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References for all cardinals, in the "Ref." column, are citations of English biographies, sourced from the Holy See Press Office (https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali---statistiche/elenco_alfabetico.html) and preferably archived with the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. |
References for all cardinals, in the "Ref." column, are citations of English biographies, sourced from the Holy See Press Office (https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali---statistiche/elenco_alfabetico.html) and preferably archived with the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. |
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| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_frezza_f.html |title=Frezza Card. Fortunato |website=[[Holy See Press Office]] |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828005205/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_frezza_f.html |archive-date=28 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_frezza_f.html |title=Frezza Card. Fortunato |website=[[Holy See Press Office]] |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828005205/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_frezza_f.html |archive-date=28 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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| data-sort-value{{=}}"3" | [[Lay Cardinal|LC]] |
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| {{dts|2022|10|31 |format=dmy}}<br />[[Pope Francis|Francis]] |
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=== Cardinals to be created on ⟨date⟩ === |
=== Cardinals to be created on ⟨date⟩ === |
Revision as of 14:54, 27 January 2023
Cardinals are senior members of the clergy of the Catholic Church. They are almost always bishops and generally hold important roles within the church, such as leading prominent archdioceses or heading dicasteries within the Roman Curia. Cardinals are created in consistories by the pope, and one of their foremost duties is the election of a new pope – invariably from among their number, although not strictly a requirement – when the Holy See is vacant (sede vacante), following the death or resignation of the reigning pontiff. The body of all cardinals is collectively known as the College of Cardinals.[1][2]
Under current ecclesiastical law, as defined by the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, only cardinals who have not passed their 80th birthdays on the day on which the Holy See becomes vacant are eligible to participate in a papal conclave to elect a new pope.[3] The same apostolic constitution also specifies a maximum of 120 cardinal electors who can participate in a conclave, but makes no provision in case this number is exceeded;[3] this has often happened, although never at the time of a conclave. Cardinals may also be created in pectore (reserved 'in the breast'), in which case their identities are not publicly revealed by the pope; they do not enjoy the privileges of a cardinal until their names are published. The creations of any such cardinals who have not been revealed at the pope's death or resignation automatically lapse.[1][4]
As of 14 January 2023, there are 223 cardinals, 124 of whom are cardinal electors. The most recent consistory for the creation of cardinals was held on 27 August 2022, when Pope Francis created 20 cardinals, including 16 cardinal electors.[5][6][7] Angelo Bagnasco was the most recent cardinal elector to turn 80, on 14 January 2023; and Domenico Calcagno will be the next cardinal elector to turn 80, on 3 February 2023. The most recent death of a cardinal was that of George Pell, on 10 January 2023, at the age of 81.[8]
Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is divided into three orders, with formal precedence in the following sequence:[1]
- Cardinal bishops (CB): the six cardinals who are assigned the titles of the seven suburbicarian dioceses in the vicinity of Rome by the pope,[a] plus a few other cardinals who have been exceptionally co-opted into the order,[11][12] as well as patriarchs who head one of the Eastern Catholic Churches.[10][13] The two most senior cardinal bishops, who are elected by the cardinal bishops from among themselves (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs) and approved by the pope, are the dean and the vice dean,[1] currently Giovanni Battista Re and Leonardo Sandri, respectively. The latter is also the senior cardinal bishop among the cardinal electors.[b]
- Cardinal priests (CP): bishops typically in charge of dioceses around the world, as well as former cardinal deacons who have opted to be elevated to the order.[14] The most senior cardinal priest is the protopriest, currently Michael Michai Kitbunchu; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal priest is Vinko Puljić.[b]
- Cardinal deacons (CD): bishops who work in the Roman Curia or the diplomatic service of the Holy See, and all other clergy, including priests who have been granted a dispensation not to be consecrated a bishop. They have the choice (Latin: optatio) of opting to become cardinal priests after having been cardinal deacons for ten years.[1][15] The most senior cardinal deacon is the protodeacon, currently Renato Raffaele Martino; among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal deacon is James Michael Harvey and the junior cardinal deacon is Fernando Vérgez Alzaga.[b]
For cardinal bishops (excluding the Eastern Catholic patriarchs), the dean is first in precedence, followed by the vice-dean and then, in order of appointment as cardinal bishops, by the remainder. For cardinal bishops who are Eastern Catholic patriarchs, for cardinal priests and for cardinal deacons, precedence is determined by the date of the consistory in which they were created cardinals and then by the order in which they appeared in the official announcement or bulletin.
All cardinals listed are members of the Latin Church unless otherwise stated. Cardinals belonging to institutes of consecrated life or to societies of apostolic life are indicated by the relevant post-nominal letters.
{{Row numbers| {
Former cardinals
As of 31 December 2022, there are two living former cardinals:
- Jorge Mario Bergoglio SJ, created a cardinal on 21 February 2001 and elected as Pope Francis on 13 March 2013[16]
- Theodore Edgar McCarrick, created a cardinal on 21 February 2001 and resigned from the College of Cardinals following allegations of sexual misconduct on 28 July 2018[17][18]
Demographics of the College of Cardinals
At present, 124 of 223 cardinals are eligible to participate in a papal conclave. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds supermajority, if all 124 cardinal electors were to participate (notwithstanding the maximum of 120 specified in Universi Dominici gregis), would be 83.[3][19]
This table indicates the number of current cardinals created by each pope and belonging to each order of the College.
Pope | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Name | CB | CP | CD | Total | CB | CP | CD | Total |
264 | John Paul II (1978–2005) |
5 | 42 | 1 | 48 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 10 |
265 | Benedict XVI (2005–2013) |
4 | 59 | 1 | 64 | 3 | 29 | 1 | 33 |
266 | Francis (2013–present) |
3 | 82 | 26 | 111 | 2 | 64 | 15 | 81 |
Total | 12 | 183 | 28 | 223 | 6 | 102 | 16 | 124 |
Cardinals by particular church sui iuris
While most cardinals belong to the Latin Church, which encompasses the vast majority of Catholics, a small number of cardinals belong to one of the twenty-three autonomous (sui iuris) Eastern Catholic Churches. At present, there are six Eastern Catholic cardinals, including four cardinal electors, belonging to six particular churches sui iuris:
- Béchara Boutros Raï (Maronite Church)
- Louis Raphaël I Sako (Chaldean Catholic Church), cardinal elector
- George Alencherry (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church), cardinal elector
- Lucian Mureșan (Romanian Greek Catholic Church)
- Baselios Cleemis Thottunkal (Syro-Malankara Catholic Church), cardinal elector
- Berhaneyesus Demerew Souraphiel (Ethiopian Catholic Church), cardinal elector
Particular church sui iuris | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | |
---|---|---|---|
Latin Church (Western) | 217 | 120 | |
Eastern Churches | Chaldean Catholic Church | 1 | 1 |
Ethiopian Catholic Church | 1 | 1 | |
Maronite Church | 1 | 0 | |
Romanian Greek Catholic Church | 1 | 0 | |
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church | 1 | 1 | |
Syro-Malankara Catholic Church | 1 | 1 | |
Total | 6 | 4 | |
Total | 223 | 124 |
Cardinals by institute of consecrated life or society of apostolic life
At present, there are 51 cardinals, including 29 cardinal electors, who are members of the religious life, representing 28 institutes of consecrated life and societies of apostolic life. Common names for members, if different, are given in brackets in this table.
Cardinals by continent
For the purposes of this article, countries are grouped into continents generally according to the regions of the United Nations geoscheme; for the region of the Americas, North America comprises the subregions of Northern America, Central America and the Caribbean, while South America comprises the remaining subregion of the same name.[20] Statistics for the global distribution of Catholics are taken from the 2020 edition of the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (Statistical Yearbook of the Church).[21]
Continent | All cardinals | Cardinal electors | Percentage of global Catholic population (2020) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
Africa | 26 | 11.7% | 16 | 12.9% | 19% |
North America | 35 | 15.7% | 21 | 16.9% | 20% |
South America | 24 | 10.8% | 14 | 11.3% | 28% |
Asia | 31 | 13.9% | 21 | 16.9% | 11% |
Europe | 103 | 46.2% | 49 | 39.5% | 21% |
Oceania | 4 | 1.8% | 3 | 2.4% | 1% |
Total | 223 | 100.0% | 124 | 100.0% | 100% |
Cardinals by country
At present, 88 countries are represented in the College of Cardinals, including 66 with at least one cardinal elector. The countries with the greatest numbers of cardinals are Italy (forty-seven), the United States (sixteen), and Spain (twelve). Among the cardinal electors, the countries with the greatest numbers are Italy (seventeen), the United States (ten), and Brazil and Spain jointly (six each).
See also
- Cardinals created by John Paul II
- Cardinals created by Benedict XVI
- Cardinals created by Francis
- Cardinal electors in the 2013 papal conclave
- Council of Cardinal Advisers
- List of creations of cardinals
- Suburbicarian diocese
- Titular church (List of titular churches)
Notes
- ^ The dean of the College of Cardinals holds the title of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia ex officio, in addition to his original one when first appointed a cardinal bishop.[1][9][10]
- ^ a b c Among the cardinal electors, the senior cardinal bishop, the senior cardinal priest, the senior cardinal deacon and the junior cardinal deacon have specific roles in a papal conclave, such as presiding over the conclave itself (the senior cardinal bishop) or announcing the election of the pope (the senior cardinal deacon).[3]
- ^ Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China.
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References
- ^ a b c d e f "The College of Cardinals General Documentazion". Holy See Press Office. 17 February 2014. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ a b c d Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". The Holy See (Apostolic constitution). Vatican Publishing House. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ Boudinhon, Auguste (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ "Announcement of Consistory on 27 August for the creation of new Cardinals". Holy See Press Office. 29 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "Mgr Luc Van Looy, évêque émérite, est dispensé du cardinalat". CathoBel (Press release). Conférence épiscopale de Belgique. 16 June 2022. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ "Pope Francis accepts Belgian bishop's request not to be made a cardinal". Catholic News Agency. 16 June 2022. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ Yoder, Katie; Wimmer, AC (10 January 2023). "Australian Cardinal George Pell dies at 81". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ Pope Pius X (5 May 1914). Edita a Nobis (PDF) (Motu proprio). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). Vol. VI. Rome: Vatican Publishing House. pp. 219–220. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018 – via the Holy See.
- ^ a b "Cardinal Bishops". EWTN. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- ^ "Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi: Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis by which he has decided to co-opt into the Order of Bishops, equating them in all respects with the Cardinals holding the title of a suburbicarian Church, Cardinals Parolin, Sandri, Ouellet and Filoni". Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ "Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle" [Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi: Rescript of the Holy Father Francis, by which he decides to co-opt into the Order of Bishops His Eminence Cardinal Luis Antonio G. Tagle, equating him in all respects to the Cardinals who have been awarded the title of a suburbicarian Church]. Holy See Press Office (in Italian). 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). "Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium". The Holy See (Motu proprio) (in Latin). Vatican Publishing House. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Cardinal Priests". EWTN. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- ^ "Cardinal Deacons". EWTN. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- ^ "L'annuncio dell'elezione del Papa" [Announcement of the election of the Pope]. Holy See Press Office. 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ "Comunicato della Sala Stampa della Santa Sede" [Holy See Press Office Communiqué]. Holy See Press Office. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta; Otterman, Sharon (28 July 2018). "Cardinal Theodore McCarrick Resigns Amid Sexual Abuse Scandal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ Pope Benedict XVI (11 June 2007). "De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis". The Holy See (Motu proprio) (in Latin). Vatican Publishing House. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
- ^ "Methodology". United Nations Statistics Division. Geographic Regions. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "Annuario Pontificio 2022 e Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2020". L'Osservatore Romano (in Italian). 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
External links
- Media related to Cardinals at Wikimedia Commons
- Holy See Press Office, The College of Cardinals
- GCatholic.org, College of Cardinals