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{{Short description|Organization that exists to promote an academic discipline or profession}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}} |
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}} |
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[[File:200 y Anniversary of Berlin Academy 1900.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:200 y Anniversary of Berlin Academy 1900.jpg|thumb|200th anniversary of Berlin Academy, 1900|250px|right]] |
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A '''learned society''' ({{IPAc-en|'|l|ɜr|n|ɪ|d}}; also known as a '''learned academy''', '''scholarly society''', or '''academic association''') is an [[organization]] that exists to promote an [[discipline (academia)|academic discipline]], [[profession]], or a group of related disciplines such as [[the arts]] and [[science]].<ref>{{ |
A '''learned society''' ({{IPAc-en|'|l|ɜr|n|ɪ|d}}; also known as a '''learned academy''', '''scholarly society''', or '''academic association''') is an [[organization]] that exists to promote an [[discipline (academia)|academic discipline]], [[profession]], or a group of related disciplines such as [[the arts]] and [[science]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Environmental Studies Association of Canada - What is a Learned Society? |url=http://www.esac.ca/about/what-is-a-learned-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529163615/http://www.esac.ca/about/what-is-a-learned-society/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Learned societies & academies |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/science-uk-organisations-learned-societies.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603140851/http://www.britishcouncil.org/science-uk-organisations-learned-societies.htm |archive-date=3 June 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> |
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Most learned societies are [[non-profit organization]]s, and many are [[professional association]]s. Their activities typically include holding regular [[academic conference|conference]]s for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring [[academic journal]]s in their discipline. Some also act as [[Professional association|professional bodies]], regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership. |
Most learned societies are [[non-profit organization]]s, and many are [[professional association]]s. Their activities typically include holding regular [[academic conference|conference]]s for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring [[academic journal]]s in their discipline. Some also act as [[Professional association|professional bodies]], regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Some of the oldest learned societies are the [[Académie des Jeux floraux]]<ref>{{ |
Some of the oldest learned societies are the [[Académie des Jeux floraux]] (founded 1323),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Express|first=1&1 TopSite|title=Accueil/Actualité - Académie des Jeux floraux|url=http://jeuxfloraux.fr/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142439/http://jeuxfloraux.fr/index.html|archive-date=6 March 2018|access-date=8 May 2018|website=jeuxfloraux.fr}}</ref> the [[Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana]] (founded 1488), the [[Accademia della Crusca]] (founded 1583),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-01|title=The reopening of the Accademia (1811) and the fifth edition of the Vocabolario (1863-1923) {{!}} Accademia della Crusca|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301011416/http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/en/accademia/history/reopening-accademia-1811-and-fifth-edition-vocabolario-1863-1923|access-date=2021-06-08|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] (founded 1603),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-14|title=The Galileo Project {{!}} Galileo {{!}} Federico Cesi and the Accademia dei Lincei|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714131216/http://galileo.rice.edu/gal/lincei.html|access-date=2021-06-08|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> the [[Académie Française]] (founded 1635),<ref>{{Cite web|title=L’histoire {{!}} Académie française|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/linstitution/lhistoire|access-date=2021-06-08|website=www.academie-francaise.fr}}</ref> the [[Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]] (founded 1652),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jedlitschka|first=Karsten|date=2008-06-20|title=The Archive of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle (Saale): more than 350 years of the history of science|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2007.0009|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society|volume=62|issue=2|pages=237–244|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2007.0009}}</ref> the [[Royal Society|Royal Society of London]] (founded 1660) and the [[Académie des sciences|French Academy of Sciences]] (founded 1666). |
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==Significance== |
==Significance== |
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Scholars in the [[sociology of science]]{{who|date=September 2014}} argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wise|first=Alicia|last2=Estelle|first2=Lorraine|date=2019-07-12|title=How Learned Societies and Open Access Will Learn to Co-Exist|url=https://www.socialsciencespace.com/2019/07/how-learned-societies-and-open-access-will-learn-to-co-exist/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Social Science Space|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Scholars in the [[sociology of science]]{{who|date=September 2014}} argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions. |
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==Structure== |
==Structure== |
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{{redirect|Fellow (learned society)||Fellow}} |
{{redirect|Fellow (learned society)||Fellow}} |
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Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election.<ref name="auto"/> |
Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election.<ref name="auto" /> |
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Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in a particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to [[fellow]]s who are appropriately qualified by ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award [[post-nominal letters]] to their memberships. |
Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in a particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to [[fellow]]s who are appropriately qualified by ''[[Honorary degree|honoris causa]]'', or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award [[post-nominal letters]] to their memberships. |
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==Online academic communities== |
==Online academic communities== |
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Following the [[globalization]] and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the [[Modern Language Association]]—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic [[virtual communities]] have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} |
Following the [[globalization]] and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the [[Modern Language Association]]—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic [[virtual communities]] have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} |
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Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example [[JISCMail]]), social networking services (like [[Facebook Messenger|Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]]) and academic oriented social networks (like [[Mendeley]], [[Academia.edu]]).<ref>{{ |
Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example [[JISCMail]]), social networking services (like [[Facebook Messenger|Facebook]], [[LinkedIn]]) and academic oriented social networks (like [[Mendeley]], [[Academia.edu]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=How virtual science communities are transforming academic research |url=http://www.elsevier.com/connect/how-virtual-science-communities-are-transforming-academic-research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810135822/http://www.elsevier.com/connect/how-virtual-science-communities-are-transforming-academic-research |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nistor |first=Nicolae |last2=Baltes |first2=Beate |last3=Dascălu |first3=Mihai |last4=Mihăilă |first4=Dan |last5=Smeaton |first5=George |last6=Trăuşan-Matu |first6=Ştefan |date=May 2014 |title=Participation in virtual academic communities of practice under the influence of technology acceptance and community factors. A learning analytics application |url=https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cel_pubs/20 |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=34 |pages=339–344 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.051}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category}} |
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{{EB1911 Poster|Societies, Learned|Learned society}} |
{{EB1911 Poster|Societies, Learned|Learned society}} |
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* [http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/overview.html Scholarly Societies Project from the University of Waterloo Libraries]—database of hundreds of scholarly societies in various fields, including some of the oldest societies |
* [http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/overview.html Scholarly Societies Project from the University of Waterloo Libraries]—database of hundreds of scholarly societies in various fields, including some of the oldest societies |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060412170015/http://www.morrin.org/eclectica/ Eclectica], virtual exhibit on the history of Canadian learned societies |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060412170015/http://www.morrin.org/eclectica/ Eclectica], virtual exhibit on the history of Canadian learned societies |