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[[File:Statue of ‘Sahitya Samarat’ HH Maharajah Vikram Dev IV D.Litt in Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|Statue of ‘Sahitya Samarat’ Maharajah Vikram Dev IV in Andhra University]] |
[[File:Statue of ‘Sahitya Samarat’ HH Maharajah Vikram Dev IV D.Litt in Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|Statue of ‘Sahitya Samarat’ Maharajah Vikram Dev IV in Andhra University]] |
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Vikram Dev IV (1931–1951), known as Sahitya Samrat HH Maharajah Vikram Dev, was crowned as the last king of the kingdom in 1931. He is known as the royal saint because of his religious attitude and contributions to education and welfare inside and outside of his kingdom. He was a scholar, poet, playwright and leader. Being a prolific writer and proficient in five different languages, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[English language|English]], he earned the literary epithet of Sahitya Samrat, meaning the "Emperor of Literature", and a doctorate degree (D.Litt.) from [[Andhra University]]. He donated large amounts to Andhra University and served as the vice-chancellor of Andhra and Utkal Universities. He married his daughter to an [[Zamindar|aristocratic]] family of [[Bihar]] and made his son-in-law Kumar Bidyadhar Singh Deo look after the affairs of his kingdom. His daughter gave birth to two sons and, as per traditional vedic rule which suggests that the younger son belongs to the mother, eventually Ram Krishna Dev, being the younger prince, was appointed as the crown prince. He was the last king as the kingdom merged into the newly formed [[Dominion of India|Union of India]].<ref name="Vikram Dev Verma">{{cite web |last1=Mahalik |first1=Nirakar |title=Vikram Dev Verma |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf |website=Magazines.odisha.gov.in |publisher=Odisha Magazine |accessdate=12 September 2019 |ref=Vikram Dev Verma}}</ref> |
Vikram Dev IV (1931–1951), known as Sahitya Samrat HH Maharajah Vikram Dev, was crowned as the last king of the kingdom in 1931. He is known as the royal saint because of his religious attitude and contributions to education and welfare inside and outside of his kingdom. He was a scholar, poet, playwright and leader. Being a prolific writer and proficient in five different languages, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[English language|English]], he earned the literary epithet of Sahitya Samrat, meaning the "Emperor of Literature", and a doctorate degree (D.Litt.) from [[Andhra University]]. He donated large amounts to Andhra University and served as the vice-chancellor of Andhra and Utkal Universities. He married his daughter to an [[Zamindar|aristocratic]] family of [[Bihar]] and made his son-in-law Kumar Bidyadhar Singh Deo look after the affairs of his kingdom. His daughter gave birth to two sons and, as per traditional vedic rule which suggests that the younger son belongs to the mother, eventually Ram Krishna Dev, being the younger prince, was appointed as the crown prince. He was the last king as the kingdom merged into the newly formed [[Dominion of India|Union of India]].<ref name="Vikram Dev Verma">{{cite web |last1=Mahalik |first1=Nirakar |title=Vikram Dev Verma |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf |website=Magazines.odisha.gov.in |publisher=Odisha Magazine |accessdate=12 September 2019 |ref=Vikram Dev Verma}}</ref> |
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Murty and Vohra mention a literary association meeting held in Visakhapattanam which was presided by Dr.[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] and the chief guest was the Maharajah of Jeypore, Sir Vikram Dev Varma.{{sfn|Murty and Vohra|1990|p=66}} |
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===Post-Independence titular king=== |
===Post-Independence titular king=== |
Revision as of 11:42, 20 June 2020
Kingdom of Jeypore | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom of Kalinga 1443-1711 Princely Estate of British India 1765-1947 | |||||||
1443–1947 | |||||||
Capital | Jeypore | ||||||
Area | |||||||
• 1880 | 31,079 km2 (12,000 sq mi) | ||||||
• 1925 | 36,259 km2 (14,000 sq mi) | ||||||
Population | |||||||
• 1880 | 4,675,000 | ||||||
History | |||||||
• Established | 1443 | ||||||
1947 | |||||||
| |||||||
Today part of | Odisha, India |
The Kingdom of Jeypore, also known as Jeypore Kalinga Rajya and as Jeypore Samasthanam under the British Raj, was a kingdom in the Kalinga region ruled by the kings of the Suryavansh dynasty, who trace their origins from ‘Dev’ Suryavanshis of Jammu & Kashmir and thus claim to be the descendants of Rama.[1][2][3][4] It was an independent princely state from 1443 to 1775 and a princely estate under British rule from 1776 to 1947. It had three capitals under different rulers: Nandapur, Rayagada and Jeypore, the most prominent. It was one of the largest states in the Madras Presidency covering an area of 12,000 sq mi (31,000 km2) in 1880 and 14,000 sq mi (36,000 km2).[5] Despite being the largest kingdom, it never had the status of a princely state because it lost the crucial feudatories of Bobbili, Vizianagaram, Kalahandi, Salur, Srungavarapukota, Nowagarh, Khariar and Gajapathinagaram, which clinched independence from Jeypore and were later recognised as princely estates under British Rule.[6] The last ruler of the kingdom was King Vikram Dev IV when the estate was dissolved in 1947 and merged into the Union of India.
Early history
Vinayak Dev, the first king of the dynasty was a descendant of 'Dev' suryavanshis that ruled parts of Kashmir. He left Kashmir in the early 15th century for a pilgrimage to Kashi Vishweshwara and then migrated to Kalinga.[3] According to Sehgal, the kings of the Dev and Jamwal clans played an influential role in consolidating 22 feudatories of the Duggar region that formed the future Dogra kingdom under the present Dogra dynasty.[4] However, it is a matter of debate whether the two clans of Dev and Jamwal share the same family roots.
Evidently, the Jamwal clan claims to be Rajput whereas the Dev clan consider their family as Aryaputra Kshatriya as mentioned in the Vamsyavali or genealogical chronicles of the dynasty - 'Jayapura Rajya Vamsyavali'. This book also mentions Agnigiri a suryavanshi prince that migrated into the valley with his followers and became king of the region. He was the son of King Sudarshana I of Ayodhya and the ancestor of the Suryavansh branch of Jammu & Kashmir. In his book, J.P. Mittal confirms King Sudarshana as the 39th successor from the line of Kusha and also mentions Agnigiri's expedition to Jammu.[7]
He founded the city of Rayagada as the new capital of his kingdom and built a fort near river Nagavali and constructed a temple of Maa Majhighariani.[8] The royal geneaolgy describes him as a valiant and ambitious ruler who conquered the southern parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand and parts of Andhra. He successfully formed an imperial administration in and outside the radius of Kalinga and claimed the title of 'Gajapati' which was symbolically used by the powerful dynasty of the Gajapatis before its end in 1541. A peace treaty was signed between the Qutub Shahis of Golconda marking river Godavari as the boundary between the two kingdoms.[2] P. Sivaramakrishna, Director of Search for Action and Knowledge of Tribal Initiative (Sakti), working on tribal issues for the past three decades has also confirmed that the reign of the Jeypore kings stretched up to East Godavari.[9]
Later history
Veer Vikram Dev or Maharajah Veer Vikram Dev was the eighth king of the dynasty. He is famously considered the founder of the city of Jeypore. In mid-17th century, he shifted his capital from Nandapur to the valleys located in the south-west direction and named it Jeypore or the city of victory. He died in 1669 and was succeeded by his only son Krishna Dev.[1] The next king in line was Krishna Dev who ascended the throne in 1669 is known for granting Kumili and Gundredu in the modern taluq of Vijaynagar to the family of Pushapati Sitarama Chandra Raj and the following zamindaris were created - Bobbili, Devapalli, Rekapalli, Narava Mutha, Kottaki and Salur.[citation needed]
British India
Vikram Dev III (1889–1920), also known as His Highness Maharajah Sir Sri Sri Vikram Dev KCIE, was only fourteen when his father died and had to wait for his responsibilities until he turned twenty-eight. Before dying, his father had made arrangements for the education of the son and Dr. Marsh who was then appointed tutor remained as such till the expiration of the minority of the prince, writes Vedavelu. As part of his education, he traveled to various significant places in India and interviewed persons such as Lord Elgin, the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and Lord Wenlock, the Governor of Madras. He was honoured by the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire as the Knight Commander (KCIE) and dignified with the hereditary style of "His Highness" conferred on him and his successors. The Government of India, in recognition of his merit and qualifications, conferred upon him the distinction of "Maharajah" in 1896, which was originally held by his ancestors both before and after the advent of the British. In 1893, he was married to the princess of Surguja State and in 1901 he was hosted by Lord Curzon, the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, and Lord Ampthill, the Governor of Madras. He laid the foundation of the new palace known as Moti Mahal and was a liberal philanthropist, donating to many institutions that helped the public. He also paid for the Victoria Memorial Hall Fund at Kolkata and funded the construction of bridges over the rivers of Kolab and Indravati. His charitable work included donating to the Indian Famine Relief Fund and Transvaal War Fund. He died in 1920.[citation needed]
Ramchandra Dev IV (1920–1931), also known as His Highness Lieutenant Maharajah Ramchandra Dev, ascended the throne in 1920. He was a well-educated gentleman who received reverential applause and the rank of a Lieutenant for his aid in the First World War by sending his navy's twelve ships and a small unit of his troops. The king died an untimely death in Allahabad in 1931 without any issue and was succeeded by his uncle, who was also named Vikram Dev. Although he died unexpectedly and early, he is famous for building the grand Hawa Mahal or the Palace of Winds on the beach of Visakhapatnam.[10]
Vikram Dev IV (1931–1951), known as Sahitya Samrat HH Maharajah Vikram Dev, was crowned as the last king of the kingdom in 1931. He is known as the royal saint because of his religious attitude and contributions to education and welfare inside and outside of his kingdom. He was a scholar, poet, playwright and leader. Being a prolific writer and proficient in five different languages, Telugu, Odia, Hindi, Sanskrit and English, he earned the literary epithet of Sahitya Samrat, meaning the "Emperor of Literature", and a doctorate degree (D.Litt.) from Andhra University. He donated large amounts to Andhra University and served as the vice-chancellor of Andhra and Utkal Universities. He married his daughter to an aristocratic family of Bihar and made his son-in-law Kumar Bidyadhar Singh Deo look after the affairs of his kingdom. His daughter gave birth to two sons and, as per traditional vedic rule which suggests that the younger son belongs to the mother, eventually Ram Krishna Dev, being the younger prince, was appointed as the crown prince. He was the last king as the kingdom merged into the newly formed Union of India.[11]
Murty and Vohra mention a literary association meeting held in Visakhapattanam which was presided by Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and the chief guest was the Maharajah of Jeypore, Sir Vikram Dev Varma.[12]
Post-Independence titular king
Ram Krishna Dev (1951–2006), or His Highness Maharajah Ram Krishna Dev, was the first titular king of Jeypore after his coronation in 1951 following the death of his grandfather. He married Rama Kumari Devi of Sitamau State of Malwa region and had three children, a daughter, Maharajakumari Maya Vijay Lakshmi, and two sons, Yuvraj Shakti Vikram Dev and Rajkumar Vibhuti Bhusan Dev. The senior prince was married to Mayank Kumari Devi of Deogarh in Rajasthan and had a daughter named Lalit Lavang Latika Devi. The younger prince Vibhuti Bhusan was married to Sarika Devi of Naigarhi in Madhya Pradesh and had a son named Vishweshwar Chandrachud Dev. However, after the untimely deaths of both princes in 1997 and 2006, respectively, the throne was left vacant and the properties have grown dilapidated.[13]
Ram Krishna Dev was the last legally recognised king as by the 26th amendment[14] to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and privy purses.[15]
Rulers
The royal genealogical table of Jeypore mentions 25 kings that ruled the south-eastern region of India, historically known as Kalinga.[6][16]
1443–1675 (from Nandapur and Rayagada)
Name | Reign began | Reign ended | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Raja Vinayak Dev
(राजा विनायक देव) |
1443 | 1476 |
2 | Raja Vijaychandraksha Dev
(राजा विजयचंद्राक्ष देव) |
1476 | 1510 |
3 | Raja Bhairav Dev
(राजा भैरव देव) |
1510 | 1527 |
4 | Kalingadhipati Maharajah Vishwanath Dev Gajapati
(कलिंगधिपती महाराज विश्वनाथ देव गजपति) |
1527 | 1571 |
5 | Raja Balaram Dev I
(राजा बलराम देव) |
1571 | 1597 |
6 | Raja Yesovant Dasmatt Dev
(राजा यशोवंत दासमत्त देव) |
1597 | 1637 |
7 | Raja Krishna Raj Dev
(राजा कृष्णराज देव) |
1637 | 1637 |
1675–1947 (from Jeypore)
Name | Reign began | Reign ended | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Maharajah Veer Vikram Dev
(महाराजा वीरविक्रम देव) |
1637 | 1669 | |
9 | Maharajah Krishna Dev
(महाराजा कृष्ण देव) |
1669 | 1672 | |
10 | Maharajah Vishwambhar Dev
(महाराजा विश्वंभर देव) |
1672 | 1676 | |
11 | Maharajah Malakimardhan Krishna Dev
(महाराजा मलिकमर्धन कृष्ण देव) |
1676 | 1681 | |
12 | Maharajah Hari Dev
(महाराजा हरि देव) |
1681 | 1684 | |
13 | Maharajah Balaram Dev II
(महाराजा बलराम देव २) |
1684 | 1686 | |
14 | Maharajah Raghunath Krishna Dev
(महाराजा रघुनाथ कृष्ण देव) |
1686 | 1708 | |
15 | Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev I
(महाराजा रामचंद्र देव) |
1708 | 1711 | |
16 | Maharajah Balaram Dev III
(महाराजा बलराम देव ३) |
1711 | 1713 | |
17 | Maharajah Vishwambhar Dev II
(महाराजा विश्वंभर देव २) |
1713 | 1752 | |
18 | Maharajah Lala Krishna Dev
(महाराजा लाला कृष्ण देव) |
1752 | 1758 | |
19 | Maharajah Vikram Dev I
(महाराजा विक्रम देव) |
1758 | 1781 | |
20 | Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev II
(महाराजा रामचंद्र देव २) |
1781 | 1825 | |
21 | Maharajah Vikram Dev II
(महाराजा विक्रम देव २) |
1825 | 1860 | |
22 | Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev III
(महाराजा रामचंद्र देव ३) |
1860 | 1889 | |
23 | HH Maharajah Sir Sri Sri Vikram Dev III KCIE
(महाराजा श्री श्री विक्रम देव ३) |
1889 | 1920 | |
24 | HH Lieutenant Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev IV
(महाराजा रामचंद्र देव ४) |
1920 | 1931 | |
25 | HH Sahitya Samrat Maharajah Vikram Dev IV Garu
(‘साहित्य सम्राट’ महाराजा विक्रम देव ४ गारू) |
1931 | 1951 | |
26 | HH Maharajah Ram Krishna Dev (titular)
(महाराजा राम कृष्ण देव) |
1951 | 2006 | |
27 | Maharajah Vishweshvar Chandrachud Dev (ceremonial) | 2013 |
References
- ^ a b Dr Tara Dutt 2015, p. 43.
- ^ a b Mohanty 2013.
- ^ a b Das Kornel 2010, p. 278.
- ^ a b Narendra Sehgal 2013, p. 41-42.
- ^ https://www.rct.uk/collection/2916669/vikram-deo-iv-maharaja-of-jeypore-1875-1920
- ^ a b Dr Tara Dutt 2015, p. 45.
- ^ JP Mittal 2006, p. 391,395,397.
- ^ Schnepel 1995, p. 147. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSchnepel1995 (help)
- ^ https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/shedding-light-on-tribalhistory-and-culture/article18557961.ece
- ^ https://www.yovizag.com/hawa-mahal-visakhapatnam-heritage-building/
- ^ Mahalik, Nirakar. "Vikram Dev Verma" (PDF). Magazines.odisha.gov.in. Odisha Magazine. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
- ^ Murty and Vohra 1990, p. 66.
- ^ https://odishatv.in/odisha/who-owns-hawa-mahal-battle-lines-drawn-within-royal-family-to-stake-claim-311200
- ^ "The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971", indiacode.nic.in, Government of India, 1971, retrieved 9 November 2011
- ^ 1. Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian princes and their states. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-521-26727-4. Retrieved 6 November 2011., "Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971, Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles, privy purses and regal privileges which her father's government had granted." (p 278). 2. Naipaul, V. S. (8 April 2003), India: A Wounded Civilization, Random House Digital, Inc., pp. 37–, ISBN 978-1-4000-3075-0, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "The princes of India – their number and variety reflecting to a large extent the chaos that had come to the country with the break up of the Mughal empire – had lost real power in the British time. Through generations of idle servitude they had grown to specialize only in style. A bogus, extinguishable glamour: in 1947, with Independence, they had lost their state, and Mrs. Gandhi in 1971 had, without much public outcry, abolished their privy purses and titles." (pp 37–38). 3. Schmidt, Karl J. (1995), An atlas and survey of South Asian history, M.E. Sharpe, p. 78, ISBN 978-1-56324-334-9, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' titles, privileges, and privy purses." (page 78). 4. Breckenridge, Carol Appadurai (1995), Consuming modernity: public culture in a South Asian world, U of Minnesota Press, pp. 84–, ISBN 978-0-8166-2306-8, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "The third stage in the political evolution of the princes from rulers to citizens occurred in 1971, when the constitution ceased to recognize them as princes and their privy purses, titles, and special privileges were abolished." (page 84). 5. Guha, Ramachandra (5 August 2008), India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, HarperCollins, pp. 441–, ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "Her success at the polls emboldened Mrs. Gandhi to act decisively against the princes. Through 1971, the two sides tried and failed to find a settlement. The princes were willing to forgo their privy purses, but hoped at least to save their titles. But with her overwhelming majority in Parliament, the prime minister had no need to compromise. On 2 December she introduced a bill to amend the constitution and abolish all princely privileges. It was passed in the Lok Sabha by 381 votes to six, and in the Rajya Sabha by 167 votes to seven. In her own speech, the prime minister invited 'the princes to join the elite of the modern age, the elite which earns respect by its talent, energy and contribution to human progress, all of which can only be done when we work together as equals without regarding anybody as of special status.' " (page 441). 6. Cheesman, David (1997). Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind, 1865-1901. London: Routledge. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-7007-0470-5. Retrieved 6 November 2011. Quote: "The Indian princes survived the British Raj by only a few years. The Indian republic stripped them of their powers and then their titles." (page 10). 7. Merriam-Webster, Inc (1997), Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary, Merriam-Webster, pp. 520–, ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "Indian States: "Various (formerly) semi-independent areas in India ruled by native princes .... Under British rule ... administered by residents assisted by political agents. Titles and remaining privileges of princes abolished by Indian government 1971." (page 520). 8. Ward, Philip (September 1989), Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide, Pelican Publishing, pp. 91–, ISBN 978-0-88289-753-0, retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote: "A monarchy is only as good as the reigning monarch: thus it is with the princely states. Once they seemed immutable, invincible. In 1971 they were "derecognized," their privileges, privy purses and titles all abolished at a stroke" (page 91)
- ^ Bell RCS 1945, p. 23.
- Burkhard Schnepel (1995). Durga and the King: Ethno-historical Aspects of Politico-Ritual Life in a South Orissan Kingdom. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
- Bell RCS (1945). Odisha District Gazetteers Koraput. Orissa government press Cuttack. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
- Indrajit Mohanty (2013). Jeypore - A Historical Perspective (PDF). Government of Odisha State. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
- Jai Pal Mittal (2006). History of Ancient India: a new version. Atlantic Publishers. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
- Das Kornel (2010). Culture Heritage History And Historiography In Dandakaranya Vol II. Eeshan-Ankit Prakashnee Jatagarh Odisha. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - K. Satchidananda Murty, Ashok Vohra (1990). Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas. SUNY Press, 11 Sep 1990. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
- Narendra Sehgal (2013). A State in Turbulence Jammu & Kashmir. Ocean Books Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Dr Tara Dutt (2015). Odisha District Gazetteers: Nabarangapur (PDF). Government of Odisha. ISBN 978-81-86772-17-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - "Calcutta, Bombay & Simla : Bourne & Shepherd (active 1864-1900s) - Vikram Deo IV, Maharaja of Jeypore (1875-1920)". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 26 May 2020.[unreliable source?]