Kumioko (renamed) (talk | contribs) →American Civil War: fix link |
Add alt text as per WP:ALT. |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:Moh2.jpg|300px|right|thumb|A Medal of Honor on display]] |
[[File:Moh2.jpg|300px|right|thumb|alt=Gold medal, an inverted five-pointed star surmounted by an eagle, hanging from a formal blue ribbon in a display|A Medal of Honor on display]] |
||
{{Medal of Honor recipients}} |
{{Medal of Honor recipients}} |
||
The [[Medal of Honor]] is the highest [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|military award]] in the [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]]. |
The [[Medal of Honor]] is the highest [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|military award]] in the [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]]. |
||
Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Charles|Brown|Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Charles|Brown|Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)}}}} |
||
|[[File:1871sujagi.jpg|100px]] {Brown at right} |
|[[File:1871sujagi.jpg|100px|alt=Large foreign flag behind three 1870s soldiers or sailors on a shipdeck]] {Brown at right} |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
||
Line 112: | Line 112: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Cyrus|Hayden}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Cyrus|Hayden}}}} |
||
|[[File:1871sujagi.jpg|100px]] {Hayden at left} |
|[[File:1871sujagi.jpg|100px|alt=Large foreign flag behind three 1870s soldiers or sailors on a shipdeck]] {Hayden at left} |
||
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
||
|[[Carpenter]] |
|[[Carpenter]] |
||
Line 121: | Line 121: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|William F.|Lukes}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|William F.|Lukes}}}} |
||
|[[File:William F Lukes (framed).jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:William F Lukes (framed).jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of an otherwise-cleancut man with an enormous mustache, in circa-1900 formal dress]] |
||
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
||
|[[Landsman]] |
|[[Landsman]] |
||
Line 166: | Line 166: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Hugh|Purvis}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Hugh|Purvis}}}} |
||
|[[File:1871sujagi.jpg|100px]] {Purvis in center} |
|[[File:1871sujagi.jpg|100px|alt=Large foreign flag behind three 1870s soldiers or sailors on a shipdeck]] {Purvis in center} |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-01</span>[[Private (rank)|Private]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-01</span>[[Private (rank)|Private]] |
||
Line 235: | Line 235: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Henry L.|Hulbert}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Henry L.|Hulbert}}}} |
||
|[[File:Hulbert HL.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Hulbert HL.jpg|100px|alt=Top half of man in formal 1900s military dress, proudly wearing a Congressional Medal of Honor]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-01</span>[[Private (rank)|Private]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-01</span>[[Private (rank)|Private]] |
||
Line 283: | Line 283: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Smedley|Butler}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Smedley|Butler}}}} |
||
|[[File:SmedleyButler.jpeg|100px]] |
|[[File:SmedleyButler.jpeg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of man in his 40s wearing a U.S. Marine uniform with ribbons, circa 1920]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|[[Major (rank)|Major]] |
|[[Major (rank)|Major]] |
||
Line 292: | Line 292: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|William R.|Button|William Robert Button}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|William R.|Button|William Robert Button}}}} |
||
|[[File:Wbutton.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Wbutton.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of a U.S. Marine wearing a 1920s flat-brimmed campaign hat in bright sun]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
||
Line 301: | Line 301: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Daniel|Daly}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Daniel|Daly}}}} |
||
|[[File:DanielDaly.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:DanielDaly.jpg|100px|alt=Top half of a serious man in formal 1920s U.S. military dress wearing two Congressional Medals of Honor]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|[[Gunnery Sergeant]] |
|[[Gunnery Sergeant]] |
||
Line 310: | Line 310: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Herman H.|Hanneken}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Herman H.|Hanneken}}}} |
||
|[[File:Hanneken HH.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Hanneken HH.jpg|100px|alt=Top half of man in 1920s tropical U.S. Marine uniform with flat-brimmed campaign hat]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">O-01</span>[[Second Lieutenant]] |
|<span style="display:none">O-01</span>[[Second Lieutenant]] |
||
Line 319: | Line 319: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Ross L.|Iams|Ross Lindsey Iams}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Ross L.|Iams|Ross Lindsey Iams}}}} |
||
|[[File:Iams RL.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Iams RL.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulder of man with jutting jaw in circa 1920 U.S. Marine uniform]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]] |
|[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]] |
||
Line 337: | Line 337: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Edward A.|Ostermann|Edward Albert Ostermann}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Edward A.|Ostermann|Edward Albert Ostermann}}}} |
||
|[[File:Ostermann EA.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Ostermann EA.jpg|100px|alt=Side profile of head and chest of older, plump man in dress U.S. Marine uniform]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|[[First Lieutenant]] |
|[[First Lieutenant]] |
||
Line 346: | Line 346: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|William P.|Upshur}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|William P.|Upshur}}}} |
||
|[[File:Upshur WP.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Upshur WP.jpg|100px|alt=Young man with slicked-down short hair in a circa 1915 U.S. Marine uniform with a very high collar]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|[[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] |
|[[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] |
||
Line 367: | Line 367: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Joseph A.|Glowin}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Joseph A.|Glowin}}}} |
||
|[[File:Glowin JA USMC.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Glowin JA USMC.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of square-jawed man in circa 1920 formal U.S. Marine uniform]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
||
Line 385: | Line 385: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Roswell|Winans}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Roswell|Winans}}}} |
||
|[[File:Winans R.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Winans R.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of man in circa 1920 U.S. Marine dress uniform, wearing a Congressional Medal of Honor]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|[[First Sergeant]] |
|[[First Sergeant]] |
||
Line 407: | Line 407: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Christian F.|Schilt}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Christian F.|Schilt}}}} |
||
|[[File:Schilt CF USMC.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Schilt CF USMC.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of man in circa 1940 U.S. Marine khakhi uniform, wearing many campaign ribbons]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">O-02</span>[[First Lieutenant]] |
|<span style="display:none">O-02</span>[[First Lieutenant]] |
||
Line 416: | Line 416: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Donald L.|Truesdale|Donald Leroy Truesdale}}}} |
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Donald L.|Truesdale|Donald Leroy Truesdale}}}} |
||
|[[File:Truesdale DL.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Truesdale DL.jpg|100px|alt=Full length portrait of standing man in circa 1930 U.S. Marine dress uniform]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
||
Line 459: | Line 459: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{nowrap|[[William McGonagle|William L. McGonagle]]}} |
|{{nowrap|[[William McGonagle|William L. McGonagle]]}} |
||
|[[File:WilliamMcGonagle.jpg|80px]] |
|[[File:WilliamMcGonagle.jpg|80px|alt=Top half of man in circa 1970 U.S. Navy officer uniform, before an American flag]] |
||
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
||
|Commander |
|Commander |
||
Line 478: | Line 478: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Gary|Gordon}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Gary|Gordon}}}}* |
||
|[[File:US Army MSG Gary Gordon with medal of honor.JPG|100px]] |
|[[File:US Army MSG Gary Gordon with medal of honor.JPG|100px|alt=Head and upper shoulder of a man in circa 1990 U.S. Army uniform, next to image of Congressional Medal of Honor]] |
||
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-08</span>[[Master Sergeant]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-08</span>[[Master Sergeant]] |
||
Line 487: | Line 487: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Randy|Shughart}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Randy|Shughart}}}}* |
||
|[[File:US Army SFC Randall Shughart with medal of honor.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:US Army SFC Randall Shughart with medal of honor.jpg|100px|alt=Head and upper shoulder of a man in circa 1990 U.S. Army uniform, next to image of Congressional Medal of Honor]] |
||
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-07</span>[[Sergeant First Class]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-07</span>[[Sergeant First Class]] |
||
Line 506: | Line 506: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Michael P.|Murphy}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Michael P.|Murphy}}}}* |
||
|[[File:Michael P. Murphy portrait.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Michael P. Murphy portrait.jpg|100px|alt=Top half of young man in circa 2000 dress U.S. Navy uniform of junior officer]] |
||
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">O-03</span>[[Lieutenant]] |
|<span style="display:none">O-03</span>[[Lieutenant]] |
||
Line 525: | Line 525: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Paul R.|Smith|Paul Ray Smith}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Paul R.|Smith|Paul Ray Smith}}}}* |
||
|[[File:Paul Ray Smith.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:Paul Ray Smith.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulder of smiling man in circa 2000 U.S. Army battle dress]] |
||
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-07</span>[[Sergeant First Class]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-07</span>[[Sergeant First Class]] |
||
Line 534: | Line 534: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Jason|Dunham}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Jason|Dunham}}}}* |
||
|[[File:JasonDunham.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:JasonDunham.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of serious young man in circa 2000 U.S. Marine dress uniform]] |
||
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
|[[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |
||
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
|<span style="display:none">E-04</span>[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]] |
||
Line 543: | Line 543: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Michael A.|Monsoor}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Michael A.|Monsoor}}}}* |
||
|[[File:Monsoor.jpg|100px|alt=Soldier in action in circa 2000 U.S. camouflage battle dress, carring a combat rifle and wearing sunglasses and helmet. Behind him in the dusty air is a similarly equipped soldier]] |
|||
|[[File:Monsoor.jpg|100px]] |
|||
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
|[[United States Navy|Navy]] |
||
|[[Master-at-arms|Master At Arms]] [[Petty Officer Second Class|Second Class]] |
|[[Master-at-arms|Master At Arms]] [[Petty Officer Second Class|Second Class]] |
||
Line 552: | Line 552: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Ross A.|McGinnis}}}}* |
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Ross A.|McGinnis}}}}* |
||
|[[File:PFC Ross McGinnis OSUT Infantry School Photo.jpg|100px]] |
|[[File:PFC Ross McGinnis OSUT Infantry School Photo.jpg|100px|alt=Head and shoulders of a smiling young man in circa 2000 U.S. Army uniform with beret, before a large American flag]] |
||
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
|[[United States Army|Army]] |
||
|[[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]] |
|[[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]] |
Revision as of 16:31, 10 July 2009
Medal of Honor |
---|
All recipients |
American Civil War |
|
Other wars and conflicts |
|
By ethnic group |
By other criteria |
The Medal of Honor is the highest military award in the U.S. military.
The President of the United States, in the name of the United States Congress, has awarded 3,464 Medals of Honor to the nation's soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines, and coast guardsmen since the decoration's creation in 1861.[1] The citations highlighting these acts resided in archives, some for more than 100 years and were only sporadically printed. In 1973, the U.S. Senate ordered the citations compiled and printed as Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate, Medal of Honor Recipients: 1863–1973 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973). This book was later updated and reprinted in 1979.[2]
Since the beginning of World War II, 854 Medals of Honor have been awarded, 528 posthumously. In total, 618 had their medals presented posthumously.[3] Since it was instituted only 19 recipients were authorized a second award: 14 of these received two separate medals for two separate actions, and five received both the Navy and the Army Medals of Honor for the same action.
Recipients are grouped by conflict, then alphabetically by last name within the group. The rank listed is the recipient's rank at the time of their Medal of Honor action.
Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government,[2] similar to the British Victoria Cross. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "...conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States..." Because of its nature, the medal is commonly awarded posthumously.
Until 1914, it was the only medal that could be awarded apart from the Purple Heart. In 1916 a board was established to ensure that future awards would be made only for the highest purposes.[4]
American Civil War
- Main articles: List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A-F, List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G-L, List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P, List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q-S and List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T-Z''
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a war between the United States of America (the Union) and the Southern states of the newly formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis. The Medal of Honor was established during this conflict and nearly 1522 were awarded, of which 32 were awarded posthumously for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.[5] Almost half of all of the Medals of Honor that have ever been awarded in its history were presented during the 5 years of this war.[5]
Indian Wars
The term Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the colonial or federal government and the American Indian population that resided in North America prior to the arrival of white settlers. During this conflict the Medal of Honor was presented to 426 soldiers, 13 posthumously for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.[1]
Korean Expedition
The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 also known as Sinmiyangyo (Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year) was the first American military action in Korea. It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. The reason for the presence of the American military expeditionary force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea and to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman merchant ship. The isolationist nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to an armed conflict between the two parties. Eventually, the United States failed to secure its objectives.
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Andrews | Navy | Ordinary Seaman | aboard the USS Benicia | 9 to 10 Jun 1871 | USS Benicia | Stood on the gunwale on the Benicia's launch, lashed to the ridgerope and remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire. | |
Charles Brown | {Brown at right} | USMC | Corporal | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Assisted in capturing the Korean standard from the citadel of the fort. |
John Coleman | USMC | Private | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | For hand-to-hand combat and saving the life of Alexander McKenzie. | |
James Dougherty | USMC | Private | aboard the USS Carondelet | June 11, 1871 | USS Carondelet | Returning to duty after being wounded several times. | |
Frederick Franklin | Navy | Quartermaster | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | For assuming command of Company D, after Lt. McKee was wounded, and handling the company until relieved. | |
Patrick H. Grace | Navy | Chief Quartermaster | aboard the USS Benicia | 10 to 11 Jun 1871 | USS Benicia | Carrying out his duties with coolness, Grace set forth gallant and meritorious conduct throughout this action. | |
Cyrus Hayden | {Hayden at left} | Navy | Carpenter | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Serving as color bearer of the battalion, Hayden planted his flag and protected it under heavy fire. |
William F. Lukes | Navy | Landsman | Ganghwa Island | 9 to 10 Jun 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting the enemy inside the fort, Lukes received a severe cut over the head. | |
Alexander McKenzie | Navy | Boatswain's Mate | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, McKenzie was struck by a sword and received a severe cut in the head from the blow. | |
Michael McNamara | USMC | Private | aboard the USS Benicia | June 11, 1871 | USS Benicia | For taking a match-lock from the hands of the enemy while advancing to the parapet. | |
James F. Merton | Navy | Landsman | Ganghwa Island | 9 to 10 Jun 1871 | USS Colorado | Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort. | |
Michael Owens | USMC | Private | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting courageously in hand-to-hand combat, Owens was badly wounded by the enemy during this action. | |
Hugh Purvis | {Purvis in center} | USMC | Private | aboard the USS Alaska | June 11, 1871 | USS Alaska | Braving the enemy fire, Purvis was the first to scale the walls of the fort and capture their flag. |
Samuel F. Rogers | Navy | Quartermaster | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting courageously at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, Rogers was wounded by the enemy. | |
William Troy | Navy | Ordinary Seaman | aboard the USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee, by whom he was especially commended, Troy was badly wounded by the enemy. |
Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War (Spanish: Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December.
The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.[6]
Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship USS Maine to indicate high national interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.
Only 109 days after the outbreak of war, the Treaty of Paris, which ended the conflict, gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.
Samoan Civil War
The Samoan Civil War is a Western definition of political activity in the Samoa Islands of the South Pacific in the late 19th century. By this non-Samoan definition, the Samoan Civil Wars were a series of wars between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, ending in the partitioning of the island chain in 1899. The concluding event was the Second Samoan Civil War. The first Samoan Civil War lasted for eight years. The warring Samoan parties were supplied arms, training and sometimes even combat troops by Germany, Britain and The United States. The three powers were playing them off against each other as each country wanted Samoa as a refueling station for coal fired shipping. They also wanted Samoa due to the scarcity of unclaimed territory from 1870 onwards to gain more power in Europe.
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick T. Fisher | Navy | Gunner's Mate First Class | aboard the USS Philadelphia, Samoa | April 1, 1899 | U.S.S. Philadelphia | For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy. | |
Bruno A. Forsterer | USMC | Sergeant | Samoa | April 1, 1899 | Unknown | For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. | |
Henry L. Hulbert | USMC | Private | Samoa | April 1, 1899 | Unknown | For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. Subsequently awarded the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal for actions during World War I. | |
Michael J. McNally | USMC | Sergeant | Samoa | April 1, 1899 | Unknown | For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. |
Philippine-American War
The Philippine-American War[7] was an armed military conflict between the United States of America and the First Philippine Republic, fought between 1899 to at least 1902, which arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines.
While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902,[8][9][10] American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.[10]
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion, which occurred in China from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty).
The members of the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists were simply called boxers by the Westerners due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. The uprising began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant-based movement in northern China. They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui, as well as Christians, who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China. In June 1900, the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 non-Chinese. Tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, Catholic and Protestant alike, were killed mostly in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces as part of the uprising.
The government of Empress Dowager Cixi was not helpful, and diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers and some Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter where they held out for fifty-five days until a multinational coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue. The Chinese government was forced to indemnify the victims and make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms implemented after the crisis of 1900 laid the foundation[citation needed] for the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic.
United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914
The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair of April 9, 1914. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.
Invasion and occupation of Haiti
The first United States Military occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915 and ended in mid-August, 1934. Later occupations of Haiti include those which began 1994 and 2004 (though under the UN banner, the U.S. was the prime mover of the actions).
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smedley Butler | USMC | Major | Fort Riviere, Haiti | November 17, 1915 | in a company composed of the fifth, thirteenth and twenty-third companies and the Marine and sailor detachment from the U.S.S. CONNECTICUT | Second award - previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Mexican Campaign. | |
William R. Button | USMC | Corporal | near Grande Riviere, Republic of Haiti | 31 Oct to 1 Nov 1919 | USS Antares 7th Marines | For the assassination of rebel leader Charlemagne Péralte and the routing of his followers. | |
Daniel Daly | USMC | Gunnery Sergeant | near Fort Liberte, Haiti | October 24, 1915 | 15th Company | Second award - previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Boxer Rebellion. | |
Herman H. Hanneken | USMC | Second Lieutenant | near Grande Riviere, Republic of Haiti | 31 Oct to 1 Nov 1919 | USS Antares 7th Marines | For the assassination of rebel leader Charlemagne Péralte and the routing of his followers. | |
Ross L. Iams | USMC | Sergeant | Fort Riviere, Haiti | November 17, 1915 | in a company composed of the fifth, thirteenth and twenty-third companies and the Marine and sailor detachment from the U.S.S. CONNECTICUT | Approaching a breach in the wall which was the only entrance to the fort, Sergeant Iams unhesitatingly jumped through the breach despite constant fire from the Cacos and engaged the enemy in a desperate hand-to-hand combat until the bastion was captured and Caco resistance neutralized. | |
Samuel Marguiles | USMC | Private | Fort Riviere, Haiti | November 17, 1915 | in a company composed of the fifth, thirteenth and twenty-third companies and the Marine and sailor detachment from the U.S.S. CONNECTICUT | Served under the name Samuel Gross. | |
Edward A. Ostermann | USMC | First Lieutenant | near Fort Liberte, Haiti | October 24, 1915 | Fifteenth Company | In command of one of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding in the capture of Fort Dipitie. | |
William P. Upshur | USMC | Captain | near Fort Liberte, Haiti | October 24, 1915 | Fifteenth Company | In command of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding the capture of Fort Dipitie. |
Occupation of the Dominican Republic
The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916–1924.
In May 1917, Rear Admiral William Caperton forced Arias to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment. U.S. Marines invaded and landed took control of the country within two months, and in November the U.S. imposed a military government.
The Marines restored order throughout most of the republic (with the exception of the eastern region); the country's budget was balanced, its debt was diminished, and economic growth resumed; infrastructure projects produced new roads that linked all the country's regions for the first time in its history; a professional military organization, the Dominican Constabulary Guard, replaced the partisan forces that had waged a seemingly endless struggle for power.
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph A. Glowin | USMC | Corporal | Guayacanes, Dominican Republic | July 3, 1916 | 13th Company, Artillery Battalion, 1st Brigade | For action against a considerable force of rebels. | |
Ernest C. Williams | USMC | First Lieutenant | San Francisco de Macorís, Dominican Republic | November 29, 1916 | 1st Brigade | For leading the capture of a fort. | |
Roswell Winans | USMC | First Sergeant | Guayacanes, Dominican Republic | July 3, 1916 | 1st Brigade | For action against a considerable force of rebels. |
World War I
World War I, also known as the First World War and the Great War, was a global military conflict which took place primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918.[11] Over 40 million casualties resulted, including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths.[12] Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 to 1918.[13] The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the Black Hand. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare.
Occupation of Nicaragua
The United States occupied Nicaragua from 1909–1933 and intervened in the country several times before that. The American interventions in Nicaragua were designed to prevent the construction of a trans-isthmian canal by any nation but the USA. Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Chamorro-Bryan Treaty. The occupation ended as Augusto César Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary, led guerrilla armies against US troops. Furthermore, the onset of the Great Depression made it costly for the USA to maintain occupation.
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian F. Schilt | USMC | First Lieutenant | Quilali, Nicaragua | 6 to 8 Jan 1928 | Observation Squadron 7-M | For evacuating wounded Marines by plane while under fire. | |
Donald L. Truesdale | USMC | Corporal | near Constancia, near Coco River, northern Nicaragua | April 24, 1932 | a Guardia Nacional Patrol | Served under the name "Truesdell" before officially changing name to "Truesdale". Lost his hand while attempting to save his patrol from an accidentally activated grenade. |
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict, the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.[14]
This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history, and placed the participants in a state of "total war", erasing the distinction between civil and military resources. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.[15] The financial cost of the war is estimated at about a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars worldwide,[16][17] making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.
The Allies were victorious, and, as a result, the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.
During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously. Additionally, the only Medal of Honor recipient in history for the United States Coast Guard received the Medal for his actions during this war.[1]
Korean War
The Korean War was ignited by the 1950 invasion of South Korea by the North Korean Communist state. The attack was motivated by the desire of the North Korean government to unite the peninsula, but in subsidiary was an attempt backed up by Soviet Russia to spread Communism in Asia. In a very narrow sense, some may refer to it as a civil war, though the ideological factor, namely the expansionist policies of Stalinist regimes of Asia, was the main causal factor.[18] After failing to strengthen their cause in the free elections held in South Korea during May 1950[19] and the refusal of South Korea to hold new elections per North Korean demands, the communist North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950 to attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948. The conflict was then expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950 until the armistice (ceasefire agreement) was signed on July 27, 1953.
In South Korea, the war is often called "6•25", or the 6•25 War (Korean: 6•25 전쟁), from the date of the start of the conflict or, more formally, Hanguk Jeonjaeng (Korean: 한국전쟁; Hanja: 韓國戰爭, literally “Korean War”). In North Korea, while commonly known as the Korean War, it is formally called the Fatherland Liberation War (조국해방전쟁). In the United States, the conflict was officially termed a police action — the Korean Conflict — rather than a war, largely in order to avoid the necessity of a declaration of war by the U.S. Congress. The war is sometimes called "The Forgotten War" because it is a major conflict of the 20th century that gets far less attention than World War II, which preceded it, and the controversial Vietnam War, which succeeded it.[20] In China, the conflict was known as the War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗 美 援 朝), but is today commonly called the “Korean War” (朝鮮 戰爭 Chaoxian Zhanzheng,[21] 韓國戰爭 Hanguo Zhanzheng, or simply 韓戰 Hanzhan).
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the American War, occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The term "Vietnam Conflict" is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam.
Over 1.4 million military personnel were killed in the war (only 6% were members of the United States armed forces), while estimates of civilian fatalities range from 2 to 5.1 million. On April 30, 1975, the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon fell to the communist forces of North Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War.
USS Liberty incident
The USS Liberty incident was an attack on a neutral United States Navy technical research ship, USS Liberty, by Israeli jet fighter planes and motor torpedo boats on June 8, 1967, during the Six-Day War. The combined air and sea attack killed 34 and wounded more than 170 crew members, and damaged the ship severely.
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
William L. McGonagle | Navy | Commander | eastern Mediterranean Sea | June 8, 1967 – June 9, 1967 | USS Liberty (AGTR-5) | Continued to lead his ship despite being severely wounded |
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the "Battle of the Black Sea") or for Somalis Ma-alinti Rangers (“The Day of the Rangers”) was a battle that was part of Operation Gothic Serpent that was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, by forces of the United States supported by UNOSOM II against Somali militia fighters loyal to warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. The battle is also referred to as the First Battle of Mogadishu to distinguish it from the later Second Battle of Mogadishu.
This with the * indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gary Gordon* | Army | Master Sergeant | Mogadishu, Somalia | October 3, 1993 | Delta Force | For volunteering to secure a helicopter crash site while under heavy enemy fire until relief could arrive. | |
Randy Shughart* | Army | Sergeant First Class | Mogadishu, Somalia | October 3, 1993 | Delta Force | For volunteering to secure a helicopter crash site while under heavy enemy fire until relief could arrive. |
War in Afghanistan
The War in Afghanistan (2001–present), which began on October 7, 2001, was launched by the United States, the United Kingdom, and NATO allies in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It was the beginning of the Bush administration's War on Terrorism. The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden, destroy al-Qaeda, and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to al-Qaeda.
This with the * indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michael P. Murphy* | Navy | Lieutenant | Kunar Province, Afghanistan | June 28, 2005 | SEALs SDV Team 1 | Led a four-man reconnaissance team in a fight against superior numbers, exposed himself to hostile fire in order to call for help. |
Iraq War
The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War,[22] Operation Iraqi Freedom (US),[23] Operation TELIC (UK)[24] or the occupation of Iraq,[25] is an ongoing conflict which began on March 20, 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of U.S. and U.K. troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Poland, and other nations.[26]
This with the * indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously
Name | Image | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paul R. Smith* | Army | Sergeant First Class | near Baghdad, Iraq | April 4, 2003 | B Company, 11th Engineer Battalion | Held the enemy at bay allowing for the wounded to be carried out | |
Jason Dunham* | USMC | Corporal | Iraq, near Syrian border | April 14, 2004 | 3rd Battalion 7th Marines | Fought hand-to-hand with the enemy and hurled himself on a grenade to protect fellow Marines | |
Michael A. Monsoor* | Navy | Master At Arms Second Class | Ramadi, Iraq | September 29, 2006 | SEAL Team Three, Delta Platoon | Saved the lives of his fellow SEALs at his sniper position by diving on a grenade | |
Ross A. McGinnis* | Army | Specialist | Iraq | December 4, 2006 | C Company, 1-26th Infantry | Saved the lives of four soldiers by diving on a grenade while inside HMMWV |
Peacetime
Prior to World War II, the Medal of Honor could be awarded for actions not involving direct combat with the enemy; 193 men earned the medal in this way.[1] Most of the peacetime medals were awarded to members of the United States Navy for rescuing or attempting to rescue someone from drowning.
Foreign
While current regulations, (10 U.S.C. § 6241), beginning in 1918, explicitly state that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made. Apart from these rare exceptions, Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces - although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite. Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States armed forces have been awarded the Medal of Honor, with a majority awarded for actions in the American Civil War. Since 1900, only four have been awarded to Canadians.[27] In the Vietnam War, Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor.[28]
The Medal of Honor has also been presented to several unknown soldiers British Unknown Warrior in the United Kingdom by General Pershing on October 17, 1921; later the U.S. Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for gallantry, on November 11, 1921. The Medal of Honor was also presented to The Romanian Unknown Soldier, The Unknown Soldier of France, entombed under the Arc de Triomphe, The Unknown Soldier of Belgium and The Unknown Soldier of Italy, entombed in the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II.
Notes
- ^ a b c d "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". Statistics of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor. June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - ^ a b "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". Listing of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor during World War II. June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - ^ "Medal of Honor Statistics". Center for Military History. US Army. 2003. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Mishalov .com". Medal of Honor: History and Issues. Neil Mishalov. December 15, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ a b "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". Statistics of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor. June 8, 2009. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - ^ "The Price of Freedom: Americans at War — Spanish American War". National Museum of American History. 2005.
- ^ This conflict is also known as the Philippine Insurrection. This name was historically the most commonly used in the U.S., but Filipinos and some American historians refer to these hostilities as the Philippine-American War, and, in 1999, the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use this term.
- ^ Delmendo, Sharon (2004), The Star-Entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines, Rutgers University Press, p. 47, ISBN 0813534119, retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960 (Eighth edition 1990)). History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: Garcia. ISBN 971-1024-15-2.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) - ^ a b Constantino, Renato (1975). The Philippines: A Past Revisited. ISBN 971-8958-00-2.
- ^ "The First World War".
- ^ "Military Casualties of World War One".
- ^ The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences
- ^ Official military histories in Commonwealth nations refer to the conflict as the Second World War, while the United States' official histories refer to the conflict as World War II. English translations of the official histories of other nations tend to resolve into English as Second World War also, for example zweite weltkrieg in German. See C.P. Stacey Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, for example. "Official" usage of these terms is giving way to popular usage and the two terms are becoming interchangeable even in formal military history.
- ^ Dunnigan, James; Albert Nofi. Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History, William Morrow & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-688-12235-3
- ^ Mayer, E. (2000) "World War II" course lecture notes on Emayzine.com (Victorville, California: Victor Valley College)
- ^ Coleman, P. (1999) "Cost of the War," World War II Resource Guide (Gardena, California: The American War Library)
- ^ "The Korean War, 1950–1953, (an extract from American Military History, Volume 2 - revised 2005)". Retrieved 2007-08-20.
- ^ Hermes, Jr., Walter (1966). Truce Tent and Fighting Front. Center of Military History. pp. 2, 6, 9.
- ^ "Remembering the Forgotten War: Korea, 1950–1953". Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ "War to Resist US Aggression And Aid Korea Marked in DPRK". (China's) Peoples Daily (English version). Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ "Rescue Operations in the Second Gulf War". Air & Space Power Journal. Spring 2005.
- ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom". Retrieved 2007-08-02.
- ^ Ministry of Defence. "Fact Sheets".
- ^ "Saudi King Condemns U.S. Occupation of Iraq". New York Times. March 2007.
- ^ "US Names Coalition of the Willing". Retrieved 2007-11-03.
- ^ "Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal". CBC News. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Thousands of Canadians, including a Medal of Honor winner, served with the U.S. military in Vietnam". Veterans With a Mission. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help)
References
- "Who's Who list of Marines". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- 371st Regiment Monument
- "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". Listing of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor during World War II. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help)- "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". Statistics of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War (A-L). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War (M-Z). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for Interim period (1866–1870). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1871 Korean Campaign. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1871–1898). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish-American War. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Philippine Insurrection. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1901–1911). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for Outlaws—Philippines 1911. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Mexican-American War (Vera Cruz). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1915–1916). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1915 Haiti Campaign. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Dominican Campaign. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War I. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1919–1920 Haiti Campaign. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Nicaraguan Campaign. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1920–1940). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (A – F). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (G – L). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (M – S). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (T – Z). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Korean War. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War (A — L). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War (M — Z). June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for Somalia. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Iraq War. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". American Medal of Honor recipients by Special Legislation. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help) - "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". World War II African American Medal of Honor recipients. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Text "publisher Army Medal of Honor website" ignored (help)
- "U.S. Army Center of Military History Medal of Honor Citations Archive". Statistics of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.