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[[File:Colonial Williamsburg (2463494327).jpg|thumb|Several interpreters on Duke of Gloucester Street, [[Colonial Williamsburg]] ]] |
[[File:Colonial Williamsburg (2463494327).jpg|thumb|Several interpreters on Duke of Gloucester Street, [[Colonial Williamsburg]] ]] |
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John S. Eustace grew up in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], where his mother ran a boarding house.<ref>https://allthingsliberty.com/2017/06/scandalous-divorce-case-influenced-declaration-independence/</ref> He was educated at the [[College of William and Mary]], supported by [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]], a [[loyalist]].<ref>https://www.becomingamerica250.com/history-highlights</ref> |
John S. Eustace grew up in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], where his mother ran a boarding house.<ref>https://allthingsliberty.com/2017/06/scandalous-divorce-case-influenced-declaration-independence/</ref> He was educated at the [[College of William and Mary]], supported by [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]], a [[loyalist]].<ref>https://www.becomingamerica250.com/history-highlights</ref> In late 1775, Gov. Dunmore sent Eustace on a ship to Boston with a letter to Gen. [[William Howe]] recommending him for a post in the British army. But the American commodore [[John Manley (naval officer)|John Manley]] captured that ship. That’s how the fifteen-year-old ended up being marched to the headquarters of Gen. George Washington, the opposing commander-in-chief.<!--<ref>https://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/John%20Skey%20Eustace</ref>--> He joined the [[Continental Army]] during the [[Siege of Boston]] and classified was <!--in October lieutenant--> in the 9th regiment. The Continental Army was reorganized Eustace served successively as an [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]], [[Joseph Reed (politician)|Joseph Reed]], [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]] (1777) and [[Nathanael Greene]] (1779).<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0642292.0039.016|title=Between Two Republics: American Military Volunteers in Revolutionary France|first=Christopher|last=Tozzi|date=January 3, 2011|journal=Proceedings of the Western Society for French History|volume=39}}</ref> |
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Eustace participated in the repulse of the [[Battle of Sullivan's Island|first British attack on Charleston]], [[Battle of Trenton]], [[Battle at Princeton]] and [[Battle of Germantown]]. In 1777 he was awarded with the rank of major. In 1778 he was at the [[Battle of Rhode Island|siege of Newport]], during the military campaign of 1779 against the [[Iroquois]] and loyalists on the New York border, known as the "[[Sullivan Expedition]]". The controversial General Lee regarded him as his adopted son and declared him as his heir,<ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=GaqVflnNvZwC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=John+skey+eustace+Northern+Neck&source=bl&ots=ObByPso_ym&sig=ACfU3U1EZu3xQNSKYlH9H160kklk0_vFug&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjewIqj57n8AhXMhf0HHZ0aD9g4FBDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=John%20skey%20eustace%20Northern%20Neck&f=false A Cock and Bull for Kitty: Lord Dunmore and the Affair that Ruined the ... by George Morrow, p. 73]</ref><ref>“To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=BF83GXqGq4EC&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=john+skey+eustace+savannah+georgia&source=bl&ots=O-xfVdZB2Z&sig=ACfU3U0UoKSegUnBvo2_weKNBOpA1y6dvA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS_Mfh-q_8AhUNPOwKHTeAAVM4HhDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=john%20skey%20eustace%20savannah%20georgia&f=false The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784: August-September 1781]</ref> but the handsome Eustace decided to desert the unpredictable Lee.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028745571&view=1up&seq=311&q1=eustace General Charles Lee, traitor or patriot?]</ref><ref>“To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]</ref> |
Eustace participated in the repulse of the [[Battle of Sullivan's Island|first British attack on Charleston]], [[Battle of Trenton]], [[Battle at Princeton]] and [[Battle of Germantown]]. In 1777 he was awarded with the rank of major. In 1778 he was at the [[Battle of Rhode Island|siege of Newport]], during the military campaign of 1779 against the [[Iroquois]] and loyalists on the New York border, known as the "[[Sullivan Expedition]]". The controversial General Lee regarded him as his adopted son and declared him as his heir,<ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=GaqVflnNvZwC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=John+skey+eustace+Northern+Neck&source=bl&ots=ObByPso_ym&sig=ACfU3U1EZu3xQNSKYlH9H160kklk0_vFug&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjewIqj57n8AhXMhf0HHZ0aD9g4FBDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=John%20skey%20eustace%20Northern%20Neck&f=false A Cock and Bull for Kitty: Lord Dunmore and the Affair that Ruined the ... by George Morrow, p. 73]</ref><ref>“To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.nl/books?id=BF83GXqGq4EC&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=john+skey+eustace+savannah+georgia&source=bl&ots=O-xfVdZB2Z&sig=ACfU3U0UoKSegUnBvo2_weKNBOpA1y6dvA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS_Mfh-q_8AhUNPOwKHTeAAVM4HhDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=john%20skey%20eustace%20savannah%20georgia&f=false The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784: August-September 1781]</ref> but the handsome Eustace decided to desert the unpredictable Lee.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028745571&view=1up&seq=311&q1=eustace General Charles Lee, traitor or patriot?]</ref><ref>“To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]</ref> |
Revision as of 11:13, 19 January 2023
John Skey Eustace (born on 10 August, 1760 in Flushing, Queens, who died in Newburgh, New York on 25 August 1805) was a revolutionary soldier, colonel of the Continental Army (1781), and Maréchal de camp in the French Revolutionary Army between 1792 and 1793. In 1794/5 he supported the Batavian revolution. He regularly published his official and private correspondence but was regarded as a political adventurer and having a doubtful purpose and character.[1][2] John S. Eustace corresponded with several of the Founding Fathers.
Life
John Skey Eustace was the grandson of Colonel Lauchlin Campbell,[3] a Scottish immigrant living at Campbell Hall, Orange County, New York. From 1738-40 Campbell had brought 83 families from Scotland to New York at his own expense on the false promise of land grants from the New York colonial governor William Cosby. [4] His daughter Margaret (1733-1809) was born on Islay (Inner Hebrides) and married at a young age to Dr. John Eustace (1720-1769), a colonial physician and justice of the peace who corresponded with Laurence Stern.[5] Around 1764/5 his father left his family and moved to Wilmington, North Carolina.
John S. Eustace grew up in Norfolk, Virginia, where his mother ran a boarding house.[6] He was educated at the College of William and Mary, supported by John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, a loyalist.[7] In late 1775, Gov. Dunmore sent Eustace on a ship to Boston with a letter to Gen. William Howe recommending him for a post in the British army. But the American commodore John Manley captured that ship. That’s how the fifteen-year-old ended up being marched to the headquarters of Gen. George Washington, the opposing commander-in-chief. He joined the Continental Army during the Siege of Boston and classified was in the 9th regiment. The Continental Army was reorganized Eustace served successively as an aide-de-camp to Charles Lee, Joseph Reed, John Sullivan (1777) and Nathanael Greene (1779).[8]
Eustace participated in the repulse of the first British attack on Charleston, Battle of Trenton, Battle at Princeton and Battle of Germantown. In 1777 he was awarded with the rank of major. In 1778 he was at the siege of Newport, during the military campaign of 1779 against the Iroquois and loyalists on the New York border, known as the "Sullivan Expedition". The controversial General Lee regarded him as his adopted son and declared him as his heir,[9][10][11] but the handsome Eustace decided to desert the unpredictable Lee.[12][13]
Eustace was taught the essentials of military drills, tactics, and discipline based on Prussian techniques by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben who protected him.[14] In 1779 Eustace proposed an interview with Col. Archibald Campbell, his uncle and British army officer.[15] He distinguished himself in the battle of Newtown. He was appointed colonel on 29 August 1781 of the militia in State of Georgia and served Nathan Brownson.[16] In the same year he became adjutant general and assisted governor Stephen Heard.[17] In 1782 he lived in Ebenezer, Georgia;[18] now a ghost town then the capital. After eight years he left the military service.
- During the American Revolution, many Georgians and Carolinians moved to Florida along with their slaves. In December he was sent on a mission to East Florida to deal with the council on captured slaves.[19] In March he returned to Charlestown. Alexander Leslie explicitly authorized the use of British troops to “rescue” slaves as compensation for loyalists. Owners would be compensated for the value of these slaves.[20]
Having been informed that Sir Guy Carleton has ordered the restoration of such slaves as have left their owners and followed the British armies and fleet, he has appointed Col. John Skey Eustace, and Maj. Peter Deveaux as commissioners to arrange the business with Gen. Leslie; asks for his friendly co-operation with them and promises that they will comply with the rules of the etiquette of flags; expresses his admiration of the humanity shown by Sir Guy Carleton.[21]
- On 6 May 1783, Carleton and George Washington met face to face for the first time after years of long-distance communication; Carleton made it clear to Washington that the ex-slaves would not be returned to their former masters.[22]
Several times he met with the well-informed Francisco de Miranda travelling in North-Carolina.[23][24] In September 1783, Britain accepted American independence, and the war officially ended. Eustace became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, and practiced briefly as a lawyer.[8][25] He was invited to a general meeting of the Society in Philadelphia, in May 1784, but did not attend.[26] At the end of 1784, Eustace sailed to Cuba, Trinidad and Venezuela. He may have been influenced by the dynamic Miranda who had a secret project to emancipate the Indies from Spanish rule. Then he lived in Madrid, where he opened a snuff, cigars and tobacco shop. In 1787, he visited Havanna and London. With the encouragement of Miranda, he complained to the Spanish court of abuses he had suffered at the hands of colonial officials.[27] They unsuccessfully tried to interest a friend of Miranda Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger in a project for the liberation of Venezuela from Spanish rule.[28]
France
Between 1789 and 1791, John S. Eustace lived in Bordeaux, and kept George Washington and Thomas Jefferson informed of the events of the French Revolution.[29][30] With the support of the American consulate, he applied to the Minister of War (Marquis de Grave) with a request for naturalization and admission as a volunteer to the French army.[31] He refused to join Marquis de LaFayette.[32] Therefor he met mayor Pétion de Villeneuve, minister of war Servan, his successor Bouchotte and minister of finance Clavière.
On 20 April 1792, Eustace was accepted into the French service with the rank of colonel, and sent to Orchies, Valenciennes and Menen.[33] On 5 June, he was appointed in the staff of the Northern Army (Armée de Belgique) under Marshal Luckner.[34] He was introduced to Louis-Alexandre Berthier and on 9 July promoted to field marshal and became brigadier general on 7 September. He participated in the battle of Valmy, then commanded an infantry brigade under Charles-Francois Dumouriez to spread revolution in Austrian Netherlands. On 20 November he occupied the city of Lier where he ordered local authorities to rename the city square in honor of General Washington. He also issued instructions to rename various boulevards in the town in honor of himself, general Dumouriez and several French deputies.[35]
On 29 November, Eustace sent a letter to the commander of Maastricht demanding the surrender of French emigrants who had taken refuge in this Dutch city. Then he personally visited Maastricht, where he dined with Major General Prince von Hesse-Darmstadt, the German commander in Austrian service, as a result of which he was removed from command; Miranda took over on 13 December. Dumouriez planned to sent him to Paris to explain his behavior before the Convention Nationale. However, Eustace ignored the order and, claiming to be dangerously ill, retired to the Tongerlo Abbey, where he successfully resisted an attempt to question and arrest him. After the disaster at the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) he fled to Antwerp.[36] Jean-Paul Marat accused Eustace in his newspaper of the failure of the Siege of Maastricht (1793).[37] At the end of March he was arrested "for insubordination", like Miranda and other generals. Aware that if he returned to Paris he would probably be executed, Dumouriez was forced to flee into exile with the Austrians.[38] On 5 April Dumouriez defected which changed the course of the events.
On 22 April Eustace received freedom with the removal of all charges and left the French army after General Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality. An investigation followed into the military leadership of Miranda. It seems Eustace disqualified himself from testifying.
... he was asked the routine question, “Do you know the accused? “He replied, “I have the honor of detesting the accused! “Miranda wished him to be allowed to testify, anyhow, but this was not permitted.[39]
On 12 May, Eustace, whose professed love for Miranda had turned into bitter hatred, openly avowed that he considered it an honor to detest the accused, whereupon Fouquier-Tinville promptly announced that his testimony could not be accepted.[40] He then briefly worked for Babeuf, a proto-communist.[41] On 8 August he asked the Comité de Sureté Générale for a passport to return to America. For yet unknown reasons he remained in France.
In June 1794, during the Great Terror, when all foreigners were under attack, the Dutch patriot/emigre/banker Jacob van Staphorst (1747-1812) who lived in an apartment at Palais-Royal left for Switzerland on an American passport with the help and in the company of Eustace;[42][43] together they visited several cities, like Basel, Schaffhausen and Luzern. In October the (intimate) friends returned to Paris.[44] John Quincy Adams wrote several letters of introduction for Eustace, who wanted to return to the United States via the Netherlands.[45] Eustace send five letters to his friend's brother Nicolaas van Staphorst, an influential patriot/banker.[46] Mid October Van Staphorst was arrested, and banned from the city, after the discovery of a weapons cache in his warehouse near Bickerseiland.[47][48][49] Mid November Eustace arrived in Amsterdam;[50] a few days later the magistrates arrested and liberated him.[51] A few months later Eustace was accused of meddling in political affairs and detained in Scheveningen. He had been in contact with Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, Willem Anne Lestevenon, Carel Wouter Visscher and many other leading patriots about the future of the Batavian Republic. Eustace advised to organize the local militia, the distribution of food and suggested the Dutch to pay the French army, which happened in the summer of 1795 (see Pieter Stadnitski). After his release he lived in Rotterdam and published his letters to Van Staphorst.[52]
Netherlands
In 1796 Eustace was engaged in developing a plan for the "fraternal invasion of Ireland" and the creation of a "French Gibraltar" on the coast of England.[53] He participated in fruitless negotiations with the British envoy, James Harris. Eustace, housed at the Boston hotel, at the fashionable rue Vivienne, (2nd arrondissement of Paris), came under surveillance of the police and was expelled from France in 1797, as the Directory was suspicious that Eustace was spying for the British.[54] [55] It is possible he moved to England together with Harris. In March 1798, he was ordered to leave England where he was accused of supporting the Batavian revolution.[56] In June he asked the Convention to be paid for military services rendered during the American revolutionary war.[57] In November he offered his services to Alexander Hamilton who saw him “a very unwelcome correspondent.”[58] He retired in Newburgh, New York and died at the age of 45.
Family
In 1772, his sister, Catherine "Kitty" Eustace, and James Blair, the son of the Virginia governor John Blair Sr. were married. Their scandalous divorce trial later that year in Williamsburg became a battle over Blair's estate after his death in 1773. Kitty Eustace was represented by John Randolph and Patrick Henry while the estate was represented by Edmund Pendleton and James Mercer with written arguments prepared by Thomas Jefferson.[59][60] Kitty Eustace then married Seth John Cuthbert in February 1777. Cuthbert became Chairman of the Supreme Executive Council (governor) of Georgia in 1779. Her mother’s visits to Georgia during the British occupation aroused suspicions of espionage.[61]
John S. Eustace's uncle, Donald Campbell (1722–1784), served as deputy Quartermaster General of New York on the American side during the American Revolution.[62] His mother's other brothers remained loyal and served in the British army. George Campbell (1724-1799) served in Gibraltar, Havana, Martinique, and Quebec during the Seven Years’ War. James Campbell (1726- ) served as a lieutenant in the Seven Years’ War in the 42nd Regiment at Havana, Louisburg, Martinique, and Quebec.
Works
He was the author of several pamphlets,[63] some designed to embarrass James Monroe:[64][65]
- Letters on the crimes of George III., addressed to Citizen Denis; by an American Officer in the service of France. (J.S. Eustace, 1793)
- Le citoyen des États-Unis d'Amérique, Jean-Skey Eustace. A ses frères d’armes, Paris 1793
- Traité d’amitié de commerce et de navigation, entre Sa Majesté britannique et les Etats- Unis d’Amérique: Finalement ratifié par la législature américaine, suivi d’un projet fraternel, adressé aux Négocians français, pour effectuer la compensation des pertes occasionnées par les lois américaines, pendant leur commerce dans les Etats-Unis. Paris: Desenne, Year IV (1796/7).[2]
- Correspondence with Thomas Paine (1737-1809), published under the title of "The Duke of Portland". Paris (1796)
- Official and private correspondence of Major-General J.S. Eustace, citizen of the state of New York. (1796)
- Eustace, John Skey, Letters on the Emancipation and Preservation of the United Provinces, to John de Witt, Esquire, with Lessons of Humanity, Addressed to Nicholas Van Staphorst (Rotterdam 1797).
- Eustace, John Skey. Exile of Major General Eustace : a Citizen of the United States of America, from ... Great-Britain, by Order of His Grace the Duke of Portland, Minister for the Home Department ... London: printed for J. Parsons, and J. Owen, 1797.
- Eustace’s articles, entitled the “Embassy of Mr. Monroe” and signed by “An American Soldier,” appeared in the New-York Gazette and General Advertiser on August 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, September 1, 4, 6, 7, 1798.[66]
- The National Archives and Records Administration
References
- ^ L.E. Walker (1957) THE POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC CAREER OF WILLIAM VANS MURRAY
- ^ Writings of J.Q. Adams, p. 251, 371
- ^ The History of Orange County New York
- ^ HOLOGRAPHIC LETTER BY THE SCOTTISH-BORN GEORGIAN SOCIALITE
- ^ Arthur S. Marks (2000) Sterne, Shandy and North Carolina
- ^ https://allthingsliberty.com/2017/06/scandalous-divorce-case-influenced-declaration-independence/
- ^ https://www.becomingamerica250.com/history-highlights
- ^ a b Tozzi, Christopher (January 3, 2011). "Between Two Republics: American Military Volunteers in Revolutionary France". Proceedings of the Western Society for French History. 39.
- ^ A Cock and Bull for Kitty: Lord Dunmore and the Affair that Ruined the ... by George Morrow, p. 73
- ^ “To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]
- ^ The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784: August-September 1781
- ^ General Charles Lee, traitor or patriot?
- ^ “To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]
- ^ C. Tozzi (2016) Foreign, Black, and Jewish troops in the French military, 1715–1831, p. 248
- ^ “From George Washington to Thomas Burke, 28 March 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-19-02-0615. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 19, 15 January–7 April 1779, ed. Philander D. Chase and William M. Ferraro. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009, pp. 631–632.]
- ^ [https://issuu.com/earlyamerican/docs/august_28_2010_auction_catalog Early American History Auctions, Inc.
- ^ MARGARET EUSTACE AND HER FAMILY PASS THROUGH THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION by Robert Scott Davis (2020). In: Journal of the American Revolution
- ^ CALENDAR OF THE SPARKS MANUSCRIPTS IN HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY, WITH AN APPENDIX SHOWING OTHER MANUSCRIPTS. BY JUSTIN WINSOR, p. 37
- ^ https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00094864/00033/6x?search=eustace
- ^ Lee B. Wilson (2014) Masters of Law: English Legal Culture and the Law of Slavery in Colonial South Carolina and the British Atlantic World, 1669-1783, p. 276-278
- ^ Letter to Lieut. Gen. [Alexander] Leslie. Savannah, Ga: N.p., 1782. Print.
- ^ Lacey Hunter (2018) An Expansive Subjecthood in Eighteenth-Century British North America: The Life and Perspectives of Sir Guy Carleton, p. 68-70
- ^ Miranda, Diary, p. 14. Cf. Eustace, Le citoyen des États-Unis d'Amérique, pp. 6‑7.William Spence Robertson (1929) The Life of Miranda
- ^ Eustace to Miranda, Oct. 3, 1783, Mir. MSS., vol. 5.William Spence Robertson (1929) The Life of Miranda
- ^ https://gasocietyofthecincinnati.org/history-of-the-society/original-members-of-the-georgia-society/
- ^ “II. Winthrop Sargent’s Journal, 4–18 May,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-01-02-0236-0003. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, vol. 1, 1 January 1784 – 17 July 1784, ed. W. W. Abbot. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992, pp. 332–354.]
- ^ “To George Washington from Saint-Jean, 24 June 1789,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-03-02-0020. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 3, 15 June 1789–5 September 1789, ed. Dorothy Twohig. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989, pp. 66–68.]
- ^ Official and private correspondence of Major-General J.S. Eustace, citizen of the state of New York. (1796)
- ^ George Washington Papers, Series 2, Letterbooks 1754 to 1799: Letterbook 22,- Aug. 24, 1790. - August 24, 1790, 1788. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw2.022/.
- ^ The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 22: 6 August-31 December 1791
- ^ C. Tozzi (2016) Foreign, Black, and Jewish troops in the French military, 1715–1831, p. 135, 260
- ^ Le citoyen des États-Unis d'Amérique, Jean-Skey Eustace. A ses frères d’armes, Paris 1793
- ^ Le citoyen des États-Unis d'Amérique, Jean-Skey Eustace. A ses frères d’armes, Paris 1793
- ^ Between Two Republics: American Military Volunteers in Revolutionary France
- ^ E.J. van Mol (1873) Geschiedenis der stad Lier
- ^ Maréchal ... J. S. Eustace au Lieutenant-Général en Chef Dumouriez ...
- ^ Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, p. 111
- ^ http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/siege_maastricht_1793.html
- ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/trial-of-francisco-de-miranda/56F3FC9EBD34F7712FA0E730A8F0E81E
- ^ Bulletin du tribunal criminel révolutionnaire, no. 37, 2ème. supplément.[1]
- ^ J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, p. 698
- ^ J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, p. 423
- ^ Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, p. 100
- ^ U.S. History mss.,1612-1977
- ^ "Online Adams Catalogue". Massachusetts Historical Society.
- ^ Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces
- ^ Wit, C.H.E. de (1965) De strijd tussen aristocratie en democratie in Nederland 1780-1848, p. 83-93.
- ^ J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787-1795, p. 449
- ^ DBNL
- ^ U.S. History mss.,1612-1977
- ^ Writings of J.Q. Adams, p. 229
- ^ Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces
- ^ Lettre de l'Américain J.-S. Eustace au président du Directoire pour demander la permission de publier ses projets de conquête et d'approvisionnement, dont l'un concerne l'établissement d'un Gibraltar français sur les côtes de Bretagne. 16 floréal an IV.
- ^ "Exile of Major General Eustace, a citizen of the United States of America, from the Kingdom of Great-Britain, by order of His Grace the Duke of Portland, Minister for the Home Department, &c. &c. &c". Wellcome Collection.
- ^ "Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798]". founders.archives.gov.
- ^ Letters on the Emancipation & Preservation of the United Provinces, p. 89-91, 96-98
- ^ “To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [27 October 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 213–216.]
- ^ “To Alexander Hamilton from John Skey Eustace, [20 November 1798],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0157-0001. [Original source: The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 22, July 1798 – March 1799, ed. Harold C. Syrett. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, pp. 253–257.]
- ^ Frank L. Dewey (1981) Thomas Jefferson and a Williamsburg Scandal: The Case of Blair V. Blair. In: The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 89, No. 1 (Jan., 1981), pp. 44-63 (20 pages) Published By: Virginia Historical Society
- ^ https://allthingsliberty.com/2017/06/scandalous-divorce-case-influenced-declaration-independence/
- ^ https://allthingsliberty.com/2020/09/margaret-eustace-and-her-family-pass-through-the-american-revolution/
- ^ Campbell, Donald. ""To George Washington from Colonel Donald Campbell, 26 July 1775,"". Founders Online. U.S. National Archives.
- ^ http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87911056/
- ^ L.E. Walker (1957) THE POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC CAREER OF WILLIAM VANS MURRAY
- ^ The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 30: 1 January 1798 to 31 January 1799, p. 637
- ^ https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-22-02-0127
Further reading
- Lee Kennett, “John Skey Eustace and the French Revolution,” American Society Legion of Honor Magazine 45 (1974): 29-43, 30-3.
- Donald Campbell (2010) The Case Of Lieutenant Donald Campbell, And The Other Children Of The Deceased Capt. Lauchlin Campbell, Of The Province Of New York.