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[[Image:Kazimierz siemenowicz.jpg|thumb|right|20th century artistic vision of Kazimierz Siemenowicz]] |
[[Image:Kazimierz siemenowicz.jpg|thumb|right|20th century artistic vision of Kazimierz Siemenowicz]] |
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[[Image:Herb Ostoja.jpg|thumb|right|Siemienowicz coat of arms, [[Ostoja Coat of Arms|Ostoja]]]] |
[[Image:Herb Ostoja.jpg|thumb|right|Siemienowicz coat of arms, [[Ostoja Coat of Arms|Ostoja]]]] |
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[[Image:Siemenowicz_rocket.png|thumb|100px|Siemenowicz multi-stage rocket, from his ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima'']] |
[[Image:Siemenowicz_rocket.png|thumb|100px|Siemenowicz multi-stage rocket, from his ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima'']] |
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'''Kazimierz Siemienowicz''' ( |
'''Kazimierz Siemienowicz''' (sometimes Casimiry Symonowicz{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) ({{lang-lt|Kazimieras Simonavičius}}, {{lang-be|Казімер Семяновіч/Казімір Семяновіч}}, born c.[[1600]] - c.[[1651]]) was a [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian]] [[szlachta|noble]], from the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], then part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[General]] of [[artillery]], [[gunsmith]], [[military engineer]], artillery specialist and pioneer of [[rocketry]]. His [[coat of arms]] was [[Ostoja Coat of Arms|Ostoja]]. No portrait or detailed biography of him have survived. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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The place of birth of the man is disputed. While some sources say he was born near [[Raseiniai]] in [[Samogitia]]<ref name=EL/>{{verify credibility|date=December 2007}}<ref>Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija. 1983 T.10 p.166 </ref>, Other sources say he was born in his families lands in [[Vitebsk]].<ref>Tadeusz Nowak "Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651", MON Press, Warsaw 1969</ref> <ref>http://asoby.belinter.net/cont.php?x=ks</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2007}} <ref>http://knihi.com/historyja/siemianovic.html</ref><ref>http://kraj.vitebsk.net/?page=people_g#15</ref> |
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Born near Rosienie (now [[Raseiniai]]) in [[Samogitia]]<ref name=EL/><ref>Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija. 1983 T.1 p.166 </ref>, in a relatively poor [[szlachta|noble]] family of [[Ostoja Coato of Arms]]<ref name="Nowak182">Tadeusz Nowak "''Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651''", MON Press, [[Warsaw]] [[1969]], p.182</ref> with military service traditions in Grand Duchy (hence he referred himself as [[Lithuanian nobility|Lithuanian nobleman]]<ref name=EL>Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, 1970-1978, Vol.5 p.147</ref>), Siemenowicz was educated in the [[Academy of Vilnius]]. As he wrote himself, he was fascinated by artillery since childhood, and he studied many sciences to increase his knowledge (mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, architecture, optics, tactics). In [[1632]]-[[1634]] he took part in the [[Smolensk War]], in the siege of [[Biała]] under [[Mikołaj Abramowicz]] (who in 1640 became the first Lithuanian General of Artillery).<ref name="Nowak182"/> It is possible in [[1644]] he took part in the [[battle of Achmatów]].<ref name="MT">{{pl icon}} [http://web.archive.org/web/20050216131152/http://www.cosmo.tadla.net/artismagmae.shtml Reprint of article on Siemienowicz from "Mlody Technik" 07.2001]</ref> He spent some time in the [[Netherlands]], where he was sent by the King [[Wladyslaw IV]] to serve in the army of Duke [[Frederick Henry of Orange]] during [[Dutch Revolt|the war with Spain]]; he participated in the [[Siege of Hulst]] in 1645.<ref name="Nowak182"/> In [[1646]] he returned to Poland, when Wladyslaw created the Polish artillery corps and gathered specialists from Europe, planning a war with [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Nowak182"/> He served as an engineering expert in the field of artillery and rocketry in the royal artillery forces.<ref name="Nowak183">Tadeusz Nowak "''Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651''", MON Press, [[Warsaw]] [[1969]], p.183</ref> From [[1648]] he served as Second in Command of Polish Royal Artillery. In late 1648 the newly elected king [[John Casimir Vaza]] who had no plans for the war with Ottomans advised him to return to the Netherlands and publish his studies there.<ref name="Nowak183"/> There are also rumors that in [[1649]] Siemienowicz became embroiled in a conflict with General of the Artillery [[Krzysztof Arciszewski]] over a bureaucratic matter;<ref name="MT"/> in any case around 1649 he decided to leave the Commonwealth and work on his book in Amsterdam. |
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He was born in a [[Lithuanian nobility]] family of [[Ruthenian]]-[[Belarusians|Belarusian]]{{dubious}} ethnicity<ref>http://www.library.by/portalus/modules/belarus/referat_readme.php?subaction=showfull&id=1162161000&archive=&start_from=&ucat=3&</ref><ref>http://www.president.gov.by/press19386.html</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2007}}<ref>http://asoby.belinter.net/cont.php?x=ks</ref><ref>http://slovo.ws/urok/historyofbelarus/150/075.html</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2007}}<ref>http://knihi.com/pytanni/140.html</ref><ref>http://www.univer.by/node/67/belarus-u-drugoj-palove-xh-xviii-st</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2007}} originaly from [[Vitebsk]]<ref>http://knihi.com/historyja/siemianovic.html</ref><ref>http://kraj.vitebsk.net/?page=people_g#15</ref>{{verify credibility|date=December 2007}} with military service traditions in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. He referred himself as [[Lithuanian nobility|Lithuanian nobleman]]<ref name=EL>Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, 1970-1978, Vol.5 p.147</ref> as being from the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. |
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In 1650 Siemienowicz famous for his work ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima'' (Great Art of Artillery, the First Part).<ref name="Nowak183"/> Only the first part was published before his death, although it is rumored he did write a manuscript for part two before his death.<ref name="Nowak184">Tadeusz Nowak "''Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651''", MON Press, [[Warsaw]] [[1969]], p.184</ref> It is also rumored that he was killed by members of the [[metallurgy]]/[[gunsmith]]/[[pyrotechnics]] [[guild]]s, who were opposed to him publishing a book about their secrets, and that they hid or destroyed the manuscript of the second part.<ref name="Nowak184"/> |
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Siemenowicz was educated in the [[Academy of Vilnius]]. As he wrote himself, he was fascinated by artillery since childhood, and he studied many sciences to increase his knowledge (mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, architecture, optics, tactics). |
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In [[1634]] he took part in the [[Smolensk War]], in the siege of [[Biała]]. It is possible in [[1644]] he took part in the [[battle of Achmatów]]. He spent some time in the [[Netherlands]], where he was sent by the King [[Wladyslaw IV]] to serve in the army of Duke [[Frederick Henry of Orange]] during the war with [[Spain]]. In [[1646]] he returned to Poland, when Wladyslaw created the Polish artillery corps and gathered specialists from Europe. From [[1648]] he served as Second in Command of Polish Royal Artillery, as an expert in the field of artillery and rocketry. However, in [[1649]] after the conflict with [[Krzysztof Arciszewski]] over a bureaucratic matter, he decided to leave the Commonwealth and work on his book in Amsterdam. |
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==Fundamental work== |
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⚫ | |||
==Artis Magnae Artilleriae== |
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"''Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima''" ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part". also known as "The Complete Art of Artillery"), first printed in [[Amsterdam]] in [[1650]], was translated to [[French language|French]] in [[1651]], [[German language|German]] in [[1676]], [[English language|English]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in [[1729]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] in [[1963]]. |
"''Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima''" ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part". also known as "The Complete Art of Artillery"), first printed in [[Amsterdam]] in [[1650]], was translated to [[French language|French]] in [[1651]], [[German language|German]] in [[1676]], [[English language|English]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in [[1729]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] in [[1963]]. |
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[[Image:The Great Art of Artillery Reversum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Litas]] commemorative coin dedicated to the 350th anniversary of ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae'']] |
[[Image:The Great Art of Artillery Reversum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Litas]] commemorative coin dedicated to the 350th anniversary of ''Artis Magnae Artilleriae'']] |
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⚫ | The five sections of the Latin first edition deal with [[caliber]], [[pyrotechnics]], [[rocket]]s, [[fireball]]s and the building of [[firework]] set-pieces. Due to its specialized nature, this treatise became the standard "recipe book" for firework displays and the ultimate, and often plagiarized, authority on military and recreational pyrotechnics for well over a century. In the first part of his work he also wrote that the second one would contain the ''universal pyrotechnic invention, containing all of our current knowledge''. According to his short description, this invention was supposed to greatly ease all measurements and calculations.<ref name="Nowak184"/> |
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For over two centuries this work was used in [[Europe]] as a basic [[artillery]] manual. The book provided the standard designs for creating [[rocket]]s, [[fireball]]s, and other [[pyrotechnic]] devices. It discussed for the first time the idea of applying a [[reactive technique]] to artillery. It contains a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets (for both military and civil purposes), including [[multistage rocket]]s, [[rocket battery|batteries of rockets]], and rockets with [[delta wing]] [[Stabilizer (aircraft)|stabilizer]]s (instead of the common [[guiding rod]]s). |
For over two centuries this work was used in [[Europe]] as a basic [[artillery]] manual. The book provided the standard designs for creating [[rocket]]s, [[fireball]]s, and other [[pyrotechnic]] devices. It discussed for the first time the idea of applying a [[reactive technique]] to artillery. It contains a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets (for both military and civil purposes), including [[multistage rocket]]s, [[rocket battery|batteries of rockets]], and rockets with [[delta wing]] [[Stabilizer (aircraft)|stabilizer]]s (instead of the common [[guiding rod]]s). |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*Tadeusz Nowak "''Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651''", MON Press, [[Warsaw]] [[1969]] |
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==Notes== |
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<references/> |
<references/> |
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</div> |
</div> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.cosmo.tadla.net/artismagmae.shtml Short bio in English and a large one in Polish] |
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* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060622152703/http://www.uranos.org.pl/biogr/siemie.html Short bio and 20th century picture on Uranos.org] |
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⚫ | |||
*[http://www. |
* [http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/exhibits/Fireworks/4.html Short bio and few pics] |
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*[http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/exhibits/Fireworks/4.html Short bio and few pics] |
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*[http://www.spaceline.org/history/1.html History of rocketry] |
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[[Category:1600s births|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:1600s births|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Lithuanian scientists|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
[[Category:Lithuanian scientists|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Polish scientists|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Polish scientists|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Belarusian scientists|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Lithuanian engineers|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
[[Category:Lithuanian engineers|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Polish engineers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Polish engineers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Belarusian engineers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Military engineers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Military engineers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Lithuanian generals|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
[[Category:Lithuanian generals|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Polish generals|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Polish generals|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Belarusian generals|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Lithuanian inventors|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
[[Category:Lithuanian inventors|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Polish inventors|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Polish inventors|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Belarusian inventors|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Lithuanian writers|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
[[Category:Lithuanian writers|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Belarusian writers|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Polish military writers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Polish military writers|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Lithuanian nobility|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
[[Category:Lithuanian nobility|Siemenavičius, Kazimieras]] |
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[[Category:Polish nobility|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
[[Category:Polish nobility|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Belarusian nobility|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Ruthenian nobility|Siemienowicz, Kazimierz]] |
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[[Category:Rocketry]] |
[[Category:Rocketry]] |
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Revision as of 17:49, 26 December 2007
Kazimierz Siemienowicz (sometimes Casimiry Symonowicz[citation needed]) (Lithuanian: Kazimieras Simonavičius, Belarusian: Казімер Семяновіч/Казімір Семяновіч, born c.1600 - c.1651) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble, from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, General of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, artillery specialist and pioneer of rocketry. His coat of arms was Ostoja. No portrait or detailed biography of him have survived.
Biography
Born near Rosienie (now Raseiniai) in Samogitia[1][2], in a relatively poor noble family of Ostoja Coato of Arms[3] with military service traditions in Grand Duchy (hence he referred himself as Lithuanian nobleman[1]), Siemenowicz was educated in the Academy of Vilnius. As he wrote himself, he was fascinated by artillery since childhood, and he studied many sciences to increase his knowledge (mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics, architecture, optics, tactics). In 1632-1634 he took part in the Smolensk War, in the siege of Biała under Mikołaj Abramowicz (who in 1640 became the first Lithuanian General of Artillery).[3] It is possible in 1644 he took part in the battle of Achmatów.[4] He spent some time in the Netherlands, where he was sent by the King Wladyslaw IV to serve in the army of Duke Frederick Henry of Orange during the war with Spain; he participated in the Siege of Hulst in 1645.[3] In 1646 he returned to Poland, when Wladyslaw created the Polish artillery corps and gathered specialists from Europe, planning a war with Ottoman Empire.[3] He served as an engineering expert in the field of artillery and rocketry in the royal artillery forces.[5] From 1648 he served as Second in Command of Polish Royal Artillery. In late 1648 the newly elected king John Casimir Vaza who had no plans for the war with Ottomans advised him to return to the Netherlands and publish his studies there.[5] There are also rumors that in 1649 Siemienowicz became embroiled in a conflict with General of the Artillery Krzysztof Arciszewski over a bureaucratic matter;[4] in any case around 1649 he decided to leave the Commonwealth and work on his book in Amsterdam.
In 1650 Siemienowicz famous for his work Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima (Great Art of Artillery, the First Part).[5] Only the first part was published before his death, although it is rumored he did write a manuscript for part two before his death.[6] It is also rumored that he was killed by members of the metallurgy/gunsmith/pyrotechnics guilds, who were opposed to him publishing a book about their secrets, and that they hid or destroyed the manuscript of the second part.[6]
Artis Magnae Artilleriae
"Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima" ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part". also known as "The Complete Art of Artillery"), first printed in Amsterdam in 1650, was translated to French in 1651, German in 1676, English and Dutch in 1729 and Polish in 1963.
The five sections of the Latin first edition deal with caliber, pyrotechnics, rockets, fireballs and the building of firework set-pieces. Due to its specialized nature, this treatise became the standard "recipe book" for firework displays and the ultimate, and often plagiarized, authority on military and recreational pyrotechnics for well over a century. In the first part of his work he also wrote that the second one would contain the universal pyrotechnic invention, containing all of our current knowledge. According to his short description, this invention was supposed to greatly ease all measurements and calculations.[6]
For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual. The book provided the standard designs for creating rockets, fireballs, and other pyrotechnic devices. It discussed for the first time the idea of applying a reactive technique to artillery. It contains a large chapter on caliber, construction, production and properties of rockets (for both military and civil purposes), including multistage rockets, batteries of rockets, and rockets with delta wing stabilizers (instead of the common guiding rods).
Siemienowicz considered the use of poison gases unhonorable. In his work, he wrote: and most of all, they shall not construct any poisoned globes, nor other sorts of pyrobolic inventions, in which he shall introduce no poison whatsoever, besides which, they shall never employ them for the ruin and destruction of men, because the first inventors of our art thought such actions as unjust among themselves as unworthy of a man of heart and a real soldier.
His inventions were used in many battles. For example, in the Battle of Chocim on November 11, 1673, where Commonwealth military units defeated the Ottoman army.
Quotes
- "Let better rockets serve Venus than blood-thirsty Mars".
See also
- Contemporary rocket inventors:
References
- ^ a b Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, 1970-1978, Vol.5 p.147
- ^ Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija. 1983 T.1 p.166
- ^ a b c d Tadeusz Nowak "Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651", MON Press, Warsaw 1969, p.182
- ^ a b Template:Pl icon Reprint of article on Siemienowicz from "Mlody Technik" 07.2001
- ^ a b c Tadeusz Nowak "Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651", MON Press, Warsaw 1969, p.183
- ^ a b c Tadeusz Nowak "Kazimierz Siemienowicz, ca.1600-ca.1651", MON Press, Warsaw 1969, p.184