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{{Short description|Alcoholic drink produced by distillation}} |
{{Short description|Alcoholic drink produced by distillation}} |
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{{about||the sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages|Liqueur|other uses}} |
{{about||the sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages|Liqueur|other uses}} |
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{{AFI}} |
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{{Distinguish|Liqueur}} |
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[[File:Liquor Still Frankfort 489226997.jpg|thumb|An old [[whiskey]] [[still]]]] |
[[File:Liquor Still Frankfort 489226997.jpg|thumb|An old [[whiskey]] [[still]]]] |
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[[File:spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg|thumb|A display of various liquors in a supermarket]] |
[[File:spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg|thumb|A display of various liquors in a supermarket]] |
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'''Liquor''' (or a '''spirit''') is an [[alcoholic drink]] produced by [[distillation]] of [[grain]]s, [[fruit]]s, [[vegetable]]s, or [[sugar]], that have already gone through [[alcoholic fermentation]]. Other terms for liquor include: '''spirit drink''', '''distilled beverage''' or '''hard liquor'''. The distillation process concentrates the liquid to increase its [[alcohol by volume]].<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit|title=distilled spirit - alcoholic beverage|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As liquors contain significantly more [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] ([[ethanol]]) than other alcoholic drinks, they are considered "harder" – in North America, the term ''hard liquor'' is sometimes used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from non-distilled ones, whereas the term ''spirits'' is used in the UK. Examples of liquors include [[brandy]], [[vodka]], [[absinthe]], [[gin]], [[rum]], [[tequila]], and [[whisky]]. |
'''Liquor''' (or a '''spirit''') is an [[alcoholic drink]] produced by [[distillation]] of [[grain]]s, [[fruit]]s, [[vegetable]]s, or [[sugar]], that have already gone through [[alcoholic fermentation]]. Other terms for liquor include: '''spirit drink''', '''distilled beverage''' or '''hard liquor'''. The distillation process concentrates the liquid to increase its [[alcohol by volume]].<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit|title=distilled spirit - alcoholic beverage|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As liquors contain significantly more [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] ([[ethanol]]) than other alcoholic drinks, they are considered "harder" – in North America, the term ''hard liquor'' is sometimes used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from non-distilled ones, whereas the term ''spirits'' is used in the UK. Examples of liquors include [[brandy]], [[vodka]], [[absinthe]], [[gin]], [[rum]], [[tequila]], and [[whisky]]. |
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Like other alcoholic drinks, liquor is typically consumed for the [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] effects of alcohol. Liquor may be consumed on its own (“[[Bartending terminology#Neat|neat]]”), typically in small amounts. In undiluted form, distilled beverages are often slightly sweet, bitter, and typically impart a burning mouthfeel, with a strong odor from the alcohol; the exact flavor varies between different varieties of liquor and the different impurities they impart. Liquor is also frequently |
Like other alcoholic drinks, liquor is typically consumed for the [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] effects of alcohol. Liquor may be consumed on its own (“[[Bartending terminology#Neat|neat]]”), typically in small amounts. In undiluted form, distilled beverages are often slightly sweet, bitter, and typically impart a burning mouthfeel, with a strong odor from the alcohol; the exact flavor varies between different varieties of liquor and the different impurities they impart. Liquor is also frequently enjoyed in diluted form, as [[flavored liquor]] or as part of a [[mixed drink]]; with [[cocktail]]s being a common category of beverage that utilize liquor. |
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Acute liquor consumption causes severe alcohol intoxication, or [[alcohol intoxication|alcohol poisoning]], which can be fatal. Consistent consumption of liquor over time correlates with higher mortality and other harmful health effects, even compared to other alcoholic beverages.<ref name="Korotayev" /><ref name="Klatsky pp. 585–595">{{cite journal | last=Klatsky | first=A. L. | title=Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Mortality | journal=American Journal of Epidemiology | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=158 | issue=6 | date=2003-09-15 | issn=0002-9262 | doi=10.1093/aje/kwg184 | pages=585–595| pmid=12965884 | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
Acute liquor consumption causes severe alcohol intoxication, or [[alcohol intoxication|alcohol poisoning]], which can be fatal. Consistent consumption of liquor over time correlates with higher mortality and other harmful health effects, even compared to other alcoholic beverages.<ref name="Korotayev" /><ref name="Klatsky pp. 585–595">{{cite journal | last=Klatsky | first=A. L. | title=Wine, Liquor, Beer, and Mortality | journal=American Journal of Epidemiology | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=158 | issue=6 | date=2003-09-15 | issn=0002-9262 | doi=10.1093/aje/kwg184 | pages=585–595| pmid=12965884 | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==Nomenclature== |
==Nomenclature== |
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The term "spirit" (singular and used without the additional term "drink") refers to liquor that |
The term "spirit" (singular and used without the additional term "drink") refers to liquor that should not contain added sugar<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |date=2019-01-15 |title=Alcohol and Blood Sugar |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/alcohol-and-blood-sugar.html |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Diabetes.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> and usually is 35-40% [[alcohol by volume]] (ABV).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Are spirits more dangerous than other alcoholic drinks? |url=https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/facts/alcoholic-drinks-and-units/are-spirits-more-dangerous-than-other-alcoholic-drinks#thestrengthofspirits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025156/https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/facts/alcoholic-drinks-and-units/are-spirits-more-dangerous-than-other-alcoholic-drinks#thestrengthofspirits |archive-date=2022-06-26 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Drinkaware}}</ref> [[Fruit brandy]], for example, is also known as [[Fruit brandy|fruit spirit]]. |
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Liquor bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as [[Grand Marnier]], [[Frangelico]], and [[United States|American]] [[schnapps]], are known instead as [[liqueur]]s. |
Liquor bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as [[Grand Marnier]], [[Frangelico]], and [[United States|American]] [[schnapps]], are known instead as [[liqueur]]s. |
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[[File:Zosimos distillation equipment.jpg|thumb|Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist [[Zosimos of Panopolis]],<ref>{{cite book|page=203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=earQAAAAMAAJ|title=The Volatile Oils|author=E. Gildemeister and Fr. Hoffman, translated by Edward Kremers|volume=1|location=New York|publisher=Wiley|year=1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/88 88]|title=The History of Science and Technology|author=Bryan H. Bunch and Alexander Hellemans|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2004|isbn=0-618-22123-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/88}}</ref> from the [[Byzantine Greek]] manuscript ''Parisinus graecus 2327.''<ref>[[Marcelin Berthelot]] [https://archive.org/details/collectiondesanc01bert ''Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs'' (3 vol., Paris, 1887–1888, v. 1, p. 161)]</ref>]] |
[[File:Zosimos distillation equipment.jpg|thumb|Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist [[Zosimos of Panopolis]],<ref>{{cite book|page=203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=earQAAAAMAAJ|title=The Volatile Oils|author=E. Gildemeister and Fr. Hoffman, translated by Edward Kremers|volume=1|location=New York|publisher=Wiley|year=1913}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/88 88]|title=The History of Science and Technology|author=Bryan H. Bunch and Alexander Hellemans|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2004|isbn=0-618-22123-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/88}}</ref> from the [[Byzantine Greek]] manuscript ''Parisinus graecus 2327.''<ref>[[Marcelin Berthelot]] [https://archive.org/details/collectiondesanc01bert ''Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs'' (3 vol., Paris, 1887–1888, v. 1, p. 161)]</ref>]] |
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Early evidence of distillation comes from [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] tablets dated c. 1200 BC describing perfumery operations, providing textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the [[Babylonia]]ns of ancient [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Levey |first=Martin |title=Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia |date=1959 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76ILAQAAIAAJ |quote=As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C.}}</ref> Early evidence of distillation also comes from [[Alchemy|alchemists]] working in [[Alexandria, Egypt|Alexandria]], [[Roman Egypt]], in the 1st century.<ref name="Forbes1970">{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Robert James|title=A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C|access-date=29 June 2010|year=1970|publisher=BRILL|pages=57, 89|isbn=978-90-04-00617-1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220084813/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C|archive-date=20 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Distilled water]] was described in the 2nd century AD by [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]].<ref name=Taylor>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00033794500201451 | issn = 0003-3790 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | page = 186 | last = Taylor | first = F. Sherwood | author-link = F. Sherwood Taylor | title = The Evolution of the Still | journal = Annals of Science | year = 1945}}</ref> |
Early evidence of distillation comes from [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] tablets dated c. 1200 BC describing perfumery operations, providing textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the [[Babylonia]]ns of ancient [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Levey |first=Martin |title=Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia |date=1959 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76ILAQAAIAAJ |quote=As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C.}}</ref> Early evidence of distillation also comes from [[Alchemy|alchemists]] working in [[Alexandria, Egypt|Alexandria]], [[Roman Egypt]], in the 1st century.<ref name="Forbes1970">{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Robert James|title=A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C|access-date=29 June 2010|year=1970|publisher=BRILL|pages=57, 89|isbn=978-90-04-00617-1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220084813/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C|archive-date=20 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Distilled water]] was described in the 2nd century AD by [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]].<ref name=Taylor>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00033794500201451 | issn = 0003-3790 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | page = 186 | last = Taylor | first = F. Sherwood | author-link = F. Sherwood Taylor | title = The Evolution of the Still | journal = Annals of Science | year = 1945}}</ref> Alchemists in [[Roman Egypt]] were using a distillation [[alembic]] or [[still]] device in the 3rd century. |
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Distillation was known in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent]], evident from baked clay [[retort]]s and receivers found at [[Taxila]] and [[Charsadda]] in modern [[Pakistan]], dating back to the early centuries of the Christian era. |
Distillation was known in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent]], evident from baked clay [[retort]]s and receivers found at [[Taxila]] and [[Charsadda]] in modern [[Pakistan]], dating back to the early centuries of the Christian era. These "[[Gandhara]] stills" were capable of producing only very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat.<ref name="habib">[[Irfan Habib]] (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA55 ''Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500'', page 55], [[Pearson Education]]</ref> |
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Distillation in [[China]] could have begun during the [[Eastern Han]] dynasty (1st–2nd centuries), but the distillation of beverages began in the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] (12th–13th centuries) and [[Southern Song dynasty|Southern Song]] (10th–13th centuries) dynasties according to archaeological evidence.<ref name=haw/> |
Distillation in [[China]] could have begun during the [[Eastern Han]] dynasty (1st–2nd centuries), but the distillation of beverages began in the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] (12th–13th centuries) and [[Southern Song dynasty|Southern Song]] (10th–13th centuries) dynasties according to archaeological evidence.<ref name=haw/> |
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=== Distillation of wine === |
=== Distillation of wine === |
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{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2020}} |
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[[File:Brewing and distillation industries. ( 1858- ).jpg|thumb|left|An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England, 1858]] |
[[File:Brewing and distillation industries. ( 1858- ).jpg|thumb|left|An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England, 1858]] |
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The works of [[Taddeo Alderotti]] (1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated [[fractional distillation]] through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holmyard|first1=Eric John|author1-link=Eric John Holmyard|date=1957|title=Alchemy|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-486-26298-7}} pp. 51–52.</ref> |
The works of [[Taddeo Alderotti]] (1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated [[fractional distillation]] through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holmyard|first1=Eric John|author1-link=Eric John Holmyard|date=1957|title=Alchemy|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-486-26298-7}} pp. 51–52.</ref> |
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In 1437, "burned water" ([[brandy]]) was mentioned in the records of the [[County of Katzenelnbogen]] in Germany.<ref>[http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com/begriffe.html graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com], see entry at ''Trinkglas''.</ref> |
In 1437, "burned water" ([[brandy]]) was mentioned in the records of the [[County of Katzenelnbogen]] in Germany.<ref>[http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com/begriffe.html graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com], see entry at ''Trinkglas''.</ref> |
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===Government regulation=== |
===Government regulation=== |
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====Production==== |
====Production==== |
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It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New Zealand<ref>{{cite news |last1=Austin |first1=Kim |title=Distilling your own spirits: A drop of the easier stuff |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503372&objectid=11040946 |access-date=20 May 2020 |date=16 September 2011}}</ref> and the Netherlands.{{ |
It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New Zealand<ref>{{cite news |last1=Austin |first1=Kim |title=Distilling your own spirits: A drop of the easier stuff |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503372&objectid=11040946 |access-date=20 May 2020 |date=16 September 2011}}</ref> and the Netherlands.{{Efn|In the Netherlands, the ABV of the distilled drink must be under 15% ABV without a license.|name=Note|group=note}} |
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In the [[United States]], it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. However, all states allow unlicensed individuals to [[Homebrewing|make their own beer]], and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although |
In the [[United States]], it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. However, all states allow unlicensed individuals to [[Homebrewing|make their own beer]], and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions). |
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====Sale==== |
====Sale==== |
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Some countries and sub-national jurisdictions limit or prohibit the sale of certain very high-percentage alcohol, commonly known as [[Rectified spirit#Regulation|neutral spirit]]. |
Some countries and sub-national jurisdictions limit or prohibit the sale of certain very high-percentage alcohol, commonly known as [[Rectified spirit#Regulation|neutral spirit]]. |
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Due to its flammability (see below) alcoholic |
Due to its flammability (see below) alcoholic beverages with alcohol content above 70% by volume are not permitted to be transported in aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=App-1 Appendix on DANGEROUS GOODS |url=https://www.icao.int/safety/DangerousGoods/Working%20Group%20of%20the%20Whole/WP.50.AppB.pdf |publisher=[[ICAO]] |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> |
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===Microdistilling=== |
===Microdistilling=== |
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The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96% ABV are:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ethanol-water-d_989.html|title= Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions |access-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> |
The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96% ABV are:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ethanol-water-d_989.html|title= Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions |access-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> |
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* 10% – |
* 10% – {{convert|49|°C}} – [[ethanol]]-based water solution |
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* 12.5% – about {{convert|52|°C}} –[[wine]]<ref name="Wolke">{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/04/AR2006070400283.html |title= Combustible Combination |author= Robert L. Wolke|date= 5 July 2006|newspaper= Washington Post|access-date= 27 January 2011}}</ref> |
* 12.5% – about {{convert|52|°C}} –[[wine]]<ref name="Wolke">{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/04/AR2006070400283.html |title= Combustible Combination |author= Robert L. Wolke|date= 5 July 2006|newspaper= Washington Post|access-date= 27 January 2011}}</ref> |
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* 15% – {{convert|42|°C}} – [[sake]], [[mijiu]], [[Cheongju (beverage)|cheongju]] |
* 15% – {{convert|42|°C}} – [[sake]], [[mijiu]], [[Cheongju (beverage)|cheongju]] |
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* 20% – |
* 20% – {{convert|36|°C}} – [[shōchū]], [[fortified wine]] |
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* 30% – {{convert|29|°C}} – strong shōchū |
* 30% – {{convert|29|°C}} – strong shōchū |
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* 40% – {{convert|26|°C}} – typical [[vodka]], [[whisky]] or [[brandy]] |
* 40% – {{convert|26|°C}} – typical [[vodka]], [[whisky]] or [[brandy]] |
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===Short-term effects=== |
===Short-term effects=== |
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{{Main|Short-term effects of alcohol consumption}} |
{{Main|Short-term effects of alcohol consumption}} |
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{{ |
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2022}} |
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Distilled spirits contain [[ethyl alcohol]], the same chemical that is present in [[beer]] and [[wine]] and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or [[street drugs]], among other factors. |
Distilled spirits contain [[ethyl alcohol]], the same chemical that is present in [[beer]] and [[wine]] and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or [[street drugs]], among other factors. |
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Drinking enough to cause a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible [[euphoria]], increased self-confidence, and sociability, decreased anxiety, a [[Alcohol flush reaction|flushed, red appearance in the face]] and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes [[lethargy]], [[sedation]], balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes [[stupor]], unconsciousness, [[anterograde amnesia]], vomiting, and [[respiratory depression]] (potentially life-threatening). Death may occur due to inhalation of vomit ([[pulmonary aspiration]]) while unconscious. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a [[coma]] (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal [[alcohol poisoning]]. |
Drinking enough to cause a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible [[euphoria]], increased self-confidence, and sociability, decreased anxiety, a [[Alcohol flush reaction|flushed, red appearance in the face]] and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes [[lethargy]], [[sedation]], balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes [[stupor]], unconsciousness, [[anterograde amnesia]], vomiting, and [[respiratory depression]] (potentially life-threatening). Death may occur due to inhalation of vomit ([[pulmonary aspiration]]) while unconscious. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a [[coma]] (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal [[alcohol poisoning]]. |
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Heavy consumption of liquor leads to bloating, gassiness, diarrhea, painful stools, or fullness in the abdomen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-30|title=23 Effects of Alcohol on Your Body|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol/effects-on-body|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> High quantity consumption of liquor [[alcohol and cancer| |
Heavy consumption of liquor leads to bloating, gassiness, diarrhea, painful stools, or fullness in the abdomen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-30|title=23 Effects of Alcohol on Your Body|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol/effects-on-body|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> High quantity consumption of liquor [[alcohol and cancer|increases cancer risk]], namely head, neck, esophageal, liver, breast, and colorectal cancer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-14 |title=Alcohol and Cancer Risk Fact Sheet - NCI |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=www.cancer.gov |language=en}}</ref> |
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As with all alcoholic beverages, [[driving under the influence]], operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident |
As with all alcoholic beverages, [[driving under the influence]], operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident. As such, many countries have penalties for drunk driving. |
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===Long-term effects=== |
===Long-term effects=== |
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{{See also|Long-term effects of alcohol consumption }} |
{{See also|Long-term effects of alcohol consumption }} |
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The main active ingredient of distilled spirits is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to spirits. Drinking more than 1-2 drinks a day increases the risk of heart disease, [[high blood pressure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], and [[stroke]].<ref name=Kee2014>{{cite journal|last1=O'Keefe|first1=JH|last2=Bhatti|first2=SK|last3=Bajwa|first3=A|last4=DiNicolantonio|first4=JJ|last5=Lavie|first5=CJ|title=Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy.|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|date=March 2014|volume=89|issue=3|pages=382–93|pmid=24582196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> The risk is greater in younger people due to [[binge drinking]] which may result in violence or accidents.<ref name=Kee2014 /> About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are |
The main active ingredient of distilled spirits is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to spirits. Drinking more than 1-2 drinks a day increases the risk of heart disease, [[high blood pressure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], and [[stroke]].<ref name=Kee2014>{{cite journal|last1=O'Keefe|first1=JH|last2=Bhatti|first2=SK|last3=Bajwa|first3=A|last4=DiNicolantonio|first4=JJ|last5=Lavie|first5=CJ|title=Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy.|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|date=March 2014|volume=89|issue=3|pages=382–93|pmid=24582196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> The risk is greater in younger people due to [[binge drinking]] which may result in violence or accidents.<ref name=Kee2014 /> About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are due to alcohol each year.<ref name=NIH2015Stats>{{cite web|title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics|url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics|access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Unlike for wine and perhaps beer, there is no evidence for a [[J curve|J-shaped]] health effect for the consumption of distilled alcohol.<ref name=Korotayev/> |
Unlike for wine and perhaps beer, there is no evidence for a [[J curve|J-shaped]] health effect for the consumption of distilled alcohol.<ref name=Korotayev/> |
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===Demographics=== |
===Demographics=== |
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Consumption of distilled alcohol is the most important single factor behind variation on mortality rates and life expectancy for men in Europe. For example, in heavily Islamic regions of the Caucasus (Islam forbids alcohol consumption) the life expectancy gap between women and men is five years; in nearby Christian areas it is ten years, and in the Czech Republic (where beer predominates) the chance of a man dying between the ages of 15 and 60 is less than half that of nearby Ukraine.<ref name=Korotayev>{{cite journal |last1=Korotayev |first1=Andrey |last2=Khaltourina |first2=Daria |last3=Meshcherina |first3=Kira |last4=Zamiatnina |first4=Elena |title=Distilled Spirits Overconsumption as the Most Important Factor of Excessive Adult Male Mortality in Europe |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |date=2018 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=742–752 |doi=10.1093/alcalc/agy054|pmid=30113627 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yakovlev |first1=Evgeny |title=Alcoholism and mortality in Eastern Europe |url=https://wol.iza.org/articles/alcoholism-and-mortality-in-eastern-europe/long |journal=IZA World of Labor |access-date=29 August 2020 |doi=10.15185/izawol.168 |date=1 July 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
Consumption of distilled alcohol is the most important single factor behind variation on mortality rates and life expectancy for men in Europe. For example, in heavily Islamic regions of the Caucasus (Islam forbids alcohol consumption) the life expectancy gap between women and men is five years; in nearby Christian areas it is ten years, and in the Czech Republic (where beer predominates) the chance of a man dying between the ages of 15 and 60 is less than half that of nearby Ukraine.<ref name=Korotayev>{{cite journal |last1=Korotayev |first1=Andrey |last2=Khaltourina |first2=Daria |last3=Meshcherina |first3=Kira |last4=Zamiatnina |first4=Elena |title=Distilled Spirits Overconsumption as the Most Important Factor of Excessive Adult Male Mortality in Europe |journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |date=2018 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=742–752 |doi=10.1093/alcalc/agy054|pmid=30113627 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yakovlev |first1=Evgeny |title=Alcoholism and mortality in Eastern Europe |url=https://wol.iza.org/articles/alcoholism-and-mortality-in-eastern-europe/long |journal=IZA World of Labor |access-date=29 August 2020 |doi=10.15185/izawol.168 |date=1 July 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Notes == |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{portal|Liquor|Drink}} |
{{portal|Liquor|Drink}} |
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* {{annotated link|Absinthe}} |
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* {{annotated link|Akvavit}} |
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* {{annotated link|Aguardiente}} |
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* {{annotated link|Alcoholic drink}} |
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* {{annotated link|Amaro (liqueur)}} |
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* {{annotated link|Arak (drink)|Arak}} |
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* {{annotated link|Arrack}} |
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* {{annotated link|Awamori}} |
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* {{annotated link|Baijiu}} / [[Shōchū]] / [[Soju]] |
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* {{annotated link|Beer}} |
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*[[Beer]] |
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* {{annotated link|Brandy}} |
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* {{annotated link|Borovička}} |
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* {{annotated link|Cachaça}} |
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* {{annotated link|Eau de vie}} |
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* {{annotated link|Er guo tou}} |
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* {{annotated link|Feni (liquor)|Fenny}} |
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* {{annotated link|Fractional freezing#Freeze distillation|Freeze distillation}} |
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* {{annotated link|Geist (liquor)|Geist}} |
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* {{annotated link|Gin}} (and [[Jenever]] |
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* {{annotated link|Horilka}} |
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* {{annotated link|Liquor store}} |
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* {{annotated link|List of beverages}} |
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* {{annotated link|List of national drinks}} |
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* {{annotated link|Mahuli (wine)|Mahua}} |
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* {{annotated link|Mamajuana}} |
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* {{annotated link|Mezcal}} |
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* {{annotated link|Moonshine}} |
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* {{annotated link|Neutral grain spirit}} |
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* {{annotated link|Orujo}} |
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* {{annotated link|Padlamanggan}} |
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* {{annotated link|Pálinka}} |
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* {{annotated link|Pisco}} |
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* {{annotated link|Poitín}} |
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* {{annotated link|Rakı}} |
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* {{annotated link|Rakia}} |
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* {{annotated link|Rectified spirit}} |
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* {{annotated link|Rum}} |
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*[[Rum]] |
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* {{annotated link|Rượu đế}} |
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* {{annotated link|Schnapps}} |
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* {{annotated link|Slivovitz}} |
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* {{annotated link|Tequila}} |
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* {{annotated link|Tsikoudia}} |
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* {{annotated link|Tsipouro}} |
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* {{annotated link|Viche (drink)|Viche}} |
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* {{annotated link|Vodka}} |
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* {{annotated link|Whisky}} |
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