suyerkulov [4] |
July 10, 1950 [4] |
March 6, 1958 [4] | |||
Kazy Dikambayev [4] |
March 6, 1958 [4] |
May 10, 1961 [4] | |||
Bolot Mambetov [4] |
May 16, 1961 [4] |
January 23, 1968 [4] | |||
Akhmatbek Suyumbayev [4] |
January 23, 1968 [4] |
December 22, 1978 [4] | |||
Sultan Ibraimov [4] |
December 22, 1978 [4] |
December 4, 1980 [4] | |||
Pyotr Khodos [4] |
December 4, 1980 [4] |
January 21, 1981 [4] | |||
Arstanbek Duysheyev [4] |
January 21, 1981 [4] |
May 20, 1986 [4] | |||
Apas Jumagulov [4] |
May 20, 1986 [4] |
21 Jan 1991 [4] |
Heads of party
Holders | Took office | Left office | Nationality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee | |||||
Moris Belotsky [3] |
December 5, 1936 | March 1937 | Jewish [3] | ||
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kirghizia | |||||
Maksim Ammosov [5] |
April 23, 1937 [4] |
February 20, 1938 [4] |
Russian [3] | ||
Aleksey Vagov [5] |
February 20, 1938 [5] |
July 1945 [5] |
Russian [3] | ||
Nikolay Bogolyubov [6] |
July 1945 [5] |
July 7, 1950 [4] |
Kyrgyz [3] | ||
Iskhak Razzakov [7] |
July 7, 1950 [4] |
May 9, 1961 [4] |
Kyrgyz [3] | ||
Turdakun Usubaliyev [8] |
May 9, 1961 [4] |
November 2, 1985 [4] |
Kyrgyz [3] | ||
Absamat Masaliyev [8] |
November 2, 1985 [4] |
April 6, 1991 [4] |
Kyrgyz [3] | ||
Jumgalbek Amanbayev [8] |
April 6, 1991 [4] |
August 29, 1991 [4] |
Kyrgyz [3] |
Heads of state
Holders | Took office | Left office | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee | |||||
Abdukadyr Urazbekov [4] |
1936 [4] |
September 16, 1937 [4] | |||
Mikhail Us [4] |
September 16, 1937 [4] |
October 4, 1937 [4] | |||
Maryam Tugambayeva [4] |
September 16, 1937 [4] |
October 4, 1937 [4] | |||
Sultankul Shamurzin [4] |
October 4, 1937 [4] |
December 16, 1937 [4] | |||
Ivan Sokolov [4] |
December 16, 1937 [4] |
February 15, 1938 [4] | |||
Murat Salikhov [4] |
February 15, 1938 [4] |
May 15, 1938 [4] | |||
Kalima Amankulova [4] |
May 15, 1938 [4] |
July 18, 1938 [4] | |||
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet | |||||
I.P. Boryak [4] |
July 18, 1938 [4] |
July 19, 1938 [4] | |||
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet | |||||
Asanaly Tolubayev [4] |
July 18, 1938 [4] |
March 22, 1943 [4] | |||
Moldogazy Tokobayev [4] |
March 22, 1943 [4] |
November 14, 1945 [4] | |||
Turabay Kulatov [4] |
November 14, 1945 [4] |
August 25, 1978 [4] | |||
Sultan Ibraimov [4] |
August 25, 1978 [4] |
December 22, 1978 [4] | |||
Andrey Buss [4] |
December 22, 1978 [4] |
January 10, 1979 [4] | |||
Arstanbek Duysheyev | January 10, 1979 [4] |
January 14, 1981 [4] | |||
Temirbek Koshoyev [4] |
January 14, 1981 [4] |
August 8, 1987 [4] | |||
Tashtanbek Akmatov [4] |
August 8, 1987 [4] |
April 10, 1990 [4] | |||
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet | |||||
Absamat Masaliyev [4] |
April 10, 1990 [4] |
October 27, 1990 [4] | |||
President of Kyrgyzstan | |||||
Askar Akayev [3] |
October 27, 1990 | December 25, 1991 |
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Collins 2006, pp. 83.
- ^ a b Collins 2006, pp. 84.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Collins 2006, pp. 109.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di "Soviet republics: Kirgiz S.S.R." Rulers.org.
- ^ a b c d e Mohapatra, Nalin Kumar (2006). Political Culture and Democratic Development in Central Asia. University of Michigan: Bookwell. p. 53. ISBN 81-89640-17-8.
- ^ Abazov, Rafis (2004). Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan. Scarecrow Press. p. 340. ISBN 0-8108-4868-6.
- ^ Institute for Central Asian and Caucasian Studies (2006). Central Eurasia: Analytical Annual. CA&CC Press. p. 184. ISBN 91-976993-1-4.
- ^ a b c Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Vol. 4. Routledge. 1999. p. 446. ISBN 1-85743-058-1.
Bibliography
- Collins, Kathleens (2006). Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 376. ISBN 0-521-83950-5.