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===Early history=== |
===Early history=== |
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According to many experts, including [[Adelung]], Kashmir Valley is the cradle of the Aryan Race. Kashmiri Pandits are thought to be the purest of this race.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rig Vedic culture and the Indus civilisation|author=Asít Nath Chandra|publisher=Calcutta: Ratna Prakashan|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/rig-vedic-culture-and-the-indus-civilisation/oclc/008728095|year=1980|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Home of the Aryas|author=Lachhmi Dhar Kalla|isbn=8185695326|page=25|publisher=University of Delhi|year=2002 |
According to many experts, including [[Adelung]], Kashmir Valley is the cradle of the Aryan Race. Kashmiri Pandits are thought to be the purest of this race.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rig Vedic culture and the Indus civilisation|author=Asít Nath Chandra|publisher=Calcutta: Ratna Prakashan|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/rig-vedic-culture-and-the-indus-civilisation/oclc/008728095|year=1980|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Home of the Aryas|author=Lachhmi Dhar Kalla|isbn=8185695326|page=25|publisher=University of Delhi|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia:Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Kamli-Kyouk Phyu. vol. 13|page=3910|isbn=8177552708|publisher=Genesis Publishing|year=2002}}</ref> The Hindu [[caste system]] of the Kashmir region was influenced by the influx of Buddhism from the time of [[Asoka]], around the third century BCE, and a consequence of this was that the traditional lines of [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] were blurred, with the exception of that for the Brahmins, who remained aloof from the changes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and political history of Kashmir, Volume 1 |first=Prithivi Nath Kaul |last=Bamzai |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1994 |pages=191–192 |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Kashmir and it's people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |series=Volume 4 of KECSS research series: Culture and heritage of Kashmir |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |page=90 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC}}</ref> Another notable feature of early Kashmiri society was the relative high regard in which women were held when compared to their position in other communities of the period.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kashmir and it's people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |page=91 |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> |
||
A historically contested region, Northern India was subject to attack from predatory [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and Arab regimes from the eighth century onwards, but they generally ignored the mountain-circled Kashmir Valley in favour of easier pickings elsewhere. It was not until the fourteenth century that Muslim rule was finally established in the Valley and when this happened it did not occur primarily as a consequence of invasion so much as because of internal problems resulting from the weak rule and corruption endemic in the Hindu [[Lohara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |authorlink=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |pages=106–108 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |origyear=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Hasanpp29-32>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |origyear=1959 |pages=29–32 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> Mohibbul Hasan describes this collapse as {{quote|The Dãmaras or feudal chiefs grew powerful, defied royal authority, and by their constant revolts plunged the country into confusion. Life and property were not safe, agriculture declined, and there were periods when trade came to a standstill. Socially and morally too the court and the country had sunk to the depths of degradations.<ref name=Hasanpp29-32/>}} |
A historically contested region, Northern India was subject to attack from predatory [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and Arab regimes from the eighth century onwards, but they generally ignored the mountain-circled Kashmir Valley in favour of easier pickings elsewhere. It was not until the fourteenth century that Muslim rule was finally established in the Valley and when this happened it did not occur primarily as a consequence of invasion so much as because of internal problems resulting from the weak rule and corruption endemic in the Hindu [[Lohara dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |authorlink=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |pages=106–108 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |origyear=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC |accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Hasanpp29-32>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |origyear=1959 |pages=29–32 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> Mohibbul Hasan describes this collapse as {{quote|The Dãmaras or feudal chiefs grew powerful, defied royal authority, and by their constant revolts plunged the country into confusion. Life and property were not safe, agriculture declined, and there were periods when trade came to a standstill. Socially and morally too the court and the country had sunk to the depths of degradations.<ref name=Hasanpp29-32/>}} |
Revision as of 15:12, 30 March 2013
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
India * Jammu and Kashmir * National Capital Region | |
Languages | |
Kashmiri | |
Religion | |
Hinduism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Indo-Iranians, Dards, Saraswat Brahmins |
The Kashmiri Pandits are a Hindu Brahmin community originating from Kashmir,[1][2] a mountainous region in South Asia.
History
Early history
According to many experts, including Adelung, Kashmir Valley is the cradle of the Aryan Race. Kashmiri Pandits are thought to be the purest of this race.[3][4][5] The Hindu caste system of the Kashmir region was influenced by the influx of Buddhism from the time of Asoka, around the third century BCE, and a consequence of this was that the traditional lines of varna were blurred, with the exception of that for the Brahmins, who remained aloof from the changes.[6][7] Another notable feature of early Kashmiri society was the relative high regard in which women were held when compared to their position in other communities of the period.[8]
A historically contested region, Northern India was subject to attack from predatory Turkic and Arab regimes from the eighth century onwards, but they generally ignored the mountain-circled Kashmir Valley in favour of easier pickings elsewhere. It was not until the fourteenth century that Muslim rule was finally established in the Valley and when this happened it did not occur primarily as a consequence of invasion so much as because of internal problems resulting from the weak rule and corruption endemic in the Hindu Lohara dynasty.[9][10] Mohibbul Hasan describes this collapse as
The Dãmaras or feudal chiefs grew powerful, defied royal authority, and by their constant revolts plunged the country into confusion. Life and property were not safe, agriculture declined, and there were periods when trade came to a standstill. Socially and morally too the court and the country had sunk to the depths of degradations.[10]
The Brahmins had something to be particularly unhappy about during the reign of the last Lohara king, for Sūhadeva chose to include them in his system of onerous taxation, whereas previously they appear to have been exempted.[11]
Medieval history
Zulju, who was probably a Mongol from Turkistan,[12] wreaked devastation in 1320, when he commanded a force that conquered many regions of the Kashmir Valley. However, Zulju was probably not a Muslim.[12] The actions of Sultan Sikandar Butshikan (1389–1413), the seventh Muslim ruler in Kashmir were also significant to the area. The Sultan has been referred to as an iconoclast because of his destruction of many non-Muslim religious symbols and the manner in which he forced the population to convert or flee. Many followers of the traditional religions who did not convert to Islam instead migrated to other parts of India. The migrants included some Pandits, although it is possible that some of this community relocated for economic reasons as much as to escape the new rulers. Brahmins were at that time generally being offered grants of land in other areas by rulers seeking to utilise the traditionally high literacy and general education of the community, as well as the legitimacy conferred upon them by association, Moving away from areas where they were under threat of forced religious conversion, the Brahmins were in turn imposing their own religion on their new locales. The outcome of this shift both in population and in religion was that the Kashmir Valley became a predominantly Muslim region.[13][14]
Butshikan's heir, the devout Muslim Zain-ul-Abidin (1423-74), was tolerant of Hindus to the extent of sanctioning a return to Hinduism of those who had been forcibly converted to the Muslim faith, as well as becoming involved in the restoration of temples and of Hindu rituals such as sati, which his father had banned. He respected the learning of the Pandits, to whom he gave land as well as encouraging those who had left to return. He operated a meritocracy and both Brahmins and Buddhists were among his closest advisors.[15]
Modern history
Early modern
Akbar conquered Kashmir in 1587 A.D. During his mughal rule the Hindus enjoyed security of person & property & were alloted high government posts. It was he, who pleased with their intelligence, gave them the surname Pandit.[16] The Mughals rule was followed by that of Afghans. Gradually, many Kashmiris converted to Islam, leaving smaller population of Kashmiri Pandits who still practiced the Shaivite religion. Not much was done to win back the converts to Hinduism. The majority, though still remained Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir.[17]
Modern
The Hindus of Kashmir established themselves in the Northern area of India, first in the Rajput and Mughal courts and then in the service of the Dogra rulers of Kashmir. This cohesive community, highly literate and socially elite, were one of the first to discuss and implement social reforms.[1]
Recent events
Exodus from Kashmir (1985–1995)
The Kashmiri Pandits had stably constituted approximately 14 to 15 per cent of the population of the valley during Dogra rule (1846–1947). 20 per cent of them had left the Kashmir valley as a consequence of the 1948 Muslim riots and 1950 land reforms,[18] They began to leave in much greater numbers in the 1990s. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade.[19] Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150,000,[20] to 190,000 of a total Pandit population of 200,000,[21] to a number as high as 300,000.[22] According to a resolution passed by the United States Congress in 2006, Islamic terrorists infiltrated the region in 1989 and since then nearly 400,000 Pandits were either murdered or forced to leave their ancestral homes.[23] The government has reported on the terrorist threats to Pandits still living in the Kashmir region.[24][25][26] The Pandits were subjected to numerous indignities and brutalities[27] before they were driven out of Kashmir by militants who reportedly were able to do so with the patronization of the ISI.[27][24] Many of the refugee Kashmiri Pandits have been living in abject conditions in refugee camps of Jammu.[27] Reportedly, 3,445 Pandits were still living in the Valley as of 2010.[28]
PRC and the JKMIP Acts
There are zones set up with offices for relief.[29] Many Orders, Circulars and recommendations have been issued for relief of Kashmiri Pandits.[30][31][32]
The Jammu And Kashmir Migrant Immovable Property (Preservation, Protection And Restraint On Distress Sales) Act, 1997, provides that "Any person who is an unauthorised occupant or recipient of any usufruct of any immovable property of the migrant shall pay to the migrant such compensation for the period of unauthorised occupation and in such a manner as may be determined by the District Magistrate."[33]
Panun Kashmir
The community had hoped to return after the situation improved, but have not been able to do so for 20 years because normalcy has yet to return to the valley and they fear a risk to their lives.[34]
Population distribution
According to Aljazeera, the estimated population of Kashmiri Pandits in the Kashmir Valley in 2011 was around 2,700-3,400.[2] Those who left the Valley are now scattered throughout India, particularly in Jammu and the National Capital Region. Some emigrated to other countries entirely.[1]
Religious beliefs
Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat Brahmins, known by their exonym Pandit. The endonym used within the community is Bhatta.[35] Kashmiri Pandits are chiefly followers of Shiva. Their favourite goddess is Khir Bhawani. The spring of Khir Bhawani at the mouth of Sind Valley is considered one of their most sacred places.[36] Their branch of Shiva worship is known as Kashmir Saivism. The primary tenet of Kashmir Saivism is that the individual soul is one with the universal spirit, and each person has to experience and discover this for themselves.[37]
Song is an integral part of several Kashmiri Pandit religious ceremonies. This style of choral singing is called Wanvun.
Culture
Dress
Early records and archaeological evidence such as terracotta sculptures do not record the present-day dress, which comprises items such as the turban, taranga, and pheran. Instead, records indicate that attire was varied and included leather doublets, woollen cloaks, and clothes made from hemp, cotton, linen and different types of silk. Many items of clothing reflected the cold winter climate of the area.
Kshemendra's detailed records from the eleventh century describe many items of which the precise nature is unknown. It is clear that tunics known as kanchuka were worn long-sleeved by men and in both long- and half-sleeved versions by women. Caps were worn, as well as a type of turban referred to as a shirahshata, while footwear consisted of leather shoes and boots, worn with socks. Some items were elaborate, such as the peacock shoes – known as mayuropanah – worn by followers of fashion, and steel-soled shoes adorned with floral designs, lubricated internally with beeswax.[38]
There are many references to the wearing of jewellery by both sexes, but a significant omission from them is any record of the dejihor worn on the ear by women today as a symbol of their being married. Kaw has speculated that this item of jewellery may not have existed at the time. The texts also refer to both sexes using cosmetics, and to the women adopting elaborate hairstyles. Men, too, might adopt stylish arrangements and wear flowers in their hair, if they had the financial means to do so.[39]
Pilgrimage sites
Harmukh is traditionally revered by Kashmiri Pandits and in 2009 there was an attempt by them to revive pilgrimages to the site.[40] The Mata Khirbhawani temple shrine in Srinagar, considered one of the holiest Hindu shrines, saw the largest gathering of Kashmiri Pandits in the Kashmir valley in 2012.[41] The shrine is located in Tullamulla village, 24 km from Srinagar in Ganderbal district. [42] Some holy sites of Kashmiri Pandits include the Martand Sun Temple at Mattan, Mahakali shrine in Srinagar on the banks of vitasta, & above all the Amarnath cave shrine, the pilgrimage to which is conducted during shravan purnima.[43]
Festivals
The religious festivals of the Hindus of Kashmir have Vedic roots. The Kashmiri Pandits share many of their festivals with other Hindu communities. Shivratri (or Herath as it is known in Kashmiri language) is one of the major festivals of Kashmiri Pandits. Navreh or the Kashmiri lunar new year is also an important Pandit festival and could be the origin of the Persian festival of Nowruz.[44]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India & Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. p. 99. ISBN 9781576077122.
- ^ a b Essa, Assad (2 August 2011). "Kashmiri Pandits: Why we never fled Kashmir". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ Asít Nath Chandra (1980). The Rig Vedic culture and the Indus civilisation. Calcutta: Ratna Prakashan. p. 126.
- ^ Lachhmi Dhar Kalla (2002). The Home of the Aryas. University of Delhi. p. 25. ISBN 8185695326.
- ^ The Indian Encyclopaedia:Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Kamli-Kyouk Phyu. vol. 13. Genesis Publishing. 2002. p. 3910. ISBN 8177552708.
- ^ Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1994). Culture and political history of Kashmir, Volume 1. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-81-85880-31-0.
- ^ Kaw, M. K. (2004). Kashmir and it's people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society. Volume 4 of KECSS research series: Culture and heritage of Kashmir. APH Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1.
- ^ Kaw, M. K. (2004). Kashmir and it's people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society. APH Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Stein, Mark Aurel (1989) [1900]. Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 (Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-81-208-0369-5. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ a b Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ a b Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Davidson, Ronald M. (2004) [2002]. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement (Reprinted (for SE Asia sale only) ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-81-208-1991-7. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. pp. 28–95. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. pp. 87, 91–93. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Bakshi, S.R. (1997). Kashmir:History & People. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 8185431965. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|Pg=
ignored (help) - ^ Kaw, M.K. (2004). Kashmir & Its People: Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society. APH Publishing House. p. 183. ISBN 8176485373.
- ^ Zutshi 2003, p. 318 Quote: "Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950."
- ^ Bose 1997, p. 71, Rai 2004, p. 286,Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 274 Quote: "The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990; their cause was quickly taken up by the Hindu right."
- ^ Malik 2005, p. 318
- ^ Madan 2008, p. 25
- ^ "CIA Factbook: India–Transnational Issues". Cia.gov. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "Pallone Introduces Resolution Condemning Human Rights Violations Against Kashmiri Pandits | Congressman Frank Pallone". Pallone.house.gov. 15 February 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ a b "23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation - Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ chief, David P. Forsythe, editor in (2009). Encyclopedia of human rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0195334029.
{{cite book}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "India". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|year=
/|date=
mismatch (help) - ^ a b c "BBC World Service | World Agenda - Give me land". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "Front Page : "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989"". The Hindu. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ http://jkmigrantrelief.nic.in/zone_dir.aspx
- ^ http://jkmigrantrelief.nic.in/ord_and_circu.aspx
- ^ "Recommendations of Koul Committee" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ http://jkmigrantrelief.nic.in/pdf/recommendations_of_inter_ministerial_team.pdf
- ^ "The Jammu Jammu And Kashmir Gazette" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Masih, Archana (29 April 2011). "The tragedy of Kashmiri Pandits (Part IV)". Rediff.com. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
- ^ Barbara Anne Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston. Disappearing Peoples? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South & Central Asia. Left Coast Press, Indiana University. p. 138. ISBN 9781598741209. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ Lawrence R Walter (1895). Valley of Kashmir. Oxford Press, Asia Educational Services. p. 296. ISBN 9788120616301. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ Kaw, M.K. (2002). Kashmir Saivism: Under Siege. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, Darya Ganj, New Delhi. p. 16. ISBN 8176483605.
- ^ Kaw, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Kaw, pp. 95–97.
- ^ "Gangbal yatra to commence after 100 yrs in Kashmir". Zeenews. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ indianexpress.com, Srinagar (8 June 2009). "Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, pandit youth switch to devnagari".
- ^ Biharprabha, News (29 May 2012). "Hindu Muslim unity depicted at Mata Khirbhawani temple in Kashmir".
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ Dhar, Triloki Nath. Kashmiri Pandit Community: A Profile. Mittal Publications, Darya Ganj, New Delhi. p. 73. ISBN 8183241778.
{{cite book}}
: Text "quote: "Above all, we have Swami Amarnath, serene in his cave, up in his mountains, the Pilgrimage to which is an annual feature of Shravana Purnima" ignored (help) - ^ Ling, Huping. Emerging Voices, experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans. Rutgers University Press. p. 135. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Cited references
- Bose, Sumantra (1997), The challenge in Kashmir: democracy, self-determination, and a just peace, New Delhi: Sage Publications, in association with The Book Review Literary Trust, ISBN 978-0-8039-9350-1
- Bose, Sumantra (2005), Kashmir: roots of conflict, paths to peace, Harvard University Press. Pp. 307, ISBN 978-0-674-01817-4
- Madan, T. N. (2008), "Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, Delhi: Manohar. Pp. xviii, 758, pp. 1–36, ISBN 978-81-7304-751-0
- Malik, Iffat (2005), Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute, Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xxvi, 392, ISBN 0-19-579622-5
- Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 0-521-68225-8.
- Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, Princeton University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. xii, 335., ISBN 81-7824-202-8
- Zutshi, Chitralekha (2003), Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir, Oxford University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. 359, ISBN 978-0-19-521939-5
- Zutshi, Chitraleka (2008), "Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, Delhi: Manohar. Pp. xviii, 758, pp. 235–258, ISBN 978-81-7304-751-0
External links
- Shehjar News Magazine
- Official Website of Kashmiri Pandits' Association, Mumbai
- Kashmiri Overseas Association, Inc. (KOA), USA
- Kashmir Hindu Foundation (KHF)
- Kashmir-information.com
- Indo-American Kashmir Forum – a U.S. based political advocacy group for the Kashmiri Pandits
- Panun Kashmir: A Homeland for Kashmiri Pandits
- Video Documentary 'Lost Paradise' on RefugeeCamps of Kashmiri Hindus by Deepak Ganju
- 'God of Small Things,' Travelogue in The Indian Express, 5 March 2006, by Arjun Razdan
- Kashmiri Pandit association of Europe