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==Ethnicity== |
==Ethnicity== |
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Some scholars believe that the culture has its origin in [[Mongolia]], [[North China|Northern China]] and [[Korea]],<ref>http://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture13.doc</ref> characterized by [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] idioms.<ref>Gernot Wilhelm: Boğazköy-Texten, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001, 246</ref> Chlenova (1964) believes that the culture originated in [[northern Iran]] and finally flourished in the Minusin Basin of the Upper [[Yenisei]].<ref name ="Chlenova">Natal'ja L'vovna Chlenova. 1964. "Karasukskaja kul'tura v Juzhnoj Sibiri." ''Istorija Sibiri 1, ed. A.P. Okhladnikov: 263-79. Ulan-Ude. In: Edward J. Vajda, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gumc8Y93fmkC Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide]. 2013. p.78.</ref> Based on toponymic evidence, Chlenova also suggests that the [[Kets]] are descendants of the Karasuk tribes and "''that the Irmen culture may also have been Yeniseian''".<ref name ="Chlenova"/> In 1969 and 1975, Chlenova set and expanded the thesis that the Ket-related river names in the Minusin Basin could provide evidence that the Karasuk culture was at least in part Yeniseian speaking.<ref>N.L. Chlenova. 1969. "Sootnoshenie kul'zur karasukskogo tipa i ketskikh toponimov na territori Sibiri." ''PASJ:'' 143-6. T. |+| N.L. Chlenova. 1975. "Sootnoshenie kul'tur karasukskogo tipa i ketskikh toponimov na territorii Sibiri." ''Etnogenez i etnicheskaja istorija narodov Severa:'' 223-30. M: Nauka. In: Edward J. Vajda, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gumc8Y93fmkC Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide]. 2013. p.78.</ref> |
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Some scholars believe that the culture has its origin in [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wajda|first1=Edward J.|title=CHLENOVA|page=78|url=http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=gumc8Y93fmkC&pg=PA78&dq=karasuk+culture&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=hEKSU7ShI8m9ygPurYJY&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=karasuk%20culture&f=false}}</ref> and some of them believe that in [[Mongolia]], [[North China|Northern China]] and [[Korea]],<ref>http://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture13.doc</ref> characterized by [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] idioms.<ref>Gernot Wilhelm: Boğazköy-Texten, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001, 246</ref> |
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[[George van Driem]] has suggested a connection with the [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]] and [[Burushaski]] people, proposing a [[Karasuk languages]] group. R. V. Nikolaev (1984) assumes that "''the [[Dingling]] could be Yeniseian and that Yeniseian groups participated in the Karasuk culture and the Hunnic expansion''".<ref>"Khunnskaja ekspansija i svyazannye s nej etnokul'turnye protsessy v Sibiri (k postanovke problemy)." ''Problemy akheologii stepej Evrazii. Sovetsko-vengerskij sbornik: 29-34. Kem.: KGU. In: Edward J. Vajda, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gumc8Y93fmkC Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide]. 2013. p.204.</ref> |
[[George van Driem]] has suggested a connection with the [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]] and [[Burushaski]] people, proposing a [[Karasuk languages]] group. R. V. Nikolaev (1984) assumes that "''the [[Dingling]] could be Yeniseian and that Yeniseian groups participated in the Karasuk culture and the Hunnic expansion''".<ref>"Khunnskaja ekspansija i svyazannye s nej etnokul'turnye protsessy v Sibiri (k postanovke problemy)." ''Problemy akheologii stepej Evrazii. Sovetsko-vengerskij sbornik: 29-34. Kem.: KGU. In: Edward J. Vajda, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gumc8Y93fmkC Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide]. 2013. p.204.</ref> |
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"According to M. P. Gryaznov (1952), Dandybay sites belong to the Karasuk culture. It is impossible to judge the ethnic identity of this population which might have come from Central Asia. But a supposition could not be excluded that it was the first wave of the westward movement of the one of the proto-Turkic peoples."</ref> |
"According to M. P. Gryaznov (1952), Dandybay sites belong to the Karasuk culture. It is impossible to judge the ethnic identity of this population which might have come from Central Asia. But a supposition could not be excluded that it was the first wave of the westward movement of the one of the proto-Turkic peoples."</ref> |
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The Karasuk culture is preceded by the [[Afanasevo culture]] and [[Andronovo culture]], and succeeded by the [[Tagar culture]], whose people use the same burial places, indicating a continuity in settlements.<ref>Nejat Diyarbekirli in: Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay: The Turks: Early ages, Culture and Arts among Ancient Turks, Yeni Türkiye 2002, p.919</ref> |
The Karasuk culture is preceded by the [[Afanasevo culture]] and [[Andronovo culture]], and succeeded by the [[Tagar culture]], whose people use the same burial places, indicating a continuity in settlements.<ref>Nejat Diyarbekirli in: Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay: The Turks: Early ages, Culture and Arts among Ancient Turks, Yeni Türkiye 2002, p.919</ref> The Tagar-Karasuk connections resulted from contact rather than a common origin.<ref name ="Chlenova2">Natal'ja L'vovna Chlenova. 1967. ''Proiskhozhdenie i rannjaja istorija plemen tagarskoj kul'tury.'' M: Nauka.. In: Edward J. Vajda, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gumc8Y93fmkC Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide]. 2013. p.78.</ref> |
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==Genetics== |
==Genetics== |
Revision as of 12:57, 8 June 2014
Bronze Age |
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↑ Chalcolithic |
↓ Iron Age |
The Karasuk culture describes a group of Bronze Age societies who ranged from the Aral Sea or the Volga River to the upper Yenisei catchment, ca. 1500–800 BC, preceded by the Afanasevo culture.[1] The remains are minimal[clarification needed] and entirely of the mortuary variety. At least 2000 burials are known. The Karasuk period persisted down[clarification needed] to c. 700 BC. From c. 700 to c. 200 BC, culture developed along similar lines. Vital trade contact is traced from northern China and the Baikal region to the Black Sea and the Urals, influencing the uniformity of the culture.[2]
The economy was mixed agriculture and stockbreeding. Arsenical bronze artefacts are present.
Their settlements were of pit houses and they buried their dead in stone cists covered by kurgans and surrounded by square stone enclosures.
Industrially, they were skilled metalworkers, the diagnostic artifacts of the culture being a bronze knife with curving profiles and a decorated handle and horse bridles. The pottery has been compared to that discovered in Inner Mongolia and the interior of China, with bronze knives similar to those from northeastern China.[1]
Ethnicity
Some scholars believe that the culture has its origin in Mongolia, Northern China and Korea,[3] characterized by Altaic idioms.[4] Chlenova (1964) believes that the culture originated in northern Iran and finally flourished in the Minusin Basin of the Upper Yenisei.[5] Based on toponymic evidence, Chlenova also suggests that the Kets are descendants of the Karasuk tribes and "that the Irmen culture may also have been Yeniseian".[5] In 1969 and 1975, Chlenova set and expanded the thesis that the Ket-related river names in the Minusin Basin could provide evidence that the Karasuk culture was at least in part Yeniseian speaking.[6]
George van Driem has suggested a connection with the Yeniseian and Burushaski people, proposing a Karasuk languages group. R. V. Nikolaev (1984) assumes that "the Dingling could be Yeniseian and that Yeniseian groups participated in the Karasuk culture and the Hunnic expansion".[7]
Another possibility is that it perhaps could also be seen as a place of the first westward migration of the one of the Turkic (Proto-Turkic) peoples.[8]
The Karasuk culture is preceded by the Afanasevo culture and Andronovo culture, and succeeded by the Tagar culture, whose people use the same burial places, indicating a continuity in settlements.[9] The Tagar-Karasuk connections resulted from contact rather than a common origin.[10]
Genetics
Ancient DNA extracted from the remains of two males who dated back to the Karasuk culture were determined to be of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a. Extracted mtDNA from two female remains from this cultural horizon revealed they possessed the Haplogroup U5a1 and U4 lineages. The study determined that the individuals had light hair and blue or green eyes.[11]
Notes and references
- ^ a b home.earthlink.net/~waluk/Alekseev/Lecture13.doc
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ http://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture13.doc
- ^ Gernot Wilhelm: Boğazköy-Texten, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2001, 246
- ^ a b Natal'ja L'vovna Chlenova. 1964. "Karasukskaja kul'tura v Juzhnoj Sibiri." Istorija Sibiri 1, ed. A.P. Okhladnikov: 263-79. Ulan-Ude. In: Edward J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. 2013. p.78.
- ^ N.L. Chlenova. 1969. "Sootnoshenie kul'zur karasukskogo tipa i ketskikh toponimov na territori Sibiri." PASJ: 143-6. T. |+| N.L. Chlenova. 1975. "Sootnoshenie kul'tur karasukskogo tipa i ketskikh toponimov na territorii Sibiri." Etnogenez i etnicheskaja istorija narodov Severa: 223-30. M: Nauka. In: Edward J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. 2013. p.78.
- ^ "Khunnskaja ekspansija i svyazannye s nej etnokul'turnye protsessy v Sibiri (k postanovke problemy)." Problemy akheologii stepej Evrazii. Sovetsko-vengerskij sbornik: 29-34. Kem.: KGU. In: Edward J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. 2013. p.204.
- ^ Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina, J. P. Mallory: The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, BRILL, 2007, p.364: "According to M. P. Gryaznov (1952), Dandybay sites belong to the Karasuk culture. It is impossible to judge the ethnic identity of this population which might have come from Central Asia. But a supposition could not be excluded that it was the first wave of the westward movement of the one of the proto-Turkic peoples."
- ^ Nejat Diyarbekirli in: Hasan Celāl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay: The Turks: Early ages, Culture and Arts among Ancient Turks, Yeni Türkiye 2002, p.919
- ^ Natal'ja L'vovna Chlenova. 1967. Proiskhozhdenie i rannjaja istorija plemen tagarskoj kul'tury. M: Nauka.. In: Edward J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide. 2013. p.78.
- ^ [1] C. Keyser et al. 2009. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people. Human Genetics.
- JP Mallory, "Karasuk Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.