The Kilgour-Matas report is an investigative report by Canadian MP David Kilgour and human rights lawyer David Matas into allegations of organ harvesting from live practitioners of the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement in China, which was published July 2006 and revised in January 2007.[1] The investigation was requested by the Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong,[2] and concluded that "there has been, and continues today to be, large-scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners."[3][4][5] China has repeatedly denied the organ harvesting allegations in the report.[6][7]
The report received a mixed reception. A Congressional Research Service report by Dr. Thomas Lum stated that the Kilgour-Matas report relied largely on logical inference, without bringing forth new or independently-obtained testimony; the credibility of much of the key evidence was said to be questionable.[8] U.N. special rapporteur Manfred Nowak said in March 2007 that the chain of evidence Kilgour and Matas were documenting showed a "coherent picture that causes concern",[9] which the United Nations Committee Against Torture followed up in November 2008 with a request for "a full explanation of the source of organ transplants", to investigate the claims of organ harvesting, and to take measures to prosecute those committing abuses.[10] Investigations by Ethan Gutmann and European Parliament Vice President Edward McMillan-Scott, however, generally sided with the Kilgour-Matas report.[11] Glen McGregor of the Ottawa Citizen was sceptical about the logistical plausibility of the allegations after visiting the site. He said that, depending on who you believe, "the Kilgour-Matas report is either compelling evidence that proves the claims about Falun Gong ... or a collection of conjecture and inductive reasoning that fails to support its own conclusions".[12] Professor David Ownby of the University of Montreal,[13] a noted expert on Falun Gong, wrote: "it seems likely that Falun Gong practitioners who are part of the prison population would be candidates for harvesting," but also noted that while "organ harvesting is happening in China, [...] I see no evidence proving it is aimed particularly at Falun Gong practitioners."[14]
Upon release of the initial report on 6 July, Chinese officials declared that China abided by World Health Organization principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors. They denounced the report as smears "based on rumours and false allegations", and said the Chinese government had already investigated the claims and found them without any merit.[15][16] A Congressional Research Service report said that some of the report’s key allegations appeared to be inconsistent with the findings of other investigations, though did not provide details.[17] The US state department maintained that "[i]ndependent of these specific allegations, the United States remains concerned over China’s repression of Falun Gong practitioners and by reports of organ harvesting."[18]
The US National Kidney Foundation expressed that it was "deeply concerned" about the allegations.[19] Taiwan urged its citizens not to travel to China to receive transplants.[20] The reports led to the Australian Health Ministry's abolition of training programs for Chinese doctors and the banning of joint research programs with China on organ transplantation,[21] and to Kilgour and Matas receiving the 2009 award bestowed by the International Society for Human Rights.[22] In 2009, the authors published the report as a book, titled "Bloody Harvest."[23]
Organ transplantation in the People's Republic of China
China has had an organ transplantation programme since the 1960s; it is one of the largest organ transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year in 2004.[25] Involuntary organ harvesting is illegal under Chinese law, although under a 1984 regulation it became legal to remove organs from executed criminals with the prior consent of the criminal or permission of relatives. By the 1990s, growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations to start condemning the practice.[26] These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when The Washington Post reported claims by a Chinese asylum-seeking doctor that he had taken part in organ extraction operations.
By 2005 the WMA had specifically demanded that China cease using prisoners as organ donors.[27] In December of that year, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread – as many as 95% of all organ transplants in China derived from executions,[28] and he promised steps to prevent abuse.[8][29]
Sujiatun allegations
Falun Gong is a spiritual movement founded in China in May 1992. It was banned by the government of China in July 1999[30] on the grounds that it was "jeopardizing social stability"[31] Amnesty International noted arbitrary arrests and physical torture of Falun Gong practitioners in the Chinese government's suppression campaign, sometimes resulting in deaths.[32][33] The Congressional Executive Commission on China reports that Falun Gong prisoners represent a large portion of China's labor camp population—as much as half, according to some estimates.[34] Since the ban, Falun Gong practitioners have set up international media organizations to promote their cause and criticize the Communist Party of China. These include The Epoch Times newspaper (ET), NTDTV, Sound of Hope radio station,[35] and Epoch Press Inc.[36]
Throughout March 2006, The Epoch Times published articles containing allegations by three anonymous individuals claiming to have knowledge of organ harvesting at the Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital and beyond, labelling it "Sujiatun Concentration Camp".[37] One of the individuals, said to have worked in the Malaysian-owned hospital, alleged that the basement housed 6,000 Falun Gong practitioners, the bodies of whom were thrown directly into a 'crematorium' after their organs had been extracted.[38] Another individual who identified himself as a veteran military doctor in Shenyang was cited by ET to corroborate the claim. He said Sujiatun was just one of up to 36 such sites across China between which practitioners were rapidly transferred.[39]
A Chinese foreign ministry spokesman rejected the Epoch Times claims about Sujiatun, stating that the hospital was incapable of housing 6,000 persons,[40] and that the allegations were logistically impossible.[41] Following a 10 March report in the Epoch Times, dissident Harry Wu dispatched investigators to Sujiatun, who over a period lasting from 12 March to early April visited various locations in Sujiatun, but found no evidence of the existence of the alleged concentration camp.[42] He dismissed the claims as merely hearsay from two witnesses: "No pictures, no witnesses, no paperwork, no detailed information at all, nothing."[12][43] In April 2006, US State Department officials who had visited the site twice in that month reported back that no evidence was found that the site was being used as anything but a normal public hospital.[8][18] Kilgour and Ethan Gutmann, adjunct fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, stated that three weeks between when the story broke and when the US representatives' visited was long enough for the Chinese to have covered it up.[11][44]
The report
At the request of the Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong,[45] David Kilgour and David Matas reported on 20 July 2006 that large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners throughout China were victims of systematic organ harvesting whilst still alive.[46] The findings of their investigation were controversial as the conclusions were based on circumstantial evidence, even by their own admission.[47]
The investigation was conducted by remote interview as Kilgour and Matas did not have direct access to the country.[48] Kilgour and Matas sought to visit China for further investigation but said they were denied entry.[1] The authors had difficulty in verifying the Falun Gong allegations due to the lack of independent bodies which investigate conditions in China, eyewitness evidence, and official information about organ transplantation. Using Mandarin-speaking investigators, they presented themselves as potential organ recipients or relatives of potential recipients, calling a number of hospitals and transplant doctors to ask about transplants. The respondents in a number of cases allegedly said that Falun Gong practitioners were used as sources of transplant organs.[1] The report presented 33 strands of evidence which the authors said led to the positive conclusion.[12] While taken individually, none proved the allegations, the authors said their combination was the deciding factor, which allowed them to conclude that the allegations of China's harvesting of organs from live Falun Gong practitioners were true.[48][49]
Reception
China has repeatedly denied the organ harvesting allegations in the report.[6][7] Upon release of the initial report on 6 July, Chinese officials immediately declared that China abided by World Health Organization principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors. They denounced the report as smears "based on rumours and false allegations", and said the claims had been investigated and found to be without any merit.[15][50] The Christian Science Monitor said, "The report's evidence is circumstantial, but persuasive."[51]
A Congressional Research Service report by Dr Thomas Lum considered that the Kilgour-Matas report relied largely on making logical inferences, without bringing forth new or independently-obtained testimony. According to Lum, Kilgour and Matas' conclusions rely heavily upon transcripts of telephone calls with reported PRC respondents, and the credibility of the telephone recordings is questionable, due to the Chinese government's controls over sensitive information.[8] Glen McGregor of theOttawa Citizen said "Depending on who you believe, the Kilgour-Matas report is either compelling evidence that proves the claims about Falun Gong... or a collection of conjecture and inductive reasoning that fails to support its own conclusions". He said he was one of the few journalists who had not treated the report as fact, and that he had for this reason been compared to holocaust deniers by Matas and Kilgour. McGregor said that the allegation is "a substantial escalation that none of these groups [Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the UN's Special Rapporteur on torture] have confirmed".[12]
Kirk C. Allison, Associate Director of the Program in Human Rights and Medicine in the University of Minnesota, (2006) and Tom Treasure of Guy's Hospital, London (2007), considered the report "plausible from a medical standpoint" based on the numerical gap in the number of transplants and the short waiting times in China compared with other countries,[52][53][54] Allison said that the "short time frame of an on-demand system [as in China] requires a large pool of donors pre-typed for blood group and HLA matching," and would be consist with the Falun Gong allegations about the systematic tissue typing of practitioners held prisoner.[54]
Hong Kong-based Phoenix TV aired a programme in June 2007 which refuted the Epoch Times allegations, and attacked the Kilgour-Matas report. The programme showed how the hospital was not equipped for organ transplantation; the premises and staffing were inadequate for housing thousands of prisoners; and that the alleged incinerator was a water-boiler. Broadcast footage showed that the area around the hospital was in a dense conurbation where large movements of people would be noticed. The hospital itself denied the claimed witnesses had been employees; and doctors interviewed also denied involvement.[55]
In May 2008 two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their previous request for the Chinese authorities to adequately respond to the allegations,[56] and to explain the source of organs which would account for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000. In November 2008, the United Nations Committee Against Torture noted its concern at the allegations and called for China to "immediately conduct or commission an independent investigation of the claims", and take measures "to ensure that those responsible for such abuses are prosecuted and punished".[10]
Amnesty International stated that it is "continuing to analyze sources of information about the Falun Gong organ harvesting allegations", including the Kilgour & Matas report, and pointed out that there was "a widely documented practice of the buying and selling of organs of death penalty prisoners in China." Amnesty International says, given that China considers statistics on capital punishment to be state secrets, some estimate that the annual number of executions in general may range from 10,000 to 15,000; they do not know how many among these are Falun Gong practitioners.[57]
David Ownby, a noted expert on Falun Gong, has stated that "Organ harvesting is happening in China, but I see no evidence proving it is aimed particularly at Falun Gong practitioners," allowing that "On the other hand, it seems likely that Falun Gong practitioners who are part of the prison population would be candidates for harvesting, in part because at least some practitioners are young and healthy, in part because the movement has been vilified within China."[14][58] Ownby has expressed the view that "Falun Gong spokespeople clearly overplayed their hand when they talked about concentration camps (or even a network of some thirty-six concentration camps) and the huge numbers of prisoners who have been victims of the practice … Sadly, Falun Gong inevitably loses credibility and third-party observers come to doubt all information provided by Falun Gong sources – and not just the sensational claims. This is unfortunate, for even if concentration camps do not exist, the persecution of Falun Gong has been real."[14][58]
In 2009, Kilgour and Matas published the report as a book, titled "Bloody Harvest."[23] That year, Kilgour and Matas also received the 2009 Human Rights Award by the German-based International Society for Human Rights;[22] and were nominated for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize, once by Canadian federal MP Borys Wrzesnewskyj, and once by Balfour Hakak, chairman of the Hebrew Writers Association in Israel, according to media reports.[59]
Impact on international transplant policies
On 14 August 2006, a statement from the US National Kidney Foundation (NKF), referring to the Kilgour Matas Reports, stated that the foundation "is deeply concerned about recent allegations regarding the procurement of organs and tissues through coercive or or exploitative practices" and that "any act which calls the ethical practice of donation and transplantation into question should be condemned by the worldwide transplantation community." The statement from NKF also condemned organ transplant tourism in general.[19][60]
In December 2006, the Australian Health Ministry announced the abolition of training programs for Chinese doctors in organ transplant procedures in the Prince Charles and the Princess Alexandra Hospitals and the banning of joint research programs with China on organ transplantation.[61]
The Medical Post, on 11 March 2008, reported that a petition signed by 140 Canadian Physicians "urging the Canadian Government to issue travel advisories warning Canadians that organ transplants in China are sourced almost entirely from non-consenting people, whether prisoners sentenced to death or Falun Gong practitioners", was submitted to the Canadian House of Commons.[62][63] In February 2008, Canadian Member of Parliament Borys Wrzesnewskyj introduced a bill that would make it illegal for Canadians to get an organ transplant abroad if the organ was taken from an unwilling victim. Wrzesnewskyj states that the final impetus to introduce the bill was the findings of the Kilgour-Matas report.[64]
In early 2007, Israeli health insurance carriers stopped sending patients to China for transplants.[65] This was in part related to an investigation in which Israeli authorities arrested several men for tax evasion in connection with a company that mediated transplants of Chinese prisoners’ organs for Israelis. One of the men had stated in an undercover interview that the organs came from “people who oppose the regime, those sentenced to death and from prisoners of the Falun Gong.”[66]
Rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv prohibited Jews from deriving any benefit from Chinese organ harvesting, "even in life-threatening situations"; other rabbis oppose the use of Chinese organs for transplants.[67] In October 2006, the Chairman of the Taiwan Mainland Affairs Council, Joseph Wu, stated that Taiwan condemned, "in the strongest possible terms", China's harvesting of human organs from executed Falun Gong practitioners.[68] In August 2007, Hou Sheng-mao, Director of Taiwan's Department of Health, urged Taiwanese doctors to not encourage patients to get commercial organ transplants in mainland China.[69]
Other reports
Ethan Gutmann, adjunct fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, calculates that the number of practitioners killed for organs could be as high as 162,000, with 13,500 being the low-end estimate, and 87,750 being the median.[11][70]
In May 2008 two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their previous request for the Chinese authorities to adequately respond to the allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners.[56] They also asked the authorities to explain the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000. The request was a follow-up to previous communication on 11 August 2006, made with Sigma Huda, UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons. In 2006 the three Special Rapporteurs drew on information submitted by individuals and volunteer groups, including FalunHR, raising questions about the identifiable sources of organs, the short waiting times for finding perfectly-matched organs, and the correlation between the sudden increase in organ transplants in China and the beginning of the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners. In 2006 Chinese authorities responded only with categorical denials, and failed to address the critical issues raised by the Special Rapporteurs, according to the Falun Gong Human Rights Working Group.[56] The follow-up communication by Ms. Jahangir and Mr. Nowak, sent on 25 January 2007, also called on the authorities to address the issues. In November 2008, the United Nations Committee Against Torture made a strong statement on the matter. The Committee, citing the UN special Rapporteur's note that the increase in organ transplant operations coincides with “the beginning of the persecution of [Falun Gong practitioners]”, stated that it is concerned with the information that Falun Gong practitioners "have been extensively subjected to torture and ill-treatment in prisons and that some of them have been used for organ transplants." The Committee called for the state to immediately conduct or commission an independent investigation of the claims of organ harvesting, and take measures to ensure that those responsible for such abuses are prosecuted and punished.[10]
European Parliament Vice President Edward McMillan-Scott went to China on a fact finding mission during May 2006. He interviewed two individuals: Cao Dong and Niu Jinping, one of whom, Cao Dong, said he knew of organ harvesting camps, and he had seen the cadaver of one of his friends, a Falun Gong practitioner, with holes in his body where the organs had been removed.[71]
References
- ^ a b c d Kilgour, David. BLOODY HARVEST: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China.
Based on our further research, we are reinforced in our original conclusion that the allegations are true. We believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|author=
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- ^ An Interview with U.N. Special Rapporteur on Organ Harvesting in China
- ^ a b c United Nations Committee Against Torture,CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION: Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture, Forty-first session, Geneva, 3–21 November 2008 Cite error: The named reference "UNCAT" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c Gutmann, Ethan. "China's Gruesome Organ Harvest. The whole world isn't watching. Why not?". Weekly Standard. Retrieved 27 April 2010. Cite error: The named reference "gutmann" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d Glen McGregor, "Inside China's 'crematorium'", The Ottawa Citizen, 24 November 2007 Cite error: The named reference "glen" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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at position 50 (help) - ^ a b "Mounting Evidence of Falun Gong Practitioners used as Organ Sources in China and Related Ethical Responsibilities", The Epoch Times, 7 August 2006, retrieved 24 September 2010
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- ^ "Edward McMillan-Scott: Olympic athletes compete under the shadow of genocide - Yorkshire Post". www.yorkshirepost.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
External links
- The Kilgour and Matas report
- Videos of a press conference with Kilgour and Matas
- "CNN Caught In Genocidal Correctness" by China democracy activist, John Kusumi.