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This is a '''list of Mongolic states'''. "[[Mongolia]]" is understood in the broader historical sense (see [[Greater Mongolia]] and [[Mongolian |
This is a '''list of Mongolic states'''. "[[Mongolia]]" is understood in the broader historical sense (see [[Greater Mongolia]] and [[Mongolian Plateau]]). The [[proto-Mongols]] established many states such as the [[Xianbei state|Xianbei]], the [[Rouran Khaganate|Rouran]], the [[Liao dynasty|Khitan]] and the [[Mongol Empire]] from the 3rd century BC. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties. Whether some ancient peoples such as the [[Xianyu]] and the [[Xiongnu]] were proto-Mongol has not yet been definitely confirmed. |
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==Ancient and postclassical states== |
==Ancient and postclassical states== |
Revision as of 21:12, 19 June 2015
This is a list of Mongolic states. "Mongolia" is understood in the broader historical sense (see Greater Mongolia and Mongolian Plateau). The proto-Mongols established many states such as the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Khitan and the Mongol Empire from the 3rd century BC. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties. Whether some ancient peoples such as the Xianyu and the Xiongnu were proto-Mongol has not yet been definitely confirmed.
Ancient and postclassical states
Name | Years | Area | Map | Capital | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bida state (Our state)[1] |
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Xianyu people – an ancestor of the Xiongnu (not yet confirmed to be Mongolic) | |||||||||
Zhongshan | VI BC–296 BC | ||||||||
Xiongnu (not yet confirmed to be Mongolic) | 209 BC–93 AD | 4,030,000 km2(176 BC)[2] | Luut city (Dragon city, Lungcheng) Mongolia | ||||||
Yueban | 160–490 | ||||||||
Han Zhao (Former Han) |
304–329 | 2,000,000 km2(316 AD)[3] | Lishi (304-305) Liting (305-308) Puzi (308-309) Pingyang (309-318) Chang'an (318-329) Shanggui (329) | ||||||
Northern Liang | 397–460 | Jiankang (397-398) Zhangye (398-412) Guzang (412-439) Jiuquan (440-441) Dunhuang (441-442) Shanshan (442) Gaochang (442-460) | |||||||
Xia state | 407–431 | Tongwan (418-427) Shanggui (427-428) Pingliang (428-430) | |||||||
Xianbei | |||||||||
Xianbei state | 93–234 | Orda, Khangai Mountains, Mongolia | |||||||
Western Qin | 385–431 | Yongshicheng (385-386) Wanchuan (386-388, 400, 410-412) Jincheng (388-395) | |||||||
Murong Xianbei | |||||||||
Former Yan | 337–370 | Jicheng (337-341) Longcheng (341-350) Jicheng (350-357) Yecheng (357-370) | |||||||
Western Yan | 384–394 | Chang'an (385-386) Zhangzi (386-394) | |||||||
Later Yan | 384–409 | Zhongshan (386-397) Longcheng (397-409) | |||||||
Tuyuhun Kingdom | 284–672 | Fuqi | |||||||
Tuoba Xianbei states | |||||||||
Southern Liang | 397–414 | Lianchuan (397-399) Ledu (399, 402-406, 410-414) Xiping (399-402) Guzang (406-410) | |||||||
Dai state | 315–377 | Shengle | |||||||
Northern Wei | 386–535 | 2,000,000 km2(450)[3] | Shengle (386-398, capital of former Dai, near modern Huhhot) Pingcheng (398-493) Luoyang (493-534) Chang'an (534-535) | ||||||
Eastern Wei | 534–550 | 1,000,000 km2(550 AD)[3] | Luoyang (534) Yecheng (534-550) | ||||||
Western Wei | 535–557 | 1,300,000 km2(557 AD)[3] | Chang'an | ||||||
Yuwen Xianbei | |||||||||
Northern Zhou | 557–581 | 1,500,000 km2(577 AD)[3] | Chang'an | ||||||
Nirun | |||||||||
Nirun or Rouran Khaganate | 330–555 | 4,000,000 km2(405 AD)[3][4] | Mumo City, in Mongolia | ||||||
Khitans (sometimes considered to be Para-Mongolic) | |||||||||
Liao dynasty | 907–1125 | 2,600,000 km2(947)[4][5] 4,000,000 km2(1111) |
Shangjing | ||||||
Dongdan Kingdom | 926–936 | ||||||||
Northern Liao | 1122–1123 | ||||||||
Kara-Khitan Khanate | 1124/1125–1221 | 2,500,000 km2(1210)[4] | Balasagun | ||||||
Eastern Liao | 1211–1220 | ||||||||
Khar-Khitan Sultanate | 1220s–1306 | ||||||||
Tatabi (Kumo Xi) | |||||||||
Great Xi | 1123 | ||||||||
Khanates in the X-XII centuries | |||||||||
Khamag Mongol Khanate | 900s–1206 | ||||||||
Khereid Khanate | 900s–1203 | ||||||||
Merkit Khanate | XI–mid XII | ||||||||
Naiman Khanate | –1204 | ||||||||
Tatar Khanate | VI—X/(IX – mid XII?) | ||||||||
Mongol Empire | |||||||||
Mongol Empire | 1206–1368 | 33,000,000 km2[4][6] | Avarga (1206–35) Karakorum (1235–60) Dadu (1260–1368) | ||||||
Yuan dynasty | 1271-1368 | 14,000,000 km2(1310)[5] | Khanbaliq (Beijing) | ||||||
Golden Horde | |||||||||
Golden Horde | 1240–1502 | 6,000,000 km2(1310)[4] | Sarai Batu | ||||||
Great Horde | 1466–1502 | ||||||||
Chagatai Khanate | |||||||||
Chagatai Khanate | 1225–1340s | 3,500,000 km2(1310)[4][5] | Almaliq Qarshi | ||||||
Western Chagatai Khanate | 1340s–1370 | ||||||||
Moghulistan | 1340–1462 | ||||||||
Kara Del Khanate | 1383–1513 | ||||||||
Ilkhanate | |||||||||
Ilkhanate | 1256–1335 | 3,750,000 km2 [4][5] |
Maragha (1256–1265) Tabriz (1265–1306) Soltaniyeh (1306–1335) | ||||||
Chobanids | 1335–1357 | Tabriz | |||||||
Injuids | 1335–1357 | Baghdad (Till 1411) Basra (1411-1432) | |||||||
Jalayirid Sultanate | 1335–1432 | Baghdad (Till 1411) Basra (1411-1432) | |||||||
Arghun dynasty | 1479?–1599? | ||||||||
Genghisid Mongolian Khaganate | |||||||||
Post-Imperial Mongolia or Mongolian Khaganate |
1368–1691 | 5,000,000 km2(1550)[5] | Shangdu (1368–69) Yingchang (1369–70) Karakorum (1371–88) | ||||||
Khotogoid Khanate (subject of the Mongolian Khaganate) |
late XVI – late XVII | in Mongolia | |||||||
Oirats - Non-Genghisid states | |||||||||
Four Oirat | 1399–1634 | 1,000,000 km2 (15th - late 16th) ~1,600,000 km2 (early 17th century) |
|||||||
Dzungar Khanate | 1634–1758 | 3,500,000—4,000,000 km2 | |||||||
Khoshut Khanate | 1642?–1717 | ~1,400,000 km2 | |||||||
Kalmyk Khanate | 1630–1771 | ||||||||
Timurid states (Persianate Turco-Mongol states) | |||||||||
Timurid dynasty | 1370–1507 | 4,400,000 km2 (1405) |
Samarkand (1370–1505) Herat(1505–1507) | ||||||
Mughal Empire | 1526–1857 | 3,200,000 km2 (1700) |
Agra (1526–1571) Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585) Lahore (1585–1598) Agra (1598–1648) Shahjahanabad/Delhi (1648–1857) |
Modern states
Name | Years | Area | Map | Capital |
---|---|---|---|---|
Buryat's Balagad state |
1919–1926[7][8][9][10] | In Kizhinginsky District, Buryatia | ||
Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk | 1930 | In Kalmykia | ||
Republic of Southern Mongolia | 1945 | In Inner Mongolia | ||
State of Mongolia (Bogd Khaganate) |
1911-1924 | Ikh Khuree (Ulaanbaatar) | ||
People's Republic of Mongolia | 1924-1992 | Ulaanbaatar | ||
Mongolia | 1992–present | 1,564,115.75 km2 |
Autonomous areas
In Russia
Name | Years | Capital | Area | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|
State of Buryat-Mongolia | 1917–1921 | Chita | ||
Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast | 1922–1923 | |||
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast | 1921–1923 | |||
Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | 1923–1958 | Ulan-Ude | ||
Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | 1958–1992 | |||
Republic of Buryatia | 1992-present | 351,300 km2 | ||
Agin Buryat-Mongol National Okrug | 1937–1958 | Aginskoye | ||
Agin-Buryat National Okrug | 1958–1977 | |||
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug | 1977–2008 | 9,6002 | ||
Ust-Orda Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Okrug | 1937–1958 | Ust-Ordynsky | ||
Ust-Orda Buryat National Okrug | 1958–1978 | |||
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug | 1978–2008 | 22,1382 | ||
Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast | 1920–1935 1957–1958 |
Astrakhan (till 1928) Elista |
File:Атлас Союза Советских Социалистических Республик 1928 - Автономная Калмыцкая область.jpg | |
Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | 1935–1943 1958–1990 |
Elista | ||
Kalmyk Soviet Socialist Republic | 1990–1992 | |||
Kalmyk Republic-Halmg-Tangch | 1992–1994 | |||
Kalmyk Republic | 1994–present | 76,100 km2 |
In China
See also
Maps
-
Xiongnu, in 205 BCE
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Xianbei Empire under Tanshihuai (141–181)Xianbei Empire under Tanshihuai (141–181)
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Nirun Khaganate c.500
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Nirun Khaganate (Rouran), Northern Wei, Tuyuhun Kingdom, Southern Liang, Later Yan, Yueban and Northern Liang, 400 AD
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Khitan Empire c. 1000
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Kara-Khitan Khanate (1124–1218)Kara-Khitan Khanate (1124–1218)
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Mongol Empire in 1227
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Mongol Empire
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The Zunghar Khanate (c.1750) (in blue line)
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A map of the Zunghar Khanate, by a Swedish officer in captivity there in 1716-1733, which include the region known today as Zhetysu
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The Zunghar Khanate (a fragment of the map of Russian Empire of Peter The Great, that was created by a Sweden soldier in c.1725)
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This map fragment shows territories of the Zunghar Khanate as in 1706. (Map Collection of the Library of Congress: "Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726))
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Mongolia
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Mongolia
References
- ^ The Blue Chronicle, Vanchinbalyn Injinash
- ^ Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, J. Daniel Rogers, Steven P. Wilcox, & Jai Alterman, "Computing the Steppes: Data Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Polities in Inner Asia", Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc., Boston, Massachusetts, p. 8 August 28–31, (2008)
- ^ a b c d e f Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115-138 (1979)
- ^ a b c d e f g Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.Journal of World-Systems Research (University of Connecticut). 12 (no. 2): 219–229.
- ^ a b c d e Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.
- ^ Morgan. The Mongols. p. 5.
- ^ Бидия Дандарон (Russian)
- ^ Балагатское движение (Russian)
- ^ Теократическое движение в Хоринском ведомстве Бурятии :1919–1926 гг. (Russian)
- ^ БАЛАГАТСКОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ (Russian)
Bibliography
- Weiers, Michael (ed.) (1986): Die Mongolen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
- Dughlát Muhammad Haidar, Norbert Elias, Edward Denison Ross - The Tarikh-i-rashidi
- Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols
- Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank -The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
- William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, J. A. Boyle -The Cambridge history of Iran, 5
- Konstantin Nikolaevich Maksimov - Kalmykia in Russia's past and present national policies and administrative system