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== List == |
== List == |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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! style=" background:orange;"|<span style="colour;white">Name of conflict ( |
! style=" background:orange;"|<span style="colour;white">Name of conflict (date)</span> |
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! style=" background:orange;"|<span style="colour;white">Part of</span> |
! style=" background:orange;"|<span style="colour;white">Part of</span> |
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! style="background:orange; widh:150px;"|<span style ="colour:white">Belligerents</span> |
! style="background:orange; widh:150px;"|<span style ="colour:white">Belligerents</span> |
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Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Kangra State]] |
|[[Kangra State]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Kasur]]<br />(1807) |
|[[Battle of Kasur]]<br />(1807) |
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Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Durrani Empire]] |
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Jammu (1808)]] |
|[[Battle of Jammu (1808)]] |
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Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Dogra Rajput]] |
|[[Dogra Rajput]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Gurkha-Sikh War]] (1809) |
|[[Gurkha-Sikh War]] (1809) |
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Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Kingdom of Nepal]] |
|[[Kingdom of Nepal]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Siege of Multan (1810)]] |
|[[Siege of Multan (1810)]] |
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Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
||
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Bhimber (1812)]] |
|[[Battle of Bhimber (1812)]] |
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Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Chibhal]] |
|[[Chibhal]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Anandpur (1812)]] |
|[[Battle of Anandpur (1812)]] |
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Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Bilaspur State|Kahlur]] |
|[[Bilaspur State|Kahlur]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Afghan-Sikh Capture of Kashmir (1812-1813)|Afghan-Sikh Capture of Kashmir (1812–1813)]] |
|[[Afghan-Sikh Capture of Kashmir (1812-1813)|Afghan-Sikh Capture of Kashmir (1812–1813)]] |
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Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]]<br>[[Durrani Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]]<br>[[Durrani Empire]] |
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|Kashmir under Ata Muhammad Khan |
|Kashmir under Ata Muhammad Khan |
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|'''Sikh-Afghan |
|'''Sikh-Afghan victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Hasan Abdal (1813)]] |
|[[Battle of Hasan Abdal (1813)]] |
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Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|Pashtuns led by Wazir [[Fateh Khan Barakzai]] |
|Pashtuns led by Wazir [[Fateh Khan Barakzai]] |
||
|'''Afghan |
|'''Afghan victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.VTheSikhLionOfLahoremaharajaRanjitSingh |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839) |language=English}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Attock]] (1813) |
|[[Battle of Attock]] (1813) |
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Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Durrani Empire]] |
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Kashmir (1814)]] |
|[[Battle of Kashmir (1814)]] |
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Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
||
|[[Pashtuns]] led by Wazir [[Fateh Khan Barakzai]] |
|[[Pashtuns]] led by Wazir [[Fateh Khan Barakzai]] |
||
|'''Afghan |
|'''Afghan victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.VTheSikhLionOfLahoremaharajaRanjitSingh |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839) |language=English}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Multan]] (1818) |
|[[Battle of Multan]] (1818) |
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Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
||
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Shopian]] (1819) |
|[[Battle of Shopian]] (1819) |
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Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
||
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
|[[Durrani Empire]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
| Kashmir is conquered by the Sikhs. |
| Kashmir is conquered by the Sikhs. |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 105: | Line 105: | ||
|[[Yusufzai|Yousufzai]] Zamindars |
|[[Yusufzai|Yousufzai]] Zamindars |
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|'''Yousufzai''' |
|'''Yousufzai''' |
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'''Afghan |
'''Afghan victory'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNEwAQAAMAAJ&dq=Battle+of+gandgarh+Diwan+Ram&pg=PA209 | title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab | last1=Griffin | first1=Lepel Henry | date=1890 }}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Mangal]] (1821) |
|[[Battle of Mangal]] (1821) |
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Line 111: | Line 111: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Jadoon tribe|Jaduns]] and [[Tanoli|Tanaolis]] Tribes |
|[[Jadoon tribe|Jaduns]] and [[Tanoli|Tanaolis]] Tribes |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
||
|[[Siege of Mankera (1821-1822)|Siege of Mankera (1821–1822)]] |
|[[Siege of Mankera (1821-1822)|Siege of Mankera (1821–1822)]] |
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Line 117: | Line 117: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Kingdom of Mankera]] |
|[[Kingdom of Mankera]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Taragarh (1822)]] |
|[[Battle of Taragarh (1822)]] |
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Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|Afghan tribesmen |
|Afghan tribesmen |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Nowshera]] (1823) |
|[[Battle of Nowshera]] (1823) |
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Line 129: | Line 129: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|Coalition of Azim Khan |
|Coalition of Azim Khan |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Akora Khattak]] (1826) |
|[[Battle of Akora Khattak]] (1826) |
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Line 135: | Line 135: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
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|'''[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
|'''[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Saidu]] (1827) |
|[[Battle of Saidu]] (1827) |
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Line 141: | Line 141: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Battle of Haidru (1828)]] |
|[[Battle of Haidru (1828)]] |
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Line 147: | Line 147: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Balakot]] (1831) |
|[[Battle of Balakot]] (1831) |
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Line 153: | Line 153: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
|[[Syed Ahmad Barelvi#Jihad movement and Islamic State|Mujahideen]] |
||
|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Bannu]] (1832) |
|[[Battle of Bannu]] (1832) |
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Line 159: | Line 159: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|Local [[Pashtuns]] |
|Local [[Pashtuns]] |
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|'''Afghan |
|'''Afghan victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk]] (1833-1834) |
|[[Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk]] (1833-1834) |
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Line 169: | Line 169: | ||
|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] |
|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] |
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* [[Principality of Qandahar]] |
* [[Principality of Qandahar]] |
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|'''Barakzai Afghan |
|'''Barakzai Afghan victory''' |
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|Shah Shuja's expedition fails. |
|Shah Shuja's expedition fails. |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 176: | Line 176: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|Peshawar Sardars |
|Peshawar Sardars |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|Peshawar Sardars deposed from power. |
|Peshawar Sardars deposed from power. |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 183: | Line 183: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal Dynasty]] |
|[[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal Dynasty]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|Entirety of Ladakh annexed in [[Sino-Sikh War]] |
|Entirety of Ladakh annexed in [[Sino-Sikh War]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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| Michni Sardars |
| Michni Sardars |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
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|[[Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1835)]] |
|[[Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1835)]] |
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Line 209: | Line 209: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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| Panjtar Pashtuns |
| Panjtar Pashtuns |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Battle of Jamrud]] (1837) |
|[[Battle of Jamrud]] (1837) |
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Line 221: | Line 221: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Sudhans]] of [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]] |
|[[Sudhans]] of [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory''' |
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|Rebellion suppressed |
|Rebellion suppressed |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|[[Maqpon Dynasty]] |
|[[Maqpon Dynasty]] |
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|'''Sikh |
|'''Sikh victory'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = General Zorawar Singh|url = https://archive.org/details/generalzorawarsi00char|publisher = Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|date = 1983|first = Sukh Dev Singh|last = Charak}}</ref> |
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|[[Baltistan]] and [[Skardu]] annexed to the Sikh Empie |
|[[Baltistan]] and [[Skardu]] annexed to the Sikh Empie |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 249: | Line 249: | ||
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
|[[Sikh Empire]] |
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|Tribal Afghans |
|Tribal Afghans |
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|'''Afghan |
|'''Afghan victory''' |
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|- |
|- |
||
|Battle of Waziristan 1844<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3_mEAAAQBAJ&dq=waziristan+1843+sikh&pg=PA70 | title=Hari Singh Nalwa | last1=Kumar | first1=Rajinder | date=January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WRlAQAAQBAJ&dq=waziristan+1843+sikh&pg=PA291 | title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes | isbn=978-1-4907-1446-2 | last1=Alikuzai | first1=Hamid Wahed | date=October 2013 | publisher=Trafford }}</ref> |
|Battle of Waziristan 1844<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3_mEAAAQBAJ&dq=waziristan+1843+sikh&pg=PA70 | title=Hari Singh Nalwa | last1=Kumar | first1=Rajinder | date=January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WRlAQAAQBAJ&dq=waziristan+1843+sikh&pg=PA291 | title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes | isbn=978-1-4907-1446-2 | last1=Alikuzai | first1=Hamid Wahed | date=October 2013 | publisher=Trafford }}</ref> |
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Line 255: | Line 255: | ||
| [[Sikh Empire]] |
| [[Sikh Empire]] |
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| Tribal Afghans |
| Tribal Afghans |
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| '''Afghan |
| '''Afghan victory''' |
||
|- |
|- |
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| [[Battle of Mudki]]<br />18 December 1845 |
| [[Battle of Mudki]]<br />18 December 1845 |
Revision as of 10:35, 10 May 2024
The Sikh Empire (1799 – 1849 CE) was established by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Throughout its history, it fought various adversaries including the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and the British East India Company.
Background
The Sikhs first raised their weapons against the Mughal Empire under Guru Hargobind. Shri Guru Hargobind Ji was son of the 5th Shri Guru Arjan Dev Ji who was executed by the Mughal ruler Jahangir. After his father's death, Shri Guru Hargobind Ji added the martial element to Sikhism which was until then a religion mainly focused on Spirituality. But at this point the need for self defence was felt. Hence Shri Guru Hargobind Ji started recruiting an army which he called "Risaldari", after training his men in cavalry and Sikh Martial Arts. He adopted Royal symbols like wearing "kalgidhari turban" and keeping bodyguards. Along with that he asked his followers to gift him horses and weaponry instead of anything else. So the 6th Guru at one point managed to command 700 cavalry and with this might his Risaldari fought several small scale battles in 1620s and 1630s against Shahjahan's forces and some other warlords in Poadh and Majha. The tenth and the last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh organized Sikhs into a military sect called Khalsa (means "pure"), in 1699, against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Before his death in 1708, he sent Banda Singh Bahadur to lead the Sikhs of Punjab. Banda Singh Bahadur through his outstanding leadership skills weakened the Mughal grasp over India. But he was later captured and beheaded in Delhi in 1716, during the reign of Farrukhsiyar.[citation needed]
Thereafter, Sikhs were divided into Misls. In 1738, Nadir Shah of the Afsharid dynasty attacked India and looted Delhi. The Mughals were never able to recover their power in the Punjab. Later, the Punjab was subject to constant invasions of Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan.[citation needed]
The Afghans led numerous campaigns to re-capture Lahore but ultimately had to return to Pashtun territories due to internal strife. After Ahmad Shah's final invasion of the Punjab in 1767, he left Lahore which was re-captured by the Sikhs. For more than three decades, Sikhs consolidated their power in areas of the Punjab, though facing repeated invasion attempts from other Afghan emperors such as Timur Shah Durrani, and Zaman Shah Durrani. The decisive moment came in 1790, when Ranjit Singh of Sukerchakia Misl became Misldar. He started uniting Misls and finally took Lahore in 1799. His coronation on 12 April 1801 marked the beginning of the Sikh Empire, which went on to conquer the whole Punjab, Kangra, parts of Kashmir and briefly, the city of Peshawar.[citation needed]
List
See also
References
- ^ www.DiscoverSikhism.com. History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839).
- ^ www.DiscoverSikhism.com. History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839).
- ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1890). "The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab".
- ^ Clements, Frank; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8.
- ^ Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1983). General Zorawar Singh. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- ^ Kumar, Rajinder (January 2023). "Hari Singh Nalwa".
- ^ Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4907-1446-2.
- ^ Kumar, Rajinder (January 2023). "Hari Singh Nalwa".
- ^ Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4907-1446-2.
- ^ Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
- ^ Jacques, p. 93