As I said before, all items without a separate citation are from the book of Amrami&Melitz in the refs. They are not unsourced and the labeling will be fixed. Stop deleting. |
restore deleted entries acknowledged in Amrami & Melitz, 1951 |
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{{main|Irgun}} |
{{main|Irgun}} |
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During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]] against the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] the [[militant]] [[Zionist]] group '''the [[Irgun]]''' carried out sixty attacks against [[Arab]]s and [[United Kingdom|British]] soldiers.<ref>Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, ''Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions.'' "Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions," Vol. 4, No. 3, 100, (2003); [http://web.archive.org/web/20080202073904/http://terrorismexperts.org/terrorism_research_roots1.htm Online version].</ref> |
During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]] against the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] the [[militant]] [[Zionist]] group '''the [[Irgun]]''' carried out sixty attacks against [[Arab]]s and [[United Kingdom|British]] soldiers.<ref>Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, ''Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions.'' "Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions," Vol. 4, No. 3, 100, (2003); [http://web.archive.org/web/20080202073904/http://terrorismexperts.org/terrorism_research_roots1.htm Online version].</ref> Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by the [[New York Times]]<ref>Pope Brewer, Sam. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A1FF6345E17738DDDA90B94DA415B8788F1D3&scp=2&sq=terrorist+Irgun&st=p IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS]. ''New York Times''. December 30, 1947.</ref><ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9&scp=3&sq=terrorist+Irgun&st=p IRGUN'S HAND SEEN IN ALPS RAIL BLAST]. ''New York Times''. August 16, 1947.</ref>, the [[Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry]]<ref>Walid Khalidi, ''From Haven to Conquest'', p. 598; updated 1987 to ''From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948,'' [[Institute for Palestine Studies]], ISBN 978-0887281556.</ref>, prominent world figures such as [[Winston Churchill]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=270}}</ref> and Jewish figures such as [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Albert Einstein]], and many others<ref>{{cite book |title=Prophets Outcast |author=Adam Shatz |pages=65-67}}</ref>. The Israeli [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] describes it as "an underground organization."<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/history/modern%20history/centenary%20of%20zionism/lexicon%20of%20zionism#I]</ref> |
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Irgun launched a series of attacks which lasted until the beginning of [[World War II]]. All told, Irgun attacks against Arab targets resulted in at least 250 Arab deaths during this period. Following is a list of attacks resulting in death attributed to Irgun that took place during the 1930s. The Irgun conducted at least 60 operations altogether during this period.<ref>Perliger and Weinberg, 101.</ref><ref>Prof. Yehuda Lapidot, [http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun website], links to sections on history of Irgun.</ref><ref>J. Bowyer Bell, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mCfwnAn9uBYC&printsec=''Terror out of Zion: the fight for Israeli independence''] (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977). pp.181</ref> |
Irgun launched a series of attacks which lasted until the beginning of [[World War II]]. All told, Irgun attacks against Arab targets resulted in at least 250 Arab deaths during this period. Following is a list of attacks resulting in death attributed to Irgun that took place during the 1930s. The Irgun conducted at least 60 operations altogether during this period.<ref>Perliger and Weinberg, 101.</ref><ref>Prof. Yehuda Lapidot, [http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun website], links to sections on history of Irgun.</ref><ref>J. Bowyer Bell, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mCfwnAn9uBYC&printsec=''Terror out of Zion: the fight for Israeli independence''] (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977). pp.181</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! |
!width="150"|'''Date''' |
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! '''Casualties''' |
! '''Casualties''' |
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! '''Comments''' |
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| March, [[1937]] |
| March, [[1937]] |
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| [[November 14]], 1937 |
| [[November 14]], 1937 |
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|("Black Sunday") Irgun units launched attacks around Jerusalem, killing 10 Arabs.<ref>J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, ''Terror out of Zion'',[http://books.google.com/books?id=Df_2trrOLPAC&pg=PA39&dq=November+14,+1937+killed+Irgun&ei=TklASr6FOI6yzASEy8Bc p. 39], 1996 edition</ref> |
|("Black Sunday") Irgun units launched attacks around Jerusalem, killing 10 Arabs.<ref>J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, ''Terror out of Zion'',[http://books.google.com/books?id=Df_2trrOLPAC&pg=PA39&dq=November+14,+1937+killed+Irgun&ei=TklASr6FOI6yzASEy8Bc p. 39], 1996 edition</ref><ref name=AmramiMelitz>{{he icon}}Y. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, ''דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור'' ("History of the War of Independence", Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to Irgun and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]).</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| [[April 12]], [[1938]] |
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| 2 Arabs and 2 British policemen were killed by a bomb in a train in [[Haifa]].{{fact|date=February 2009}} |
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| - |
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| April 12, 1938 |
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|2 Arabs and 2 British policemen were killed by a bomb in a train in [[Haifa]].<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| April 17, 1938 |
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|An Arab was killed by a bomb detonated in a cafe in Haifa<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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|Bombing of Arab market in Haifa killed 21 Arabs.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “Restrain and Retaliation” section</ref> |
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| - |
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| |
| May 17, 1938 |
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| |
|An Arab policeman was killed in an attack on a bus in the [[Jerusalem]]-[[Hebron]] road.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| May 24, 1938 |
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|3 Arabs were shot and killed in Haifa.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| June 23, 1938 |
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|2 Arabs were killed near [[Tel-Aviv]].<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| June 26, 1938 |
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| |
|7 Arabs were killed by a bomb in [[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]].<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| |
| June 27, 1938 |
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| |
|An Arab was killed in the yard of a hospital in Haifa.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| Late June, 1938 |
| Late June, 1938 |
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| Unspecified number of Arabs killed by a bomb that was thrown into a crowded Arab market place in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Seventh Million |author=Tom Segev, Haim Watzman |page=39}} Citing [[Arnold Zweig|Arnold Zweig's]] letters to [[Sigmund Freud]]</ref> |
| Unspecified number of Arabs killed by a bomb that was thrown into a crowded Arab market place in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Seventh Million |author=Tom Segev, Haim Watzman |page=39}} Citing [[Arnold Zweig|Arnold Zweig's]] letters to [[Sigmund Freud]]</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| July 5, 1938 |
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| |
|7 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks in Tel-Aviv.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| |
| July 5, 1938 |
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| |
|3 Arabs were killed by a bomb detonated in a bus in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| July 5, 1938 |
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|an Arab was killed in another attack in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| [[July 6]] 1938 |
| [[July 6]] 1938 |
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| 18 Arabs and 5 Jews were killed by two simultaneous bombs in the Arab |
| 18 Arabs and 5 Jews were killed by two simultaneous bombs in the Arab melon market in Haifa.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html Irgun site] Restraint and Retaliation section.</ref><ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| July 8, 1938 |
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| |
|4 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| July 16, 1938 |
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| |
|10 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| [[July 25]], 1938 |
| [[July 25]], 1938 |
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| 43 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in |
| 43 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa.<ref>Palestine Post, July 26-27, 1938</ref><ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[August 26]], 1938 |
| [[August 26]], 1938 |
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| 24 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in |
| 24 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jaffa.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[February 27]], [[1939]] |
| [[February 27]], [[1939]] |
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| 33 Arabs were killed in multiple attacks, incl. 24 by bomb in Arab market in Suk Quarter of Haifa<br>and 4 by bomb in Arab vegetable market in Jerusalem.{{fact|date=February 2009}} |
| 33 Arabs were killed in multiple attacks, incl. 24 by bomb in Arab market in Suk Quarter of Haifa<br>and 4 by bomb in Arab vegetable market in Jerusalem.{{fact|date=February 2009}} |
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| - |
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| May 29, 1939 |
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|5 Arabs were killed by a mine detonated at the Rex cinema in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| May 29, 1939 |
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|5 Arabs were shot and killed during a raid on the village of [[Biyar 'Adas]].<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| [[June 2]], 1939 |
| [[June 2]], 1939 |
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| 5 Arabs were killed by a bomb at the [[Jaffa Gate]] in |
| 5 Arabs were killed by a bomb at the [[Jaffa Gate]] in Jerusalem.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The Split within the Irgun” section</ref><ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| |
| June 12, 1939 |
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|A post office in Jerusalem was bombed, killing a British bomb expert trying to defuse the bombs.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| June 16, 1939 |
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| |
|6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| |
| June 19, 1939 |
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| |
|20 Arabs were killed by explosives mounted on a donkey at a marketplace in Haifa.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/><ref>Palestine Post, June 20-22, 1939</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| |
| June 29, 1939 |
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| |
|13 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks around Jaffa during a one-hour period.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/><ref>Palestine Post, June 30, 1939</ref> |
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| - |
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| |
| June 30, 1939 |
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|An Arab was killed at a marketplace in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| |
| June 30, 1939 |
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| |
|2 Arabs were shot and killed in [[Lifta]].<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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| July 3, 1939 |
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| |
|1 Arab was killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/><ref>Palestine Post, July 5, 1939</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| |
| July 4, 1939 |
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| |
|2 Arabs were killed in two attacks in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| |
| July 20, 1939 |
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| |
|An Arab was killed at a train station in Jaffa.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| July 20, 1939 |
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| |
|6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Tel-Aviv.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| |
| July 20, 1939 |
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| |
|3 Arabs were killed in [[Rehovot]].<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
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| |
| August 27, 1939 |
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| |
|2 British officers were killed by a mine in Jerusalem.<ref name=AmramiMelitz/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[September 27]], [[1944]] |
| [[September 27]], [[1944]] |
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| ~150 Irgun members attacked four British police stations; unknown number of casualties.<ref name=Gilbert221>{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=221}}</ref> |
| ~150 Irgun members attacked four British police stations; unknown number of casualties.<ref name=Gilbert221>{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=221}}</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[September 29]], 1944 |
| [[September 29]], 1944 |
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| senior British police officer of the Criminal Intelligence Department assassinated in Jerusalem.<ref name=Gilbert221/> |
| senior British police officer of the Criminal Intelligence Department assassinated in Jerusalem.<ref name=Gilbert221/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[December 27]], [[1945]] |
| [[December 27]], [[1945]] |
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|British Intelligence offices in Jerusalem bombed, killing seven British policemen; British army camp in north Tel Aviv attacked, killing one British soldier.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The United Resistance” section.</ref> |
|British Intelligence offices in Jerusalem bombed, killing seven British policemen; British army camp in north Tel Aviv attacked, killing one British soldier.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The United Resistance” section.</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[July 22]], [[1946]] |
| [[July 22]], [[1946]] |
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| [[King David Hotel Bombing]]; 91 fatalities, most civilians -- 41 Arabs, 17 Jews, and 15 British.<ref>{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=253}}</ref> |
| [[King David Hotel Bombing]]; 91 fatalities, most civilians -- 41 Arabs, 17 Jews, and 15 British.<ref>{{cite book |title=Churchill and the Jews |author=Martin Gilbert |page=253}}</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[October 30]], 1946 |
| [[October 30]], 1946 |
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|Gunfire and explosion kill two British guards at Jerusalem Railway Station.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The Raid on the Jerusalem Railway Station” section.</ref> |
|Gunfire and explosion kill two British guards at Jerusalem Railway Station.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The Raid on the Jerusalem Railway Station” section.</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[January 12]], [[1947]] |
| [[January 12]], [[1947]] |
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|Four killed in bombing of British headquarters.<ref name="Neff">Donald Neff, [http://www.wrmea.com/archives/May-June_2006/0605014.html Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs], [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], May/June 2006, p. 14-15.</ref> |
|Four killed in bombing of British headquarters.<ref name="Neff">Donald Neff, [http://www.wrmea.com/archives/May-June_2006/0605014.html Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs], [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]], May/June 2006, p. 14-15.</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[March 1]], 1947 |
| [[March 1]], 1947 |
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|Raid and explosion kills 17 British officers.<ref name=Club>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club” section.</ref> |
|Raid and explosion kills 17 British officers.<ref name=Club>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club” section.</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[March 12]], 1947 |
| [[March 12]], 1947 |
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|Attack on Schneller Camp kills one British soldier.<ref name=Club/> |
|Attack on Schneller Camp kills one British soldier.<ref name=Club/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[July 29]], 1947 |
| [[July 29]], 1947 |
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|Two kidnapped British sergeants hanged.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The Gallows” section.</ref> |
|Two kidnapped British sergeants hanged.<ref>[http://www.etzel.org.il/english/index.html The Irgun web site], “The Gallows” section.</ref> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[September 26]], 1947 |
| [[September 26]], 1947 |
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| Four British policemen killed in Irgun bank robbery.<ref name="Neff"/> |
| Four British policemen killed in Irgun bank robbery.<ref name="Neff"/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[September 29]], 1947 |
| [[September 29]], 1947 |
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|13 killed, 53 wounded in attack on British police station.<ref name="Neff"/> |
|13 killed, 53 wounded in attack on British police station.<ref name="Neff"/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[December 29]], 1947 |
| [[December 29]], 1947 |
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| 14 Arabs killed by bomb in Jerusalem.<ref name="Neff"/> |
| 14 Arabs killed by bomb in Jerusalem.<ref name="Neff"/> |
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| - |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[April 9]]-[[April 11]], [[1948]] |
| [[April 9]]-[[April 11]], [[1948]] |
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| 107-120 Palestinian unarmed civilian villagers killed in [[Deir Yassin massacre]],<ref name=numKilled>Kana'ana, Sharif and Zeitawi, Nihad (1987), "The Village of Deir Yassin," Bir Zeit, Bir Zeit University Press</ref> the estimate generally accepted by scholars, instead the first announced number of 254,<ref>{{cite book | last = Morris | first = Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge, UK; New York |isbn = 0-521-81120-1; ISBN 0-521-00967-7 (pbk.)}}: Chapter 4: The second wave: the mass exodus, April—June 1948, Section: Operation Nahshon, page 238</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Milstein | first = Uri | authorlink = Uri Milstein | title = History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision | publisher = University Press of America, Inc. | origyear = 1987 | year = 1998 |location = Lanhan, Maryland| language = Hebrew, English version translated and edited by Alan Sacks | isbn = 0-7618-1489-2}}: Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 377</ref> during and possibly after the battle<ref>{{cite book | last = Milstein | first = Uri | authorlink = Uri Milstein | title = History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision | publisher = University Press of America, Inc. | origyear = 1987 | year = 1998 |location = Lanhan, Maryland| language = Hebrew, English version translated and edited by Alan Sacks | isbn = 0-7618-1489-2}}: Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 376-381</ref><ref name=morris2005_100_101>{{cite journal| last = Morris | first = Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | year = 2005 | title = The Historiography of Deir Yassin | journal = Journal of Israeli History | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–107 | doi = 10.1080/13531040500040305 }}: page 100-101</ref> at the village of [[Deir Yassin]] (also written as '''Dayr Yasin''' or '''Dir Yassin''' modern [[Kefar Shaʾul]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293947/Irgun-Zvai-Leumi britanicca.com]</ref>) near [[Jerusalem]] in the [[Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] by 132 Jewish Zionist guerrilla fighters (72 [[Irgun]] and 60 [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] along with some women for support), while [[Jewish]] [[Yishuv]] forces fought to break the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|siege of Jerusalem]] during the [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandate Palestine|period of civil war]] that preceded the end of the Mandate. |
| 107-120 Palestinian unarmed civilian villagers killed in [[Deir Yassin massacre]],<ref name=numKilled>Kana'ana, Sharif and Zeitawi, Nihad (1987), "The Village of Deir Yassin," Bir Zeit, Bir Zeit University Press</ref> the estimate generally accepted by scholars, instead the first announced number of 254,<ref>{{cite book | last = Morris | first = Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge, UK; New York |isbn = 0-521-81120-1; ISBN 0-521-00967-7 (pbk.)}}: Chapter 4: The second wave: the mass exodus, April—June 1948, Section: Operation Nahshon, page 238</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Milstein | first = Uri | authorlink = Uri Milstein | title = History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision | publisher = University Press of America, Inc. | origyear = 1987 | year = 1998 |location = Lanhan, Maryland| language = Hebrew, English version translated and edited by Alan Sacks | isbn = 0-7618-1489-2}}: Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 377</ref> during and possibly after the battle<ref>{{cite book | last = Milstein | first = Uri | authorlink = Uri Milstein | title = History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision | publisher = University Press of America, Inc. | origyear = 1987 | year = 1998 |location = Lanhan, Maryland| language = Hebrew, English version translated and edited by Alan Sacks | isbn = 0-7618-1489-2}}: Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 376-381</ref><ref name=morris2005_100_101>{{cite journal| last = Morris | first = Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | year = 2005 | title = The Historiography of Deir Yassin | journal = Journal of Israeli History | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 79–107 | doi = 10.1080/13531040500040305 }}: page 100-101</ref> at the village of [[Deir Yassin]] (also written as '''Dayr Yasin''' or '''Dir Yassin''' modern [[Kefar Shaʾul]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293947/Irgun-Zvai-Leumi britanicca.com]</ref>) near [[Jerusalem]] in the [[Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] by 132 Jewish Zionist guerrilla fighters (72 [[Irgun]] and 60 [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] along with some women for support), while [[Jewish]] [[Yishuv]] forces fought to break the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|siege of Jerusalem]] during the [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandate Palestine|period of civil war]] that preceded the end of the Mandate. |
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| |
|Between [[1937]]-[[1948]] |
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| During 11 years of attacks, 194-207+ Arabs (1 policeman, rest civilian), 20+ British (3 policemen, 2 officers, 1 bomb expert), and 22 Jews were killed in total by the [[Irgun]] (sum of table) |
| During 11 years of attacks, 194-207+ Arabs (1 policeman, rest civilian), 20+ British (3 policemen, 2 officers, 1 bomb expert), and 22 Jews were killed in total by the [[Irgun]] (sum of table) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Additional Reading== |
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*Y. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, ''דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור'' ("History of the War of Independence" in [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]]), Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]]). |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 07:27, 12 July 2009
During the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine against the British Mandate of Palestine the militant Zionist group the Irgun carried out sixty attacks against Arabs and British soldiers.[1] Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by the New York Times[2][3], the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry[4], prominent world figures such as Winston Churchill[5] and Jewish figures such as Hannah Arendt, Albert Einstein, and many others[6]. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs describes it as "an underground organization."[7]
Irgun launched a series of attacks which lasted until the beginning of World War II. All told, Irgun attacks against Arab targets resulted in at least 250 Arab deaths during this period. Following is a list of attacks resulting in death attributed to Irgun that took place during the 1930s. The Irgun conducted at least 60 operations altogether during this period.[8][9][10]
List of Irgun attacks 1937-1948
Date | Casualties |
---|---|
March, 1937 | 2 Arabs killed on Bat-Yam beach.[11] |
November 14, 1937 | ("Black Sunday") Irgun units launched attacks around Jerusalem, killing 10 Arabs.[12][13] |
April 12, 1938 | 2 Arabs and 2 British policemen were killed by a bomb in a train in Haifa.[13] |
April 17, 1938 | An Arab was killed by a bomb detonated in a cafe in Haifa[13] |
May 17, 1938 | An Arab policeman was killed in an attack on a bus in the Jerusalem-Hebron road.[13] |
May 24, 1938 | 3 Arabs were shot and killed in Haifa.[13] |
June 23, 1938 | 2 Arabs were killed near Tel-Aviv.[13] |
June 26, 1938 | 7 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jaffa.[13] |
June 27, 1938 | An Arab was killed in the yard of a hospital in Haifa.[13] |
Late June, 1938 | Unspecified number of Arabs killed by a bomb that was thrown into a crowded Arab market place in Jerusalem.[14] |
July 5, 1938 | 7 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks in Tel-Aviv.[13] |
July 5, 1938 | 3 Arabs were killed by a bomb detonated in a bus in Jerusalem.[13] |
July 5, 1938 | an Arab was killed in another attack in Jerusalem.[13] |
July 6 1938 | 18 Arabs and 5 Jews were killed by two simultaneous bombs in the Arab melon market in Haifa.[15][13] |
July 8, 1938 | 4 Arabs were killed by a bomb in Jerusalem.[13] |
July 16, 1938 | 10 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jerusalem.[13] |
July 25, 1938 | 43 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa.[16][13] |
August 26, 1938 | 24 Arabs were killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Jaffa.[13] |
February 27, 1939 | 33 Arabs were killed in multiple attacks, incl. 24 by bomb in Arab market in Suk Quarter of Haifa and 4 by bomb in Arab vegetable market in Jerusalem.[citation needed] |
May 29, 1939 | 5 Arabs were killed by a mine detonated at the Rex cinema in Jerusalem.[13] |
May 29, 1939 | 5 Arabs were shot and killed during a raid on the village of Biyar 'Adas.[13] |
June 2, 1939 | 5 Arabs were killed by a bomb at the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem.[17][13] |
June 12, 1939 | A post office in Jerusalem was bombed, killing a British bomb expert trying to defuse the bombs.[13] |
June 16, 1939 | 6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Jerusalem.[13] |
June 19, 1939 | 20 Arabs were killed by explosives mounted on a donkey at a marketplace in Haifa.[13][18] |
June 29, 1939 | 13 Arabs were killed in several shooting attacks around Jaffa during a one-hour period.[13][19] |
June 30, 1939 | An Arab was killed at a marketplace in Jerusalem.[13] |
June 30, 1939 | 2 Arabs were shot and killed in Lifta.[13] |
July 3, 1939 | 1 Arab was killed by a bomb at a marketplace in Haifa.[13][20] |
July 4, 1939 | 2 Arabs were killed in two attacks in Jerusalem.[13] |
July 20, 1939 | An Arab was killed at a train station in Jaffa.[13] |
July 20, 1939 | 6 Arabs were killed in several attacks in Tel-Aviv.[13] |
July 20, 1939 | 3 Arabs were killed in Rehovot.[13] |
August 27, 1939 | 2 British officers were killed by a mine in Jerusalem.[13] |
September 27, 1944 | ~150 Irgun members attacked four British police stations; unknown number of casualties.[21] |
September 29, 1944 | senior British police officer of the Criminal Intelligence Department assassinated in Jerusalem.[21] |
December 27, 1945 | British Intelligence offices in Jerusalem bombed, killing seven British policemen; British army camp in north Tel Aviv attacked, killing one British soldier.[22] |
July 22, 1946 | King David Hotel Bombing; 91 fatalities, most civilians -- 41 Arabs, 17 Jews, and 15 British.[23] |
October 30, 1946 | Gunfire and explosion kill two British guards at Jerusalem Railway Station.[24] |
January 12, 1947 | Four killed in bombing of British headquarters.[25] |
March 1, 1947 | Raid and explosion kills 17 British officers.[26] |
March 12, 1947 | Attack on Schneller Camp kills one British soldier.[26] |
July 29, 1947 | Two kidnapped British sergeants hanged.[27] |
September 26, 1947 | Four British policemen killed in Irgun bank robbery.[25] |
September 29, 1947 | 13 killed, 53 wounded in attack on British police station.[25] |
December 29, 1947 | 14 Arabs killed by bomb in Jerusalem.[25] |
April 9-April 11, 1948 | 107-120 Palestinian unarmed civilian villagers killed in Deir Yassin massacre,[28] the estimate generally accepted by scholars, instead the first announced number of 254,[29][30] during and possibly after the battle[31][32] at the village of Deir Yassin (also written as Dayr Yasin or Dir Yassin modern Kefar Shaʾul[33]) near Jerusalem in the British Mandate of Palestine by 132 Jewish Zionist guerrilla fighters (72 Irgun and 60 Lehi along with some women for support), while Jewish Yishuv forces fought to break the siege of Jerusalem during the period of civil war that preceded the end of the Mandate. |
Between 1937-1948 | During 11 years of attacks, 194-207+ Arabs (1 policeman, rest civilian), 20+ British (3 policemen, 2 officers, 1 bomb expert), and 22 Jews were killed in total by the Irgun (sum of table) |
References
- ^ Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions. "Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions," Vol. 4, No. 3, 100, (2003); Online version.
- ^ Pope Brewer, Sam. IRGUN BOMB KILLS 11 ARABS, 2 BRITONS. New York Times. December 30, 1947.
- ^ IRGUN'S HAND SEEN IN ALPS RAIL BLAST. New York Times. August 16, 1947.
- ^ Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest, p. 598; updated 1987 to From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 978-0887281556.
- ^ Martin Gilbert. Churchill and the Jews. p. 270.
- ^ Adam Shatz. Prophets Outcast. pp. 65–67.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 101.
- ^ Prof. Yehuda Lapidot, The Irgun website, links to sections on history of Irgun.
- ^ J. Bowyer Bell, Terror out of Zion: the fight for Israeli independence (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977). pp.181
- ^ Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Religious fundamentalism and political extremism, Routledge, p. 101, 2004.
- ^ J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens, Terror out of Zion,p. 39, 1996 edition
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Template:He iconY. 'Amrami, A. Melitz, דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור ("History of the War of Independence", Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to Irgun and Lehi).
- ^ Tom Segev, Haim Watzman. The Seventh Million. p. 39. Citing Arnold Zweig's letters to Sigmund Freud
- ^ Irgun site Restraint and Retaliation section.
- ^ Palestine Post, July 26-27, 1938
- ^ The Irgun web site, “The Split within the Irgun” section
- ^ Palestine Post, June 20-22, 1939
- ^ Palestine Post, June 30, 1939
- ^ Palestine Post, July 5, 1939
- ^ a b Martin Gilbert. Churchill and the Jews. p. 221.
- ^ The Irgun web site, “The United Resistance” section.
- ^ Martin Gilbert. Churchill and the Jews. p. 253.
- ^ The Irgun web site, “The Raid on the Jerusalem Railway Station” section.
- ^ a b c d Donald Neff, Hamas: A Pale Image of the Jewish Irgun And Lehi Gangs, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May/June 2006, p. 14-15.
- ^ a b The Irgun web site, “Raid on the Jerusalem Officers Club” section.
- ^ The Irgun web site, “The Gallows” section.
- ^ Kana'ana, Sharif and Zeitawi, Nihad (1987), "The Village of Deir Yassin," Bir Zeit, Bir Zeit University Press
- ^ Morris, Benny (2003). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81120-1; ISBN 0-521-00967-7 (pbk.).
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help): Chapter 4: The second wave: the mass exodus, April—June 1948, Section: Operation Nahshon, page 238 - ^ Milstein, Uri (1998) [1987]. History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision (in Hebrew and English version translated and edited by Alan Sacks). Lanhan, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc. ISBN 0-7618-1489-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link): Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 377 - ^ Milstein, Uri (1998) [1987]. History of the War of Independence IV: Out of Crisis Came Decision (in Hebrew and English version translated and edited by Alan Sacks). Lanhan, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc. ISBN 0-7618-1489-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link): Chapter 16: Deir Yassin, Section 12: The Massacre, page 376-381 - ^ Morris, Benny (2005). "The Historiography of Deir Yassin". Journal of Israeli History. 24 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1080/13531040500040305.: page 100-101
- ^ britanicca.com
See also
- Irgun
- List of Irgun members
- List of massacres committed prior to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war in Mandate Palestine
External links
- Search Palestine Post Archive
- Arie Perliger and Leonard Weinberg, Jewish Self Defense and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and Traditions. Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions, Vol. 4, No. 3 (2003) 91-118. Online version