per source; many similar sentences exist in the lead |
It’s important that we stick to sources that discuss the Kosovo Myth (specific legend and narratve) strictly. |
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The '''Kosovo [[Myth]]''' ({{lang-sr|Косовски мит}} / ''Kosovski mit''), or the '''Kosovo [[Cult (religious practice)|Cult]]''' (Косовски култ / ''Kosovski kult'') is a political and historical narrative which emerged in its modern form in 19th-century [[Serbia]] and served as an important constitutive element of the national identity of modern Serbia and its politics, particularly after the [[Congress of Berlin]].<ref name="Ognjenovic"/> |
The '''Kosovo [[Myth]]''' ({{lang-sr|Косовски мит}} / ''Kosovski mit''), or the '''Kosovo [[Cult (religious practice)|Cult]]''' (Косовски култ / ''Kosovski kult'') is a political and historical narrative which emerged in its modern form in 19th-century [[Serbia]] and served as an important constitutive element of the national identity of modern Serbia and its politics, particularly after the [[Congress of Berlin]].<ref name="Ognjenovic"/> |
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The original narratives which were propagagated by the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] asserted that the [[Battle of Kosovo]] (June 1389) symbolizes a martyrdom of the Serbian nation in defense of their honor and [[Christendom]] against [[Turkish people|Turks]]. The essence of the myth is that during the battle, [[Serbs]], headed by [[Prince Lazar]], lost because they consciously sacrificed the earthly kingdom ([[Serbian Empire]]) in order to gain the [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. The original function of the myth and the distinction between earthly and heavenly power was to legitimize both the authority of the Serbian Orthodox Church over religious affairs and that of the Ottoman Empire as the state which ruled the region.<ref name="Ognjenovic"/> The |
The original narratives which were propagagated by the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] asserted that the [[Battle of Kosovo]] (June 1389) symbolizes a martyrdom of the Serbian nation in defense of their honor and [[Christendom]] against [[Turkish people|Turks]]. The essence of the myth is that during the battle, [[Serbs]], headed by [[Prince Lazar]], lost because they consciously sacrificed the earthly kingdom ([[Serbian Empire]]) in order to gain the [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. The original function of the myth and the distinction between earthly and heavenly power was to legitimize both the authority of the Serbian Orthodox Church over religious affairs and that of the Ottoman Empire as the state which ruled the region.<ref name="Ognjenovic"/> The myth established the “heavenly Serbia” narrative.<ref name="Segesten2011"/> |
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The legend of Kosovo was not created immediately after the battle but evolved from different originators into various versions.<ref>{{harvnb|Greenawalt|2001|p=52}}</ref> The legend evolved slowly through chronicles and particularly the oral tradition of Serbs. Since its establishment, the Kosovo Myth and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exposition was intertwined with political and ideological agendas.<ref name="Ognjenovic"/><ref name="Živković2011">{{cite book|first=Marko |last=Živković|title=Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn_F3uZ7DTEC&pg=PA189|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22306-7|page=189|quote=From its very inception the myth of Kosovo and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exegesis was intertwined with political agendas and ideologies....}}</ref> Since the 19th century period of national revivals in Europe, the Kosovo Myth became a structural element of national ideology in Serbia, as well as a crucial element of cultural and political homogenization of Serbs, and later of members of other South Slavic nations ([[Yugoslavs]]). The basic elements of the Kosovo Myth are vengeance, martyrdom, betrayal and glory. This myth dominated political discourse in Serbia until the end of the 20th century.<ref name="Duijzings2000">{{cite book|first=Gerlachlus |last=Duijzings|title=Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPvGOHR2RsC&pg=PA206|date=January 2000|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-392-9|page=206|quote=Until recently the Kosovo myth has dominated political discourse in Serbia}}</ref> The Kosovo myth is incorporated into the Serb national identity's multifaceted [[mythomoteur]].{{sfn|Stoianovich|1994|p=303}} The Albanian nationalism in Kosovo has its own narratives, that counter with the Serb Kosovo myth.<ref name="M1998"/> |
The legend of Kosovo was not created immediately after the battle but evolved from different originators into various versions.<ref>{{harvnb|Greenawalt|2001|p=52}}</ref> The legend evolved slowly through chronicles and particularly the oral tradition of Serbs. Since its establishment, the Kosovo Myth and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exposition was intertwined with political and ideological agendas.<ref name="Ognjenovic"/><ref name="Živković2011">{{cite book|first=Marko |last=Živković|title=Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn_F3uZ7DTEC&pg=PA189|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22306-7|page=189|quote=From its very inception the myth of Kosovo and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exegesis was intertwined with political agendas and ideologies....}}</ref> Since the 19th century period of national revivals in Europe, the Kosovo Myth became a structural element of national ideology in Serbia, as well as a crucial element of cultural and political homogenization of Serbs, and later of members of other South Slavic nations ([[Yugoslavs]]). The basic elements of the Kosovo Myth are vengeance, martyrdom, betrayal and glory. This myth dominated political discourse in Serbia until the end of the 20th century.<ref name="Duijzings2000">{{cite book|first=Gerlachlus |last=Duijzings|title=Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPvGOHR2RsC&pg=PA206|date=January 2000|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-392-9|page=206|quote=Until recently the Kosovo myth has dominated political discourse in Serbia}}</ref> The Kosovo myth is incorporated into the Serb national identity's multifaceted [[mythomoteur]].{{sfn|Stoianovich|1994|p=303}} The Albanian nationalism in Kosovo has its own narratives, that counter with the Serb Kosovo myth.<ref name="M1998"/> |
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The Kosovo Myth presents the battle as "a titanic contest between Christian Europe and the Islamic East" in which [[Tsar Lazar]] renounced "the earthly kingdom for a heavenly one".{{sfn|Ramet|2005|p=149}} Although Serbia's strategic fall was the [[Battle of Maritsa]] in 1371, Kosovo was the spiritual fall of Serbia and a beginning of a new era for the [[Serbs]]. The real battle was not as decisive as presented by the myth because the final downfall of medieval Serbia happened 70 years after it, in 1459, when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] captured [[Smederevo]].<ref name="VankovskaWiberg2003">{{cite book|author1=Biljana Vankovska|author2=Haken Wiberg|title=Between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in Post-Communist Balkan States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygb-6afEakIC&pg=PA227|date=24 October 2003|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-624-9|page=227}}</ref> |
The Kosovo Myth presents the battle as "a titanic contest between Christian Europe and the Islamic East" in which [[Tsar Lazar]] renounced "the earthly kingdom for a heavenly one".{{sfn|Ramet|2005|p=149}} Although Serbia's strategic fall was the [[Battle of Maritsa]] in 1371, Kosovo was the spiritual fall of Serbia and a beginning of a new era for the [[Serbs]]. The real battle was not as decisive as presented by the myth because the final downfall of medieval Serbia happened 70 years after it, in 1459, when the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] captured [[Smederevo]].<ref name="VankovskaWiberg2003">{{cite book|author1=Biljana Vankovska|author2=Haken Wiberg|title=Between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in Post-Communist Balkan States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygb-6afEakIC&pg=PA227|date=24 October 2003|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-624-9|page=227}}</ref> |
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The Kosovo Myth pictures Serbia as ''[[Antemurale Christianitatis]]'' (Bulwark of Christianity), similarly to constructions of the other nations in the Balkans.<ref name="VankovskaWiberg2003"/> It is sometimes propagated to evoke a sense of pride and national grievance among Serbs.{{sfn|Kaufman|2001|p=16}} |
The Kosovo Myth pictures Serbia as ''[[Antemurale Christianitatis]]'' (Bulwark of Christianity), similarly to constructions of the other nations in the Balkans.<ref name="VankovskaWiberg2003"/> It is sometimes propagated to evoke a sense of pride and national grievance among Serbs.{{sfn|Kaufman|2001|p=16}} Since the battle on [[Kosovo Polje]], this hill came to be seen as the “cradle of Serbia” and one of the most Serb nation’s most [[holy place|holy places]].<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/> |
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== In Serbia == |
== In Serbia == |
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The Kosovo Myth existed in the Serbian oral tradition for centuries, until it was recorded by early collectors like [[Vuk Karadžić]] and, as the myths of other nations, it was revived at times of major historic events such as the [[Balkan Wars]] and [[World War I]].<ref name="harvnb|Trgovčević|1996">{{harvnb|Trgovčević|1996|}}</ref> Used during the Yugoslavia period to argue for Serb leadership and a Greater Serbia.{{dubious|date=July 2020}}{{verification needed|date=July 2020}}<ref name="Sullivan2016"/><ref name="Elsie1997"/> It was one of the factors that led to the [[Kosovo War]].{{dubious|date=July 2020}}{{verification needed|date=July 2020}}<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/><ref name="Radovic2014">{{cite book|author=Milja Radovic|title=Transnational Cinema and Ideology: Representing Religion, Identity and Cultural Myths|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|p=67}}</ref> |
The Kosovo Myth existed in the Serbian oral tradition for centuries, until it was recorded by early collectors like [[Vuk Karadžić]] and, as the myths of other nations, it was revived at times of major historic events such as the [[Balkan Wars]] and [[World War I]].<ref name="harvnb|Trgovčević|1996">{{harvnb|Trgovčević|1996|}}</ref> Used during the Yugoslavia period to argue for Serb leadership and a Greater Serbia.{{dubious|date=July 2020}}{{verification needed|date=July 2020}}<ref name="Sullivan2016"/><ref name="Elsie1997"/> It was one of the factors that led to the [[Kosovo War]].{{dubious|date=July 2020}}{{verification needed|date=July 2020}}<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/><ref name="Radovic2014">{{cite book|author=Milja Radovic|title=Transnational Cinema and Ideology: Representing Religion, Identity and Cultural Myths|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|p=67}}</ref> |
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The Kosovo Myth was used to create a Serbian victimization narrative.{{sfn|Segesten|2009|p=180}} This myth and its connection to the Serbian victim-centered position was used to legitimize reincorporation of the whole Kosovo into Serbia.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> The Kosovo Myth was activated and linked to the metaphors of 'genocide'.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> Islamized Albanians were presented by Serb writers as a treacherous and violent people who were settled in Kosovo to collaborate with Ottoman occupiers and terrorize Christian Serbs.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> They were at times accused of persecution and genocide of Kosovo Serbs since the Middle Ages.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> This portrayal included claims of a centuries-long genocide of Serbs continued in the 19th century through the forcible expulsion of up to 150,000 Serbs, and also in [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]'s Yugoslavia that 'morally disqualified' Albanians to claim any control of Kosovo at the expense of Serbs.<ref name="Macdonald2002">{{cite book|first=David Bruce |last=Macdonald|title=Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBjrJyen4FEC&pg=PA75|year=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8|pages=75, 76, 78}}</ref> The myth was used by the Milosevic government and Serbian Orthodox Church to create a narrative of superior Serbdom in conflict with barbarian forces, in order to justify violent actions that were being planned at the time.<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/> This way, the myth became one of the factors that led to the [[Kosovo War]].<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/> |
The Kosovo Myth was used to create a Serbian victimization narrative.{{sfn|Segesten|2009|p=180}} This myth and its connection to the Serbian victim-centered position was used to legitimize reincorporation of the whole Kosovo into Serbia.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> The Kosovo Myth was activated and linked to the metaphors of 'genocide'.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> Islamized Albanians were presented by Serb writers as a treacherous and violent people who were settled in Kosovo to collaborate with Ottoman occupiers and terrorize Christian Serbs.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> They were at times accused of persecution and genocide of Kosovo Serbs since the Middle Ages.<ref name="Macdonald2002"/> This portrayal included claims of a centuries-long genocide of Serbs continued in the 19th century through the forcible expulsion of up to 150,000 Serbs, and also in [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]'s Yugoslavia that 'morally disqualified' Albanians to claim any control of Kosovo at the expense of Serbs.<ref name="Macdonald2002">{{cite book|first=David Bruce |last=Macdonald|title=Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBjrJyen4FEC&pg=PA75|year=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8|pages=75, 76, 78}}</ref> The myth was used by the Milosevic government and Serbian Orthodox Church to create a narrative of superior Serbdom in conflict with barbarian forces, in order to justify violent actions that were being planned at the time.<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/> This way, the myth became one of the factors that led to the [[Kosovo War]].<ref name="KnudsenLaustsen2006"/> The Kosovo Myth was reinforced after the great losses during World War I, which led to confusion among Serbian nationalists between the Serbian and Yugoslav states.<ref name="Sullivan2016"/> |
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One of the most notable Serbian artists [[Đura Jakšić]] wrote and painted inspired by the Kosovo Myth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scindeks.ceon.rs/Error.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/article.aspx|title=Kosovski mit u poeziji Đure Jakšića|website=scindeks.ceon.rs|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> Serbian scholar and [[Hellenist]] [[Miloš N. Đurić]] explored some elements of the [[Kosovo Myth]] from the standpoint of [[ethics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/228568421/Vidovdanska-Etika-Milos-Djuric|title=Vidovdanska Etika Milos Djuric|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=541869|title=Na helenskim izvorima|website=Nedeljnik Vreme|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> |
One of the most notable Serbian artists [[Đura Jakšić]] wrote and painted inspired by the Kosovo Myth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scindeks.ceon.rs/Error.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/article.aspx|title=Kosovski mit u poeziji Đure Jakšića|website=scindeks.ceon.rs|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> Serbian scholar and [[Hellenist]] [[Miloš N. Đurić]] explored some elements of the [[Kosovo Myth]] from the standpoint of [[ethics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/228568421/Vidovdanska-Etika-Milos-Djuric|title=Vidovdanska Etika Milos Djuric|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=541869|title=Na helenskim izvorima|website=Nedeljnik Vreme|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> |
Revision as of 13:04, 23 July 2020
The Kosovo Myth (Serbian: Косовски мит / Kosovski mit), or the Kosovo Cult (Косовски култ / Kosovski kult) is a political and historical narrative which emerged in its modern form in 19th-century Serbia and served as an important constitutive element of the national identity of modern Serbia and its politics, particularly after the Congress of Berlin.[1]
The original narratives which were propagagated by the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire asserted that the Battle of Kosovo (June 1389) symbolizes a martyrdom of the Serbian nation in defense of their honor and Christendom against Turks. The essence of the myth is that during the battle, Serbs, headed by Prince Lazar, lost because they consciously sacrificed the earthly kingdom (Serbian Empire) in order to gain the Kingdom of Heaven. The original function of the myth and the distinction between earthly and heavenly power was to legitimize both the authority of the Serbian Orthodox Church over religious affairs and that of the Ottoman Empire as the state which ruled the region.[1] The myth established the “heavenly Serbia” narrative.[2]
The legend of Kosovo was not created immediately after the battle but evolved from different originators into various versions.[3] The legend evolved slowly through chronicles and particularly the oral tradition of Serbs. Since its establishment, the Kosovo Myth and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exposition was intertwined with political and ideological agendas.[1][4] Since the 19th century period of national revivals in Europe, the Kosovo Myth became a structural element of national ideology in Serbia, as well as a crucial element of cultural and political homogenization of Serbs, and later of members of other South Slavic nations (Yugoslavs). The basic elements of the Kosovo Myth are vengeance, martyrdom, betrayal and glory. This myth dominated political discourse in Serbia until the end of the 20th century.[5] The Kosovo myth is incorporated into the Serb national identity's multifaceted mythomoteur.[6] The Albanian nationalism in Kosovo has its own narratives, that counter with the Serb Kosovo myth.[7]
The essence and basic elements of the myth
The essence of this myth is the struggle for freedom through the defense of Christianity and the establishment of the free state. Its basic elements are:[8][dubious ][verification needed]
- Vengeance – to restore the Serbian medieval state on the territories where it once existed
- Martyrdom – to sacrifice for freedom and faith
- Betrayal – justifies defeat and warns those who do not support the Serbian cause, such as Vuk Branković
- Glory – those who sacrifice themselves are promised "the kingdom of heaven" and eternal glory, such as Prince Lazar and Miloš Obilić
The Kosovo Myth presents the battle as "a titanic contest between Christian Europe and the Islamic East" in which Tsar Lazar renounced "the earthly kingdom for a heavenly one".[9] Although Serbia's strategic fall was the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, Kosovo was the spiritual fall of Serbia and a beginning of a new era for the Serbs. The real battle was not as decisive as presented by the myth because the final downfall of medieval Serbia happened 70 years after it, in 1459, when the Ottomans captured Smederevo.[10]
The Kosovo Myth pictures Serbia as Antemurale Christianitatis (Bulwark of Christianity), similarly to constructions of the other nations in the Balkans.[10] It is sometimes propagated to evoke a sense of pride and national grievance among Serbs.[11] Since the battle on Kosovo Polje, this hill came to be seen as the “cradle of Serbia” and one of the most Serb nation’s most holy places.[12]
In Serbia
The scale of interpretations of the Kosovo Myth is undeniably one of the richest. It can be interpreted as "democratic, anti-feudal, with a love for justice and social equality".[13] The myth can be interpreted in different ways in connection with other myths like: myth of military valor, myth of victimhood, myth of salvation and myth of chosen people.[14] Since its late 19th century ideological construction,[15] the Kosovo myth describes Kosovo as the metaphorical cradle of the Serb nation, and the Serbs as a chosen people.[12][16][2] The idea of Kosovo being the cradle of Serbia has been criticized in terms of historical validity, since the first Slav tribes settled outside the territory of Kosovo in the 7th century, and became central, at least economically and geographically, in the 13th century.[7] Albanian nationalism in Kosovo has its own narratives, that counter with the Serb Kosovo myth.[7]
Until 19th century
Medieval church writers of the Serbian Orthodox Church portrayed Prince Lazar as a servant of God whose death was martyrdom for the faith, while Serbs are portrayed as "heavenly people"[dubious ][verification needed] who defended Christianity against Islam. Oral epic poetry and folk songs further cultivated the Kosovo Myth. Military defeat in the Kosovo Battle was portrayed as moral victory.[17] The centrality of the Kosovo Myth was one of the main causes for merging ethnic and Orthodox Christian religious identity of Serbs.[18] The division of earthly and heavenly power and the choice of the latter by Lazar was meant by the church as a tool of legitimization of Ottoman power among Orthodox Slavs, while at the same time the myth enforced the primacy of the Serbian Orthodox Church over religious affairs.[1]
Since the 19th century
The Kosovo Myth became a central myth of Serbian nationalism used in the 19th century.[19] Throughout most of the century it didn't carry its later importance, as the Principality of Serbia saw the region of Bosnia as its core, not Kosovo. The Congress of Berlin (1878) was the event which caused the elevation of the Kosovo myth in its modern status. The region of Bosnia was effectively handed out to Austria-Hungary and Serbian expansion towards that area was blocked, which in turn left southwards expansion towards Kosovo as the only available geopolitical alternative for the Serbian state.[1]
In the 1860s, the Kosovo myth was used as a theme to champion freedom among Serb liberals and radicals which resulted in the birth of Serbian critical historiography.[20]
The Kosovo Myth existed in the Serbian oral tradition for centuries, until it was recorded by early collectors like Vuk Karadžić and, as the myths of other nations, it was revived at times of major historic events such as the Balkan Wars and World War I.[8] Used during the Yugoslavia period to argue for Serb leadership and a Greater Serbia.[dubious ][verification needed][21][22] It was one of the factors that led to the Kosovo War.[dubious ][verification needed][12][23]
The Kosovo Myth was used to create a Serbian victimization narrative.[24] This myth and its connection to the Serbian victim-centered position was used to legitimize reincorporation of the whole Kosovo into Serbia.[25] The Kosovo Myth was activated and linked to the metaphors of 'genocide'.[25] Islamized Albanians were presented by Serb writers as a treacherous and violent people who were settled in Kosovo to collaborate with Ottoman occupiers and terrorize Christian Serbs.[25] They were at times accused of persecution and genocide of Kosovo Serbs since the Middle Ages.[25] This portrayal included claims of a centuries-long genocide of Serbs continued in the 19th century through the forcible expulsion of up to 150,000 Serbs, and also in Tito's Yugoslavia that 'morally disqualified' Albanians to claim any control of Kosovo at the expense of Serbs.[25] The myth was used by the Milosevic government and Serbian Orthodox Church to create a narrative of superior Serbdom in conflict with barbarian forces, in order to justify violent actions that were being planned at the time.[12] This way, the myth became one of the factors that led to the Kosovo War.[12] The Kosovo Myth was reinforced after the great losses during World War I, which led to confusion among Serbian nationalists between the Serbian and Yugoslav states.[21]
One of the most notable Serbian artists Đura Jakšić wrote and painted inspired by the Kosovo Myth.[26] Serbian scholar and Hellenist Miloš N. Đurić explored some elements of the Kosovo Myth from the standpoint of ethics.[27][28]
Outside of Serbia and Reception
There was a deep belief among Montenegrins that they descended from Serb knights who fled after the battle and settled in the unreachable mountains. The Kosovo Myth was present among the people in Montenegro before the time of Njegoš, in the form of folk legends and especially folk songs.[29]
At the beginning of the 20th century, with the Yugoslav idea spreading, it also became a trope in common culture of Croats and Slovenes. Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović contributed to the Kosovo Myth when in 1907–11, he was commissioned to design the Vidovdan Temple as "the eternal ideal of heroism, loyalty and sacrifice, from which our race draws its faith and moral strength" and "collective ideal of the Serbian people". The temple's actual construction on the Field of Kosovo was postponed because of the Balkan Wars, World War I, World War II, and eventually shelved. Mirko Rački, also adopted the mythos and painted numerous paintings within Kosovo cycle, including The Mother of the Jugović, Nine Jugović brothers, Kosovo Maiden and Miloš Obilić.[8]
Kosovo was particularly present in the public opinion of Great Britain during the First World War where 28 June was proclaimed "Kossovo Day". Manifestations were held across the country. The Kosovo cycle epic folk poems were several times published in France during the war while some French authors emphasized that Kosovo Myth is important to strengthen "the energy for revenge".[8]
Leading up to the Kosovo War, the contemporary Kosovo Albanian political mythology clashed with the Kosovo Myth.[dubious ][30]
Gazimestan
References
- ^ a b c d e Ognjenović 2014, p. 137
- ^ a b Anamaria Dutceac Segesten (2011). Myth, Identity, and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks. Lexington Books. p. 102.
- ^ Greenawalt 2001, p. 52
- ^ Živković, Marko (2011). Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević. Indiana University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-253-22306-7.
From its very inception the myth of Kosovo and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exegesis was intertwined with political agendas and ideologies....
- ^ Duijzings, Gerlachlus (January 2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-85065-392-9.
Until recently the Kosovo myth has dominated political discourse in Serbia
- ^ Stoianovich 1994, p. 303.
- ^ a b c Noel Malcolm (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. pp. 55–80.
- ^ a b c d Trgovčević 1996
- ^ Ramet 2005, p. 149.
- ^ a b Biljana Vankovska; Haken Wiberg (24 October 2003). Between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in Post-Communist Balkan States. I.B.Tauris. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-86064-624-9.
- ^ Kaufman 2001, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo Between War and Peace: Nationalism, Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship. Routledge. p. 20.
- ^ Segesten 2009, p. 163.
- ^ Segesten 2009, p. 101.
- ^ Turton 1999, p. 72.
- ^ David Turton; Julia González (1999). Cultural Identities and Ethnic Minorities in Europe. University of Deusto. p. 72.
- ^ Schnabel, Albrecht; Thakur, Ramesh Chandra (1 January 2000). Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, Collective Action, and International Citizenship. United Nations University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-92-808-1050-9.
- ^ (Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002, p. 60): "Unlike, for instance, Serbian nationalism, where ethnic and religious identities have merged (especially through the centrality of the Kosovo myth),..."
- ^ Kaser, Karl; Katschnig-Fasch, Elisabeth (2005). Gender and Nation in South Eastern Europe. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 95. ISBN 978-3-8258-8802-2.
The myth of Kosovo is the central national myth of Serbia.
- ^ Dejan, Djokić. Whose Myth? Which ation? The Serbian Kosovo Myth Revisited (PDF) (The Kosovo myth, however, should not be exclusively linked with nationalist rhetoric of the nineteenth century. Serbian Liberals in the 1860s and the Radicals in the 1880s used the Kosovo theme to champion freedom and democracy, while the ruling Conservatives and the Court used it to compare the opposition with the 60 th treacherous Vuk Branković ed.). p. 16. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Sullivan2016
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Elsie1997
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Milja Radovic (2014). Transnational Cinema and Ideology: Representing Religion, Identity and Cultural Myths. Routledge. p. 67.
- ^ Segesten 2009, p. 180.
- ^ a b c d e Macdonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia. Manchester University Press. pp. 75, 76, 78. ISBN 978-0-7190-6467-8.
- ^ "Kosovski mit u poeziji Đure Jakšića". scindeks.ceon.rs. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ "Vidovdanska Etika Milos Djuric". Scribd. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "Na helenskim izvorima". Nedeljnik Vreme. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ Zirojević, Olga; Popov, Nebojša; Gojković, Drinka (January 2000). "Kosovo myth (cult) in Montenegro". The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis. Central European University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-963-9116-56-6.
- ^ Vedran Obućina (2011). "A War of Myths: Creation of the Founding Myth of Kosovo Albanians". Contemporary issues. 4/1: 41.
Contemporary Albanian political mythology is very similar in power, focus and methods to Serbian political mythology about Kosovo. Combined, they make a powerful clash point, a war of the myths which ended in violence and armed conflict. The Albanian myth prevailed.
Sources
- Stoianovich, Traian (1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3851-9.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Trgovčević, Ljubinka (1996), "The Kosovo Myth in the First World War", in Konev, Ilija (ed.), Sveti mesta na Balkanite, Blagoevgrad: UNESCO, pp. 331–338, ISBN 9789548317429, OCLC 52405733
{{citation}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kaufman, Stuart J. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8736-1.
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(help) - Ramet, Sabrina P. (8 December 2005). Thinking about Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61690-4.
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(help) - Segesten, Anamaria Dutceac (2009). Myth, Identity and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks. ProQuest. ISBN 978-1-109-19838-6.
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(help)
Further reading
- Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). "Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory" (pdf). Spaces of identity. 3: 51. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
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(help) - Konstantinović, Zoran (27–29 May 2005). "КОСОВСКИ КУЛТ У САВРЕМЕНОМ СРПСКОМ МЕНТАЛИТЕТУ" (PDF). СРБИ НА КОСОВУ И У МЕТОХИЈИ. SANU.
- Prošić-Dvornić, Mirjana (1992). "Изложба Косовска легенда y народном стваралаштву". Гласник Етнографског музеја, књ. 56.
- Rakić, Radomir (1989). "Kosovo srpske nacije (etno-politikološki ogled)" (PDF). Etnološke sveske. 10: 5–46.
- Spasić, Ivana (2015). "The trauma of Kosovo in Serbian national narratives". Narrating Trauma: On the Impact of Collective Suffering. Routledge. pp. 81–106.
- Trebješanin, Žarko (1989). "ZNAČAJ KOSOVSKOG MITA ZA SOCIJALIZACIJU U SRPSKOJ PATRIJARHALNOJ KULTURI" (PDF). Etnološke sveske. 10: 113–117.
- Turton, David; Gonzalez, Julia (1999). Cultural Identities and Ethnic Minorities in Europe. University of Deusto.
- Vučetić, J. (2011). "Kosovo myth in the poetry of Đura Jakšić" (PDF). Baština (31): 87–100.
- Zurovac, Mirko (27–29 May 2005). "ЛУЧА КОСОВСКОГ МИТА" (PDF). СРБИ НА КОСОВУ И У МЕТОХИЈИ. SANU.
- Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2002). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34189-2.
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(help) - Ognjenović, Gorana (2014). Politicization of Religion, the Power of Symbolism: The Case of Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States. Springer. ISBN 113747789X.