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İSTİKLAL MARŞI |
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{{Infobox militant organization |
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|name = Kurdistan Workers Party<br><small>Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan, (PKK)</small> |
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|logo = Kurdistan Workers Party flag (current).gif |
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|caption = The current PKK flag used since 1995 |
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|dates = 1978-present |
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|leader = [[Abdullah Öcalan]] (also known as "Apo") |
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|motives = The creation of an independent socialist state of ''[[Kurdistan]]'' in parts of [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] |
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|area = [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]] and [[Syria]] |
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|ideology = [[Marxism-Leninism]]<br>[[Kurdish]] [[nationalism]] |
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|status = Designated as [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]] by the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]]<ref name=USTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations List|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=2007-08-03}} - [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|USSD Foreign Terrorist Organization]]</ref><br>Designated as [[Terrorism Act 2000|Proscribed Group]] by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Home Office]]<ref name=UKTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000011.htm|title=Terrorism Act 2000|publisher=[[Home Office]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}} - [[Terrorism Act 2000]]</ref><br>Designated as terrorist group by [[European Union|EU]] [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]<ref name=EUTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm|title=Council Decision|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref>. |
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}} |
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The '''Kurdistan Workers Party''' ({{lang-ku|Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan}} or PKK, {{lang-tr|Kürdistan İşçi Partisi}}, also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KCK) is a militant group <!-- Please do not write terrorist here per Wikipedia policies--> founded in the 1970s and led by [[Abdullah Öcalan]] until his capture in 1999. The PKK's ideology was founded on revolutionary [[Marxism-Leninism]] and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[nationalism]]. The PKK's goal has been to create an independent socialist Kurdish state in a territory which it claims as [[Kurdistan]], an area that comprises parts of south-eastern [[Turkey]], north-eastern [[Iraq]], north-eastern [[Syria]] and north-western [[Iran]]; those states oppose any such change.<ref name=fas.org>{{cite web | url = http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm Federation of American Scientists (www.fas.org) - Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)|title=Fas.org }} </ref><ref name=navymil> {{cite web| url= http://web.archive.org/web/20060516010407/http://library.nps.navy.mil/home/tgp/kurds.htm|title=Navy.mil Web archive}} </ref> It is an [[Ethnic nationalism|ethnic]] [[secession]]ist organization that uses force and the threat of force against both civilian<ref>{{cite news|title=PKK baskınına uğrayan Kürt köyleri ABD gazetesine haber oldu|language=Turkish|publisher=[[Milliyet]]|date=July 7, 2007 |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/07/07/son/sondun06.asp}}</ref> and military targets for the purpose of achieving its political goal. |
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Korkma, sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak; |
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The PKK is listed as a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organization internationally by [[Kurdistan Workers Party/States Listed as Terrorist|a number of states and organizations]], including the [[USA]], [[NATO]] and the [[EU]].<ref name=USTerrorList/><ref name=EUTerrorList/> More than [[Casualties of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict|37,000 people]] have been killed in the [[Turkey-PKK conflict]] since 1984. <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6537751.stm</ref> |
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Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak. |
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O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak; |
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O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak. |
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Çatma, kurban olayım, çehreni ey nazlı hilal!' |
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==History== |
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Kahraman ırkıma bir gül! Ne bu şiddet, bu celâl? |
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[[Image:Kurdistan Workers Party flag (former).gif|thumb|Former flag displaying the [[communist]] [[hammer and sickle]]]] |
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Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helâl... |
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{{Main|History of the Kurdistan Workers Party}} |
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Hakkıdır, Hakk'a tapan, milletimin istiklâl! |
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The PKK's core was originally a group called the "Ankara Democratic Patriotic Association of Higher Education" (APOCUS) or [[History of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Apocular.28Apoists.29 .281974-1978.29|Apocular]] ("Apoists"), which was made up largely of students, led by [[Abdullah Öcalan]] ("Apo" is his nickname). Although originally from [[Ankara]], the group soon moved its focus to south-east Turkey, and its large Kurdish population, where they began organising. With the official release of the "Proclamation of Independence of PKK" on [[27 October]], [[1978]], the group became known as the Kurdistan Workers Party. With its largely communist ideology, the PKK soon found itself in [[Right-wing and left-wing armed conflicts (Republic of Turkey)|conflict with right-wing entities]]. |
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Ben ezelden beridir hür yaşadım, hür yaşarım. |
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In 1979, Mehmet Celal Bucak was condemned for "exploiting the peasants," and "collaborating". The PKK attempted to assassinate him, but failed. This was the first violent high-profile public action undertaken by the PKK, and it marked a period of intense [[History of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Urban War .281978-1980.29|urban warfare]] between radical political elements in Turkey. From 1978 to 1982, the Turkish National Security Council recorded 43,000 incidents it described as [[terrorism]]. As part of the conflict, ex-[[Prime Minister of Turkey|prime minister]] [[Nihat Erim]] was assassinated in 1980. The [[History of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Syria .281980-1984.29|military coup]] that same year largely ended the conflict, with members of the PKK being subject to capital punishment, going to prison, or fleeing to [[Syria]]. |
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Hangi çılgın bana zincir vuracakmış? Şaşarım! |
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Kükremiş sel gibiyim, bendimi çiğner, aşarım. |
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Yırtarım dağları, enginlere sığmam, taşarım. |
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Garbın âfakını sarmışsa çelik zırhlı duvar, |
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On November 10, 1980, the Turkish Consulate in [[Strasbourg]], [[France]] was bombed, causing significant material damage but no injuries. The [[ASALA]] (Armenian now inactive militant organisation that usually attacked Turkish consulates, it was designated as a terrorist organisation then) and the PKK claimed responsibility. In a telephone call to the Agence France-Presse office, a spokesman said the blast was a joint operation and marked the start of a "fruitful collaboration" between the two nationalist organizations.<ref name=miptpkkasala>{{cite web|url=http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2735|author=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base|title=Incident Profile: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) attacked Diplomatic target (November 10, 1980, France)|accessdate=2007-04-17}}</ref> |
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Benim iman dolu göğsüm gibi serhaddım var. |
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Ulusun, korkma! Nasıl böyle bir imanı boğar, |
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'Medeniyet!' dediğin tek dişi kalmış canavar? |
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Arkadaş! Yurduma alçakları uğratma, sakın. |
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Starting in 1984, the PKK transformed itself into a paramilitary organisation (largely based in and supported by [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]]), as it launched conventional attacks as well as [[bombing]]s against Turkish governmental installations, military and civilian targets, many of whom were connected to the [[Southeastern Anatolia Project]] (GAP), a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for more than 9 million people living in the [[Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey|southeastern Anatolia]] region. The PKK also moved to a less centralized format, taking up operations in a variety of European and Middle Eastern countries. |
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Siper et gövdeni, dursun bu hayasızca akın. |
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Doğacaktır sana va'dettiği günler hakk'ın... |
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Kim bilir, belki yarın, belki yarından da yakın. |
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Bastığın yerleri 'toprak!' diyerek geçme, tanı: |
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Following the collapse of the [[USSR]], the PKK largely abandoned its communist roots, attempting to better accommodate nationalistic views and Islamic beliefs. In the mid 1990s, it also began to shift from conventional bombing to [[suicide bombing]], launching fifteen such attacks between 1995 and 1999. The majority (11 of 15) of the suicide bombers were women. |
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Düşün altında binlerce kefensiz yatanı. |
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Sen şehit oğlusun, incitme, yazıktır, atanı: |
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Verme, dünyaları alsan da, bu cennet vatanı. |
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Kim bu cennet vatanın uğruna olmaz ki feda? |
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[[Image:Pkk supporters london april 2003.jpg|thumb|300px|right|PKK supporters demonstrating in [[London]] during the [[February 15, 2003 anti-war protest]] march [http://gallery.thinkgeek.co.uk/london_anti_war_2003].]] |
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Şuhedâ fışkıracak toprağı sıksan, şuheda! |
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In the late 1990s, the Turkish army began to gain the upper hand in its ground war with the PKK and post-[[Cold War]] shifts in international politics resulted in the group losing much of its support among other states. With downgraded security concerns, the Turkish parliament began a controlled process of dismantling the legal control, using the term "normalization" or "rapprochement" depending on the sides of the issue. A ban on publishing using Kurdish language (1983) was dropped in 1991, with more thorough reforms, such as the lifting of the ban on broadcasting in Kurdish, adopted in the 2000s with the decrease in PKK's activities.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0312236298 The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy], by Ferhad Ibrahim, Gulistan Gurbey</ref> |
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Cânı, cânânı, bütün varımı alsın da hüda, |
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Etmesin tek vatanımdan beni dünyada cüda. |
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Ruhumun senden, ilâhi, şudur ancak emeli: |
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In 1999, Turkish authorities [[History of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Capture of .C3.96calan .281999.29|captured Öcalan]] while he was being transferred by the [[Greece|Greek]] security system<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521839734 Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism], by Daniel Byman</ref> from the Greek [[Embassy]] in [[Kenya]] to a local airport, in an operation conducted jointly by the [[CIA]] and Turkey's [[Milli Istihbarat Teskilati|MIT]]. He was trialed in Turkey and sentenced to the death penalty. He took his case against Turkey to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] (ECtHR) which influenced Turkey's decision to commute the death sentence to life imprisonment, safeguarding him from risk of execution. The ECtHR held that there had been violation of Article 6 (right to fair trial), as there was a military judge in the Turkish court trying Abdullah Öcalan, there was no violation of Article 2 (right to life).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/eng/Press/2003/march/Ocalanjudgeng.htm |title=Chamber Judgment In The Case Of Öcalan v. Turkey |accessdate=2007-10-22 |date=2003-03-12 |publisher=[[European Court of Human Rights]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050210224238/http://www.echr.coe.int/eng/Press/2003/march/Ocalanjudgeng.htm |archivedate=2005-02-10}}</ref> |
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Değmesin mâbedimin göğsüne namahrem eli. |
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Bu ezanlar-ki şahadetleri dinin temeli, |
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Ebedi yurdumun üstünde benim inlemeli. |
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O zaman vecd ile bin secde eder -varsa- taşım, |
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Following a call by the captured Öcalan for a peaceful solution, the PKK found itself blacklisted in many countries. Consequently, the PKK went through a series of changes and implemented a unilateral truce, which ended in 2004. On [[2 April]] of that year, the [[Council of the European Union]] added the PKK to its list of terrorist organisations. Later in 2004, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury]] moved to freeze assets of branches of the PKK. |
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Her cerihamdan, ilâhi, boşanıp kanlı yaşım, |
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<br clear=all/> |
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Fışkırır ruh-i mücerred gibi yerden nâ'şım; |
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O zaman yükselerek arşa değer belki başım. |
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Dalgalan sen de şafaklar gibi ey şanlı hilâl! |
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According to Turkish officials, [[Massoud Barzani]], leader of the Kurdish region in northern Iraq, and US occupation forces have not done enough to combat PKK guerrillas and secure the Iraqi-Turkish border, causing tensions between the Iraqi and Turkish governments. <ref>http://istanbul.usconsulate.gov/cg_speech_0523.html</ref><ref>http://istanbul.usconsulate.gov/ralston_091906.html</ref> |
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Olsun artık dökülen kanlarımın hepsi helâl. |
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Ebediyen sana yok, ırkıma yok izmihlâl: |
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Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış, bayrağımın hürriyet; |
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Hakkıdır, Hakk'a tapan, milletimin istiklâl! |
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Mehmet Akif Ersoy |
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==Recent history== |
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===1999–2004=== <!-- not recent anymore --> |
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After his capture in 1999, the group's leader Abdullah Öcalan has urged the PKK to work peacefully to attain its objectives, and the PKK declared a ceasefire in that year. It changed its name to KADEK to reflect moves towards peaceful politics and co-operation with a wider range of ideologies, but it is claimed that this change was aimed to protect itself from the legal implications of being listed as a terrorist organization. A PKK/KADEK spokesman stated that its armed wing, The People’s Defense Force, would not disband or surrender its weapons, to maintain its capability of self-defense. PKK/KADEK avowing to not lay down its arms underscores that the organization maintains its capability to carry out terrorist operations.<ref name="militaryacts" /> Abdullah Öcalan, has declared his own militants as "No better than Murderers".<ref>{{cite web | title=Ocalan renounces armed struggle| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/234429.stm| accessmonthday=December 14 | accessyear=1998}}</ref> |
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===2004–2006===<!-- not current anymore--> |
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{{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}} |
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The refusal of the Turkish government to issue a general [[amnesty]] to PKK operatives, the failure of the Kurdish nationalist [[Democratic People's Party (Turkey)|Democratic People's Party]] to make an electoral breakthrough until 2007 and profound ideological disputes within the movement led to the ceasefire becoming ragged in 2003, before breaking down completely in 2004.{{Who|date=September 2007}} Since the declaration of cease-fire on August 2000, aside from a few isolated incidents, the armed conflict had come to a complete halt. Since 2004, there has been an increase in PKK attacks on the Turkish military, police, and governmental targets near the [[Iraq]]i border in the last months. <!-- OR +++ While PKK claims it is only acting in self-defense, -->Ankara is increasing its pressure on the US to obtain the go-ahead for a military strike to the PKK installations in northern Iraq. |
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<!-- OR repeat +++ |
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With the end of its unilateral cease-fire in August 2004, on the claims that Ankara's reforms are "cosmetic", PKK leaders seem to favour a return to the armed guerilla warfare. The increase in PKK attacks on Turkish military, civilians, police and governmental targets seem to further prove this fact. The -->PKK claims it is only acting in self-defense and for the protection of the Kurds. |
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During the 2003-2005 period, the total security personnel lost (soldier, police (21), village guard (22)) is 246. The total number of personnel wounded and disabled is 147. The total armed militants captured: 1325 (359 dead, 377 live, 589 [[amnesty]]) (116 among 377 through exchange of criminals with [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Greece]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Ukraine]]). The [[TBMM]] report also expects an increase in the number of militants captured through exchange of criminals in the coming years. These numbers are presented as part of the fight on [[Terrorism|terror]] activities. Report also mentions growing efforts in mobilizing the criminal intelligence exchange. |
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===2006 to date=== |
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The PKK had declared ceasefire since [[September 28]], [[2006]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurdish rebel boss in truce plea |publisher=BBC |date=September 28, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5389746.stm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Kurdish rebels declare ceasefire |publisher=BBC |date=September 30, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5395102.stm}}</ref> although Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and Chief of Staff, General [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]] do not recognize such a motion. Erdoğan was quoted as saying; "A ceasefire is done between states. It is not something for a terrorist organization,"<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish army rejects rebel truce |publisher=BBC |date=October 2, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5398842.stm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish PM rejects ceasefire call |publisher=BBC |date=September 28, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5391880.stm}}</ref> The Turkish army is calling for action against PKK training camps in northern Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|work=Irish Times (Dublin) |publisher=The Irish Times, Limited |date=2007-06-14 |page=14|accessdate=2007-06-16 |title=An army playing politics or flexing its muscle? |language=English}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Anti-PKK demonstration in Kadiköy.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A demonstration against the PKK in [[Kadıköy]], [[İstanbul]] on [[22 October]] [[2007]].]] |
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On September 29, 2007 "PKK terrorists set up an [[ambush]] in the Beytüşşebap district of [[Şırnak]] on Saturday. The assault claimed the lives of seven village guards, five construction workers working on a dam project to bring water to their villages and one young child, while wounding two others". |
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Turkish newspaper [[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]] reported: "Separatists and terrorists from the PKK used machine gun fire on a minibus carrying 13 people, killing 12 people including seven village guard militia," local governor Selahattin Aparı said on Sunday. The 13th body, belonging to a child, was located close to the scene of the attack a few hours after the governor's statement."<ref>{{cite news|title=Today's Zaman: Terrorists target civilians, regional calm |language=English|publisher=[[Today's Zaman]]|date=September 29, 2007 |ur=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=123528}}</ref> |
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According to PatDollard.com, Bozan Tekin, a PKK militant, claimed that the attack was in fact carried out by the government forces against a Kurdish wedding party.<ref>[http://patdollard.com/2007/10/24/even-alexander-the-great-couldnt-bring-this-region-under-his-rule/]</ref><!-- any proof that this is the same minibus? --> |
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In early October 2007, PKK fighters carried out another ambush, this time near the border with Iraq, killing 13 Turkish soldiers. The incident sparked renewed threats from the Turkish government to cross over into Iraq to pursue the fighters. |
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<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish soldiers killed by rebels |language=English|publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7033075.stm}}</ref> |
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On the 17th of October 2007, the Turkish parliament approved a military incursion into Iraq to pursue the PKK fighters. The vote for incursion won with an overwhelming 507 to 19.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey approves Iraq incursion |language=English|publisher=[[CNN]] |date=October 17, 2007 |url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/10/17/turkey.iraq/index.html}}</ref> Action was delayed on request by the US government on the condition that "swift steps" were taken to deal with the rebels. |
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Just five days later on October 22nd, [[BBC]] reported another PKK ambush that left 12 more Turkish soldiers dead with an additional seven more missing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish troops missing after raid |language=English|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7056151.stm}}</ref> |
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According to [[Independent]], the October 22nd attack happened when PKK rebels blew up a bridge located just three miles from the border with Iraq, when a 12-vehicle Turkish military convoy was crossing it. The attack left 17 Turkish soldiers dead and some were taken prisoners. Turkey reported that 32 rebels were also killed in the raid<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article3084305.ece]</ref>. |
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====Death threats by PKK concerning the Turkish General election in 2007==== |
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{{see|Turkish general election, 2007}} |
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A death threat was mailed by PKK to [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|CHP]], [[Nationalist Movement Party|MHP]], [[True Path Party|DYP]] and [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] to withdraw their [[Van, Turkey|Van]] and [[Hakkari]] candidates allowing a [[Democratic Society Party|DTP]] dominance.<ref name="PKK threat"/> |
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{{cquote|With the exception of DTP all candidates in Van and Hakkari from CHP, MHP, DYP and AKP must withdraw themselves and offer their support to Kurdish people. Our people must demonstrate their Kurdishness in the elections. If any different approach develops, our approach will also be different. [...] Whoever continues the activities we mentioned here will be punished. Who ever damages our movement or our party [DTP] will not be forgiven in any way. They should know that they are facing death.<ref name="PKK threat">[[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''DTP dışında, Van ve Hakkari’de CHP, MHP, DYP ve AKP adayları kendilerini fesih edip Kürt halkına desteklerini sunmaları gerekmektedir. Tüm halkımız Kürtlüğünü sandıklarda muhakkak göstermelidir. Aksi yaklaşımlar gelişecek olursa yaklaşımlarımız farklı olacaktır. ''[...]'' Bu uyarımızdan sonra bildiride belirttiğimiz faaliyetler içinde olanlar cezalandırılacaktır. Hareketimize ve partimize zarar veren şahsiyetler hiçbir şekilde affedilmeyecektir. Ölümle karşı karşıya olduğunu bilmelidirler.'' - {{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ucuncusayfa/6511101.asp?gid=205|title=PKK'dan büyük tehdit|language=Turkish|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref>}} |
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==Allegations of international support to the PKK== |
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According to [[The New Yorker]] magazine, US government has been supporting [[PJAK]], the Iranian branch of PKK.<ref>{{cite news|title=The New Yorker: ABD, PKK'nın İran kolunu destekliyor|language=Turkish|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|date=November 20, 2006 |ur=http://www.hurriyetusa.com/haber/haber_detay.asp?id=10187}}</ref> The head of the PKK militant arm, Murat Karayilan, in an interview with the [[Daily Telegraph]] claimed that US officers have regular meetings with the PKK in Northern Iraq. Karayilan said Kurdish guerrillas have launched a clandestine war in north-western Iran, ambushing Iranian troops with US and British support.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/10/wkurds110.xml Kurdish guerillas launch clandestine war in Iran] [[Daily Telegraph]] [[September 10]] [[2007]]</ref> |
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General [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]], who is the [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff]], stated that even though the international struggle had been discussed on every platform and even though organizations such as the [[United Nations|UN]], [[NATO]], [[European Union|EU]] make statements of serious commitment, to this day the necessary measures had not been taken.<ref name="buyukanitquote"/> Büyükanıt further continued as: "On the contrary, this conduct on one side has encouraged the terrorists, on the other side it assisted in widening their [the terrorists] activities. The most distressful part of it is that many of the European countries being a member of NATO, an organization that had announced that terrorism was the greatest threat to itself."<ref name="buyukanitquote">[[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Aksine bu tutum bir yandan teröristleri cesaretlendirmiş, diğer yandan eylemlerin boyutlarının genişlemesine yardımcı olmuştur. Esas üzücü olan Avrupa ülkelerinin birçoğunun, terörizmin kendisine yönelik en büyük tehdit olduğunu ifade eden bir kuruluş olan NATO'nun üyesi olmasıdır.'' - {{cite news|title=PKK'ya yardım eden NATO üyesi Avrupa ülkeleri var|language=Turkish|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|date=May 22, 2007 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6560384.asp?gid=180}}</ref> Dr. [[Sedat Laciner]], director of the [[International Strategic Research Organization]], said "''The PKK is a terrorist organization. Americans and the EU say so. If the US ignores or supports the PKK in the region, the US’ fight against global terrorism will lose its base. Turkey’s support, as a moderate Muslim country, in fighting terrorism is crucial. However, if you support my terrorists, I can not help you in fighting against your terrorists."'' |
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A former militant, who recently had turned himself in to the Turkish Police, claimed that the weapons for PKK in the north of Iraq were provided by US armoured vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Kandil Dağı'ndaki kampa 2 ABD zırhlı aracının silah getirdiğine şahit olduk |language=Turkish|publisher=[[nethaber]],[[Anadolu Ajansı]]|date=July 1, 2006 |url=http://www.nethaber.com/NewsDetails.aspx?id=27396}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 ABD zırhlı aracının silah getirdiğine şahit olduk |language=Turkish|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|date=July 1, 2006 |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6812381.asp?gid=180}}.</ref> |
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[[Austria]] arranged a flight to [[Iraq]] for [[Ali Rıza Altun]], a suspected key figure in PKK ranks with an [[Interpol]] arrest warrant in his name, after harboring him for some time<!-- The amount of time is not specified in the source but never the less is mentioned-->. Turkish foreign minister [[Abdullah Gül]] summoned the Austrian ambassador and condemned Austria's action.<ref name="Austria Ali riza altun">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/6915035.asp?gid=180|title=Avusturya teröristi uçakla Irak'a gönderdi|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|accessdate=2007-07-18|language=Turkish}}</ref> |
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A document by the [[Turkish General Staff]] published in July 2007 documented the weapons and their origin captured from the PKK operatives. Same report also indicates that the PKK operatives delete some of the serial numbers from their weapons as they have done before making a serial number search. The weapons PKK uses and their origins are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6922630.asp?gid=180|title=İşte PKK'nın silahlarının listesi|accessdate=2007-07-19|language=Turkish|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]}}</ref> |
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* 4,500 [[AK-47|AK-47 Kalashnikovs]]: 71.6% originating from the [[USSR]], 14.7% from [[China]], 3.6% from [[Hungary]], and 3.6% from [[Bulgaria]]. |
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* 5,713 ([[Kannas]], [[PKC automatic rifle]], [[Dragunov Sniper Rifle]], [[Arbiki]], [[Heckler & Koch G3]], [[M16 rifle]], [[Heckler & Koch PSG1]] (G-1), [[Mauser]]) of which only 959 had a complete traceable serial number: 45.2% from [[Russia]], 13.2% from [[United Kingdom]], and 9.4% from [[United States]]. |
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* 1,610 [[rocket launchers]] of which only 313 had a traceable serial number: 85% from [[Russia]], 5.4% from [[Iraq]], and 2.5% from [[China]] in origin. |
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* 2,885 [[pistol]]s of which only 2,208 had a traceable serial number: 21.9% from [[Czechoslovakia]], 20.2% from [[Spain]], and 19.8% from [[Italy]]. |
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* 3,490 [[grenade]]s of which 136 had a traceable serial number: 72% from [[Russia]], 19.8% from [[United States]], and 8% from [[Germany]]. |
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* 11,568 [[Land_mine|mines]] of which only 8,015 had a traceable serial number. 60.8% from [[Italy]], 28.3% from [[Russia]], and 6.2% from [[Germany]]. |
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==Resources== |
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The organization's annual budget has been estimated at $86 million [[USD]].<ref name="pkk2">{{cite web | title=Section based on material published by the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs unless specified otherwise.| url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MainIssues/Terrorism/| accessmonthday=December 1 | accessyear=2005}}</ref> |
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The PKK receives a proportion of its funding in the form of private donations, from both organisations and individuals from around the world. Some of these supporters are Kurdish businessmen in south-eastern Turkey, sympathisers in Syria and Iran, and Europe. Parties and concerts are organized by branch groups.<ref name="organizedcrime">{{cite web | title=Counter-Terrorism Studies| url=http://www.ict.org.il/organizations/orgdet.cfm?orgid=20| accessmonthday=November 3 | accessyear=2002}}</ref> Additionally, it is believed that the PKK earns money through the sale of various publications, as well as receiving revenues from legitimate businesses owned by the organization.<ref name="pkk2" /> The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) also has been financing its separatist movement by "taxing" narcotic traffickers and engaging in the trade themselves. The PKK is heavily involved in the European drug trade, especially in Germany and France. French law enforcement estimates that the PKK smuggles 80% of the heroin in Paris.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~dhs/congress/dec13_00.html GWU]</ref> |
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At the height of its campaign, the PKK received support from other countries, most notably [[Syria]],<ref name="organizedcrime" /> but also [[Greece]] in forms of parliamentary support and freedom to recruit and train at Levrion Refugee Camp,<ref>{{cite news | first=Massimo | last=Calabresi | title=A Hellenic Haven | date=[[30 March]] [[1998]] | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/int/980330/europe.a_hellenic_haven.19.html | work =Time | accessdate = 2007-10-22}}</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/1555879543 Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power], the section: Turkey-Greece Relations</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0719063701 Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping with Intertwined Conflicts], by Amikam Nachmani</ref> the [[Soviet Union]]<ref>The Land of Many Crossroads: The Kurdish Question in Turkish Politics, by Svante E. Cornell, in Foreign Policy Research Institute (2001)</ref> and according to the Turkish government, [[Denmark]] allows Kurdish satellite television stations (such as ROJ-TV), which [[Turkey]] claims has links with the PKK, to operate in Denmark and broadcast into Turkey.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0421/p01s01-woeu.html Denmark, again? Now it's under fire for hosting Kurdish TV station.]</ref> MED TV broadcast for five years in UK, until its licence was revoked by the regulators Independent Television Commission (ITC) in 1999 due to a breach of ITC guidelines and perceived pro-PKK bias. When Med TV lost its licence in the UK, MEDYA TV started transmissions from studios in Belgium via a satellite uplink from [[France]]. MEDYA TV's licence was revoked by the French authorities. A few weeks later [[Roj TV]] began transmissions from Denmark. It has also been argued that the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]] have also supported the PKK by allowing its training camps to function in their respective territories. On [[22 November]] [[1998]], Hanover's criminal police reported that 3 children had been trained by the PKK for guerrilla warfare in camps in the Netherlands and Belgium.<ref>[http://www.globalmarch.org/resourcecentre/world/belgium.pdf GlobalMarch report]</ref> After the death of [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]], with increasing attention on domestic security concerns, the Dutch police raided the 'PKK paramilitary camp' in the Dutch town of [[Liempde]] and arrested 29 people in November 2004.<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=19&story_id=13898&name=Dutch+police+raid+'PKK+paramilitary+camp' Dutch police raid 'PKK paramilitary camp']</ref> The PKK has also developed links with paramilitary groups among other ethnic groups which has harboured historic grievances against Turkey such as the [[Armenian people|ethnic Armenian]] [[ASALA]],<ref name="sovietconnection2">The Roots of Islamic Terrorism: How Communists Helped Fundamentalists, by Antero Leitzinger (2005)</ref> as well as groups which shared its [[left-wing]] [[nationalist]] ideology such as the [[Palestine Liberation Organisation]], [[ETA]], and to a lesser degree the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].<ref name="sovietconnection2" /> Through the large Kurdish immigration in [[Germany]], it has also formed close contacts with violent left-wing political groups in that country. From early 1979 to 1999 [[Syrian terrorism|Syria]] had provided valuable safe havens to PKK in the region of [[Beqaa|Beqaa Valley]]. During 1990s, [[Iran]] has provided PKK with supplies in the form of weapons and funds. |
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In addition, the retired Greek army general [[Dimitris Matafias]] has paid numerous visits and offered assistance.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} As of March 1999, Greece had allegedly supplied PKK with 20,000 [[AK-47]]'s and 30 [[Stinger missile]]s.<ref name=hurriyet1999>{{cite news|publisher=Hurriyet|title= İhanet dosyası |url = http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-65616 |date = [[March 1]], [[1999]] |language=Turkish}}</ref> Greek [[Cyprus]] also supported PKK by allowing its leaders to travel freely by providing them with passports. [[Abdullah Öcalan]], the founder of PKK, has been caught with a [[:Image:Cypruspassportofocalan.jpg|Cypriot passport to the name of Mavros Lazaros]]. After [[History of the Kurdistan Workers Party#The undeclared war|the undeclared war]] between Turkey and Syria, Syria placed restrictions on PKK activity on its soil. Turkey is expecting positive developments in its cooperation with Syria in the long term, but even during the course of 2005, there were PKK operatives of Syrian nationality operating in Turkey. Iran [[Kurdistan Workers Party/States Listed as Terrorist|listed]] PKK as a terrorist organization after Iran's supply of resources to the PKK began to be used on its own soil. |
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On [[30 September]], [[1995]], [[Damascus]] opened new contacts with high ranking German [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] MP Heinrich Lummer and German intelligence officials. The PKK has also strong ties with influential persons around the world. [[Danielle Mitterrand]], the wife of the former [[President of France]] has active connections with elements of the PKK's leadership.<ref name=olson>{{ cite book | title = The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s:: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East| publisher = University Press of Kentucky | year = 1996 | isbn = 0813119995| last = Olson | first = Robert W.| authorlink = Robert W. Olson}}</ref> |
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==Activities== |
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{| class="infobox" cellpadding="1" style="font-size: 85%; align=right;" |
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|- |
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|align=center colspan=6|'''Activities of the Kurdistan Workers Party by Region'''<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"> Stephen R. Barnhart "New International Terrorism and Political Violence." page 107-109</ref><ref name="militaryacts">{{cite web | title=Kongra-Gel, KADEK, PKK: globalsecurity| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm| accessdate=April 1 | accessyear=2005}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#ccbcff" align=center|Target |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" align=center colspan=2|Activity Category |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center|Turkey |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center|Northern<br>Iraq |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center|Western<br>Europe |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#ccccff" rowspan=12| Government |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2|Demonstrations/Protests<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Riot]]s<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| Kidnapping<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Assassination]]<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Sabotage]]<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Chemical warfare]]<ref>Two decoded cases: 1) August 27, 1996 mustard/sarin 2)(50 mg/l) of cyanide to three water tanks used by the Air Force.</ref> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| {{Fact|date=October 2007}} |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" rowspan=3| [[Bomb#Bombing|Bombing<br>Attacks]]<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Post/Train/Power |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Police |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Outposts |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" rowspan=3 | Armed<br>Attacks<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Military |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Police |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Village Guards |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#ccdcff" rowspan=5| Civilian |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| Kidnapping<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| Assassination<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" rowspan=3| Bombing<br>Attacks |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Villages |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Touristic Facilities<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff"| Commercial Units<ref name="NewInternationalTerrorism"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#ccecff" rowspan=3| [[Organized Crime]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Extortion]]<ref name="PKKextortion US DOS">{{cite web|url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps14740/www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism/1997Report/eurasia.html|title=1997 Global Terrorism: Europe and Eurasia Overview|accessdate=2007-07-15|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Illegal drug trade|Drug Trafficking]]<ref name="PKK US Embassy, Turkey">{{cite web|url=http://turkey.usembassy.gov/op_ed_04222006.html|title=Our Alliance Against Terrorism|accessdate=2007-07-15|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| Transit |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| Transit |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| Destination |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#e6d9ff" colspan=2| [[Trafficking in human beings|Human Trafficking]]<ref name="PKK US Embassy, Turkey"/> |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| Origin |
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|bgcolor="#e6f9ff" align=center| Origin |
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|bgcolor="#e6e9ff" align=center| |
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|} |
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The PKK operates in Turkey, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.<ref name="militaryacts" /> One pattern is apparent after 1984, PKK began to use [[Maoism#Military strategy|Maoist theory of people's war]].<ref>"The rise and fall of the PKK", by [[Michael Radu]], Orbis (Winter 2001)</ref><ref>The politics of the PKK (Kurdish Workers Party): a balance sheet, By Ute Reissner and Justus Leicht, World Socialist (1999)</ref> There are three phases in this theory. The militant base during the initial years was coming from different sources, so the first two phases were diffused to each other. |
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In the first phase (1978-1984), the PKK tried to gain the support of the population. It attacked the machinery of government and distributed propaganda in the region. PKK tactics were based on [[ambush]], [[sabotage]], [[riot]]s, protests, and [[demonstration]]s against the Turkish government. PKK has also been accused of violent attacks on individual civilians or residential areas (Kurds and non-Kurds alike), who refused to co-operate with the PKK or were suspected of collaborating with the Turkish authorities. During these years, the PKK fought a turf war against other predominantly Kurdish organisations in Turkey. The PKK effectively used the prison force to gain appeal among the population.<ref>Immigration Appeals: 2nd - 3rd Quarter (2004), by Great Britain Immigration Appeal Tribunal</ref> In the whole Turkey, this period was characterized by [[Right-wing and left-wing armed conflicts (Republic of Turkey)|violent clashes]] which culminated in the [[1980 military coup in Turkey|1980 military coup]]. |
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In the second phase (1984-1999), which followed the return of civilian rule in 1983, escalating attacks were made on the government's military and vital institutions all over the country. The objective was to destabilise Turkish authority through a long, low-intensity confrontation. In addition to skirmishing with Turkish military and police forces and local [[village guards]], the PKK has conducted [[suicide bombing]] on government and police installations, as well as at local tourist sites. [[Kidnapping]] and [[assassination]] against government officials and Kurdish tribal leaders who were named as puppets of the state were performed as well. Widespread [[sabotage]]s were continued from the first stage. PKK performed [[kidnapping]] western [[tourist]]s, primarily in [[Istanbul]] but also at different resorts. PKK has also attacked Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities across [[Western Europe]]. |
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In the third phase, or "guerrilla stage", [[conventional fighting]] was used to seize cities, overthrow the government and take control of the country. PKK seized cities during the highest activity period, and it also had consequences on the functioning of the Turkish parliament through Turkey's own election system, but there was no case during an active conflict that PKK manage to sustain its flag in a region within the borders of Turkey. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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<br clear=all/> |
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==Militant activities== |
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Since its creation in the 1970s, amid [[Right-wing and left-wing armed conflicts (Republic of Turkey)|violent clashes in the whole of Turkey]] which culminated in the [[1980 military coup in Turkey|1980 military coup]], the PKK has developed into a paramilitary organization. The conflict between PKK and the Turkish state rendered much of southeastern Turkey a war zone in the late 1980s and 1990s. Its actions have taken place mainly in Turkey and against Turkish targets in other countries, although it has on occasions co-operated with other Kurdish nationalist paramilitary groups in neighboring states, such as Iraq and Iran.<ref>Cordesman, Anthony H. ''Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction''</ref> The PKK argued that its violent actions were justified by the need to defend Kurds in the context of what it considered as the massive cultural suppression of Kurdish identity (including the 1983 [[Turkish Language Act Ban]]) and cultural rights carried out by the governments of the region. In its campaign, the PKK has been accused of carrying out atrocities against both Turkish and Kurdish civilians and its actions have been criticised by [[human rights]] groups such as [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]]. Actions of the [[Turkey|Turkish state]] in the past have also been criticised by these same groups. In effect, the Turkish state has led a series of [[counter-insurgency]] operations against the PKK, accompanied by political measures, starting with an explicit denunciation of separatism in the [[Constitution of Turkey|1982 Constitution]], and including proclamation of the [[state of emergency]] in various PKK-controlled territories starting in 1983 (when the military relinquished political control to the civilians). This series of [[Administrative reforms against terrorism (Republic of Turkey)|administrative reforms against terrorism]] included in 1985 the creation of [[village guard system]] by the then prime minister [[Turgut Özal]] who is of partial Kurdish descent. All in all, this [[low intensity conflict]] which has lasted more than thirty years has had a [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party|number of effects in the Turkish territory]]. Furthermore, this conflict is an important part concerning the negotiations between Turkey and the [[European Union]] (EU) about its eventual [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|integration to the EU]]. |
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[[Eric Rouleau]], in the November/December 2000 edition of '[[Foreign Affairs]]', states: |
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:"According to the Turkish Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies".<ref name=rouleau>{{cite journal |last=Rouleau |first=Eric |year=2000 |month=November/December |title=Turkey's Dream of Democracy |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=79 |issue=6 |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html}}</ref><ref name=housegov>{{cite web|url=http://wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/107/73068.pdf |title=U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle |publisher=The House of Representatives |lastaccessmonthday=September 1 |lastaccessyear=2006}}</ref> |
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In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an effort to win increased support from the Kurdish peasantry, the PKK altered its leftist secular ideology to better accommodate and accept Islamic beliefs. The group also abandoned its previous strategy of attacking Kurdish civilians, focusing instead on government and tourist targets.<ref name=miptpkkmain>{{cite web|url=http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=63|author=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base|title=Group Profile: Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)|accessdate=2007-04-17}}</ref> |
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===Tactics=== |
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The areas in which the group operates are generally mountainous rural areas and dense urban areas. The mountainous terrain offers an advantage to members of the PKK by allowing them to hide in a network of caves and making military air operations, especially helicopter use, hazardous for the Turkish Armed Forces. While in urban areas, PKK members are often able to blend in with the local population. |
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The group has been planting mines.<ref name="mine">[http://www.icbl.org/lm/country/turkey Landmine Monitor]</ref> Use of these mines has led to civilian deaths, in part due to accidental triggering by civilian trucks and buses rather than the intended military [[armoured vehicle]]s.<ref name="mine" /> |
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===University of Ankara study=== |
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The PKK is known to use children within its militant force and a recent study by the University of Ankara’s Health Sciences Institute has examined the motivations of some children captured from the organization. Of those surveyed, 86% had joined the PKK to bolster their families incomes following offers that it would provide for their families in return.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6673759.asp?gid=180|title=Hepsi kandırılmış çocuklar|language=Turkish|publisher=[[Hürriyet]]|author=[[University of Ankara]]|accessdate=2007-06-09}}</ref> All of the children reported that these offers were not fulfilled.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild"/> 80% of those surveyed also reported that they had actively stopped other family members—usually younger brothers—from joining the organization too.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild"/> The study also reported that 60% of those surveyed had an education level below high school level.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild"/> |
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When asked why they stayed in the PKK rather than turning themselves in to the authorities, two thirds stated that they were afraid of being caught by the PKK as reprisals are not just limited to physical harm towards the militant; their families would be at risk as well.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild"/> Five percent said that it was from fear of punishment by the Turkish Republic.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild"/> The study also examined attitudes toward gender equality within the organization. 88% of the subjects reported that, despite its Marxist ideology and claims that equality is a key objective, there was no equality within the organization.<ref name="Hurriyet DecievedChild"/> |
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===Counter tactics by Turkish Armed Forces === <!-- This should not be the right article for it --> |
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To counter the PKK's activities, the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] have waged a [[counter-insurgency]] warfare, that continues to this day. This has included the use of [[Special Action Teams]], composed primarily of former army and [[Jandarma]] officers and noncommissioned officers. These [[pseudo-teams]] dress like PKK fighters. They have been accused of "[[vigilante justice]]" in executing suspected PKK members, and have reportedly been recruited heavily from the right-wing [[Nationalist Movement Party]] (MHP).<ref> Lawrence E. Cline (2005) ''Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from other countries'', [[Strategic Studies Institute]], [http://www.blackwaterusa.com/btw2005/articles/080105counter.pdf page 14] </ref><!-- Blackwater USA, lovely --> The youth branch of the MHP, known as [[Grey Wolves]], whom a lot had been arrested after the [[1980 military coup in Turkey|1980 military coup]] after having taken a central part in the 1970s years of lead, were quickly released by the Turkish state in exchange of taking part in the counter-insurgency, which was coherent with their ultra-nationalism. Along with [[Counter-Guerrilla]], the Turkish branch of the [[NATO]] [[stay-behind]] anti-communist clandestine paramilitary networks, these paramilitary units fought the PKK killing and torturing thousands in the 1980s. Dressed up as PKK fighters, they executed people as a form of [[psychological warfare]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hr-action.org/thr/LATimes041298.htm |title=Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured |author=[[Martin A. Lee]] |date=[[April 12]], [[1998]] |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050831062447/http://www.hr-action.org/thr/LATimes041298.htm |archivedate=2005-08-31}}</ref> The fact that Counter-Guerrilla had engaged in torture during these [[covert operation]]s was confirmed by Talat Turhan, a retired Turkish lieutenant colonel. |
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<!-- a 'those evil Turks' comment, definitely wrong article --> |
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In a report published on [[28 January]] [[1997]], the Turkish government’s chief inspector, Savas, described how the army’s "special war" units had also become involved in protection rackets, blackmail, rape and drug trafficking. The report also describes how the Turkish government handed over the security of the large area around the towns of Siverek and Hilvan to the private army of tribal chief [[Sedat Bucak]], an MP close to former Prime minister [[Tansu Çiller]]. A version of the report published in Turkish daily ''[[Radikal]]'' on [[February 4]], [[1998]], stated: |
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<blockquote> "In the region under State of Emergency [the Kurdish provinces], the authority to apply the death sentence has been brought down to the level of low-ranking officers and, even more seriously, to repentant prisoners, who were the terrorists of yesterday and are the potential criminals of tomorrow ... When persons have been handed over from one state service to another, after a case has been adjourned in the courts, and are found dead under a bridge, it is obvious that one cannot speak of murders by unknown perpetrators." <!--(Is it from Radikal or Le Monde? I don't understand?)--><ref name="Mondediplo"> [http://mondediplo.com/1998/07/05turkey Turkey’s pivotal role in the international drug trade], ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', July 1998 {{en icon}}/{{fr icon}}</ref></blockquote> |
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==Effects== |
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{{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2007}} |
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{{Main|Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party}} |
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As a self-styled revolutionary [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] organization, PKK claimed there was a "''mass violence by Turkish state on the Kurd identity''" to justify its activities. The main goal of its activities was to alienate the people from the state by pushing security forces into more and more overt and repressive counter-measures. The [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Political.2FJustice|Political-Justice]] section extends the results of this ideology and methods of the democratic processes and the justice system in Turkey. In a democratic system, an ideology that questions the state's legitimacy, will of its population and its security apparatus was difficult to be accepted as a political view, which was shaped under [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#HEP.2FDEP.2FHADEP|HEP/DEP/HADEP]] story. Turkish government authorities did not negotiate with the organization, so [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Non governmental Organisations .28NGO.29|regional NGOs]] there were no communication channels between the sides. The ill-formed language ban of 1983 and Terrorism Act of 1991 were significant events. Also, amnesties were interesting events during the conflict time, as each amnesty gave more human resources to the organization. The prison as a rehabilitation concept was a failure. The people who were jailed for non-violent activities were becoming militants during their jail time. Government's military operations against the prisons were the highest point in this failure. |
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As a revolutionary [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] organization, the PKK perceived Turkish society as one that was deformed by capitalism and imperialism. The PKK unleashed its aggression on enemies spanning all classes (farmers, business, etc.) and those that it considered puppets of the state. The [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Economy|cost]] of PKK's actions are significant. PKK had drastic effects on [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Regional Economy|regional economy]], as targeted infrastructure of the region. Regions' inability to join the economical activities were associated with the [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Work Force|work force]], costs (insurance premiums, facility costs, loss of trained personnel etc.), and productivity (loss of work time, travel restrictions, inability to move rapidly etc). The region has had a very high historical tourism potential and it has been dormant because of the terrorism threat for many years. |
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The integration into social and economical activities are developed within the education system. [[Effects of the Kurdistan Workers Party#Education|Educational]] activities were targeted by the PKK. Because the majority of the people are very resilient to the effects of political violence, young people form a high risk group because of their undeveloped personalities. The effects of political violence on the newer generations is an important issue because, at the moment, the new generation in areas affected by the conflict have no experience living under what would be considered normal conditions. |
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<!-- Wrong article again |
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-->According to a July 1998 article by ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', |
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the conflict has weighted heavily on the Turkish state's budget. In 1993, a sum of $70m was allocated from the prime minister’s secret funds. According to Mr Savas, this sum was used mainly for buying weapons and anti-terrorist equipment from Israel and for external operations. [[Irregular unit]]s in the conflictual zones have had to find ways to finance themselves, including racketeering and secret funding. Sedat Bucak has been alleged by the French newspaper to have under his orders 20,000 men, while the [[village guards]] pro-government Kurdish militias created in the mid-1980s would number to a total of 64,000.<ref name="Mondediplo"/> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Separatism#Ethnic.2Fracial separatism|Ethnic seperatism]] |
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* [[Terrorism]] |
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* [[Operation Northern Iraq]] |
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* [[Operation Steel]] |
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* [[Operation Hammer (1997)]] |
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* [[Blackwater USA arms smuggling allegations]] |
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* [[Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey]] |
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* [[Kurds in Turkey]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|1}} |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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;Online |
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* {{cite web|url= http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/28B052FC3CCE4009CA2570DF000FB458?OpenDocument |publisher=Australian Government|title = Kurdistan Workers Party|quote=listed in Australia (as a terrorist organization) on [[17 December]] [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-09-01}} |
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* {{cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060630045559/http://www.ict.org.il/organizations/orgdet.cfm?orgid=20 |archivedate= [[June 30]], [[2006]] |url= http://www.ict.org.il/organizations/orgdet.cfm?orgid=20 | publisher = [[International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism]] (ICT) |title= Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) |accessdate=2007-09-01}} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-01|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4305692.stm |title= Turkey at the drugs crossroads|date= [[October 6]], [[2005]]}} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-01|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/535312.stm|title= Ocalan: Which way now?|date=[[November 21]], [[2000]]}} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-01|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/358115.stm|title= Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels|date=[[June 2]] [[1999]]}} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-01|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4688575.stm |title=Turkish resort blast kills five |date= [[July 16]], [[2005]]}} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-01|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3200907.stm |title= Kurdish rebels abandon truce|date= [[September 2]], [[2003]] }} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-01|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/234429.stm|title=Ocalan renounces armed struggle |date= [[December 14]], [[1998]]}} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=2007-09-01|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,1482808,00.html |title= Radical firebrand who led bloody nationalist war |date= [[May 13]], [[2005]]|first=Michael |last=Howard }} |
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* {{cite news|publisher=Hürriyet USA citing the New Yorker|accessdate=2007-09-01|url= http://www.hurriyetusa.com/haber/haber_detay.asp?id=10187|title= ABD, PKK'nın İran kolunu destekliyor|date= [[November 20]], [[2006]]|lang= Turkish}}<!-- if possible we should find the original English version --> |
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<!--* {{cite news|publisher=|accessdate=2007-09-01|url= |title= |date= |first= |last= }}--> |
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</div> |
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==External links== |
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{{Commonscat|Kurdistan Workers Party}} |
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*[http://www.turkishweekly.net/articles.php?id=217 Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976-2006)] |
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* [http://www.newstin.com/us/kurdistan-workers-party News articles about Kurdistan Workers Party] |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7044760.stm Profile: PKK rebel group], 15 October 2007 |
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*[http://turcopundit.blogspot.com/2007/11/abd-ve-pkk-ilikisi-zerine-notlar_23.html Notes on U.S.-PKK Relations ('''in Turkish)],''' 22 November 2007 |
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[[Category:Kurdistan Workers Party| ]] |
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[[Category:Secessionist organizations]] |
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[[Category:U.S. State Department designated terrorist organizations]] |
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[[Category:Political parties established in 1978]] |
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[[Category:Terrorism in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Secession in Turkey]] |
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[[ar:حزب العمال الكردستاني]] |
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[[bg:Кюрдска работническа партия]] |
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[[ca:Partit dels Treballadors del Kurdistan]] |
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[[de:Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans]] |
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[[es:Partido de los Trabajadores de Kurdistán]] |
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[[eo:PKK]] |
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[[eu:Kurdistango Langileen Alderdia]] |
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[[fa:حزب کارگران کردستان]] |
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[[fr:Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan]] |
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[[gl:Partido dos Traballadores do Curdistán]] |
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[[it:Partîya Karkerén Kurdîstan]] |
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[[he:מפלגת הפועלים של כורדיסטן]] |
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[[ku:Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan]] |
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[[lt:Kurdistano darbininkų partija]] |
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[[nl:Koerdische Arbeiderspartij]] |
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[[ja:クルディスタン労働者党]] |
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[[no:Kurdistans Arbeiderparti]] |
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[[pl:Partia Pracujących Kurdystanu]] |
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[[pt:Partido dos Trabalhadores do Curdistão]] |
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[[ru:Рабочая партия Курдистана]] |
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[[sq:Partia e Punëtorëve të Kurdistanit]] |
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[[fi:Kurdistanin työväenpuolue]] |
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[[sv:PKK]] |
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[[tr:Kürdistan İşçi Partisi]] |
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[[uk:Робітнича партія Курдистану]] |
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[[zh:库尔德工人党]] |
Revision as of 21:10, 6 December 2007
İSTİKLAL MARŞI
Korkma, sönmez bu şafaklarda yüzen al sancak; Sönmeden yurdumun üstünde tüten en son ocak. O benim milletimin yıldızıdır, parlayacak; O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak.
Çatma, kurban olayım, çehreni ey nazlı hilal!' Kahraman ırkıma bir gül! Ne bu şiddet, bu celâl? Sana olmaz dökülen kanlarımız sonra helâl... Hakkıdır, Hakk'a tapan, milletimin istiklâl!
Ben ezelden beridir hür yaşadım, hür yaşarım. Hangi çılgın bana zincir vuracakmış? Şaşarım! Kükremiş sel gibiyim, bendimi çiğner, aşarım. Yırtarım dağları, enginlere sığmam, taşarım.
Garbın âfakını sarmışsa çelik zırhlı duvar, Benim iman dolu göğsüm gibi serhaddım var. Ulusun, korkma! Nasıl böyle bir imanı boğar, 'Medeniyet!' dediğin tek dişi kalmış canavar?
Arkadaş! Yurduma alçakları uğratma, sakın. Siper et gövdeni, dursun bu hayasızca akın. Doğacaktır sana va'dettiği günler hakk'ın... Kim bilir, belki yarın, belki yarından da yakın.
Bastığın yerleri 'toprak!' diyerek geçme, tanı: Düşün altında binlerce kefensiz yatanı. Sen şehit oğlusun, incitme, yazıktır, atanı: Verme, dünyaları alsan da, bu cennet vatanı.
Kim bu cennet vatanın uğruna olmaz ki feda? Şuhedâ fışkıracak toprağı sıksan, şuheda! Cânı, cânânı, bütün varımı alsın da hüda, Etmesin tek vatanımdan beni dünyada cüda.
Ruhumun senden, ilâhi, şudur ancak emeli: Değmesin mâbedimin göğsüne namahrem eli. Bu ezanlar-ki şahadetleri dinin temeli, Ebedi yurdumun üstünde benim inlemeli.
O zaman vecd ile bin secde eder -varsa- taşım, Her cerihamdan, ilâhi, boşanıp kanlı yaşım, Fışkırır ruh-i mücerred gibi yerden nâ'şım; O zaman yükselerek arşa değer belki başım.
Dalgalan sen de şafaklar gibi ey şanlı hilâl! Olsun artık dökülen kanlarımın hepsi helâl. Ebediyen sana yok, ırkıma yok izmihlâl: Hakkıdır, hür yaşamış, bayrağımın hürriyet; Hakkıdır, Hakk'a tapan, milletimin istiklâl!
Mehmet Akif Ersoy