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| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |
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| death_date = |
| death_date = |
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| party = |
| party = {{ill|Partido Libertario (Argentina)|lt=Partido Libertario|es}} (since 2019) |
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| otherparty = [[La Libertad Avanza]] (since 2021)<br />[[Avanza Libertad]] (2020–2021) |
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| parents = {{plainlist| |
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* Norberto |
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* Alicia |
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}} |
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| relatives = Karina Milei (sister) |
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| residence = [[Buenos Aires]] |
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| alma_mater = {{plainlist| |
| alma_mater = {{plainlist| |
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* [[University of Belgrano]] |
* [[University of Belgrano]] |
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* {{ill|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social|es|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social |
* {{ill|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social|es|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social}} |
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* [[Torcuato di Tella University]] |
* [[Torcuato di Tella University]] |
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}} |
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| occupation = {{flatlist| |
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* Politician |
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* economist |
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* author |
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}} |
}} |
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| blank1 = Field |
| blank1 = Field |
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| data2 = [[Austrian School of economics|Austrian School]] |
| data2 = [[Austrian School of economics|Austrian School]] |
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| signature = Javier Milei signature.svg |
| signature = Javier Milei signature.svg |
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| website = {{plainlist| |
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* {{Instagram|javiermilei}} |
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* {{Twitter|JMilei}} |
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}} |
}} |
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<!--Intro--> |
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'''Javier Gerardo Milei''' ({{IPA-es|xaˈβjeɾ miˈlej|-|Javier Milei - nombre (ES-ar).ogg}}; born 22 October 1970) is an Argentine economist and politician. He has authored several books on politics and economics, and hosted the radio programs ''Demoliendo mitos'' and ''Cátedra libre''. He achieved notoriety and public exposure through his debates and statements on the television programs of various channels in Argentina, which led him to pursue a political career in 2021.<ref name="Dadouch 2023">{{cite news |last=Dadouch |first=Sarah |date=14 August 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's right-wing presidential front-runner |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/14/javier-milei-argentina-presidential-election |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230901190945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/14/javier-milei-argentina-presidential-election |archive-date=1 September 2023 |issn=2641-9599}}</ref> Since December 2021, Milei has held the position of national deputy (a member of the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies]]) in [[Buenos Aires]], representing [[La Libertad Avanza]], which he leads.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentina: Populist Javier Milei gets most votes in primary election |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/08/14/far-right-populist-javier-milei-is-the-biggest-vote-getter-in-argentinas-presidential-prim |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Euronews}}</ref> |
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<!--Life and career--> |
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}} |
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Milei was a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] before studying economics at the [[University of Belgrano]].<ref name="Dadouch 2023"/> He also formed a cover band in his youth and has taught economics.<ref name="Dadouch 2023"/> Milei's personal life attracted attention and has been described as eccentric,<ref name="iProfesional 2023">{{cite web |date=6 July 2023 |title=Su perro muerto, esoterismo y la 'misión' de Dios: los secretos de Javier Milei |url=https://www.iprofesional.com/economia/384634-su-perro-muerto-y-la-mision-de-dios-los-secretos-de-milei |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=iProfesional |language=es}}</ref><ref name="González 2023">{{cite web |last=González |first=Juan Luis |date=9 August 2023 |title=Milei y su perro muerto: quién es la fuente secreta de 'El Loco', el libro sobre él <!--{{!}} Noticias--> |url=https://noticias.perfil.com/noticias/politica/milei-y-su-perro-muerto-quien-es-la-fuente-secreta-de-el-loco-el-libro-sobre-el.phtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Revista Noticias |language=es}}</ref> and he garnered a significant following for his bombastic style, television appearances, and rock musician history; he appealed to the issues of [[corruption in Argentina]], and railed against what he describes as Argentina's political caste.<ref name="Dadouch 2023"/> During his 2021 election campaign as a national deputy, he pledged not to raise taxes and was known to raffle his salary.<ref name="Il Post 2023">{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2023/08/14/chi-e-javier-milei-il-leader-di-estrema-destra-che-ha-vinto-le-primarie-in-argentina |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Il Post |language=it}}</ref> |
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<!-- Introduction --> |
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'''Javier Gerardo Milei''' ({{IPA-es|xaˈβjeɾ miˈlej|-|Javier Milei - nombre (ES-ar).ogg}}; born 22 October 1970) is an Argentine economist, author, and politician. Milei initially gained prominence as an economist and the author of multiple books on economics and politics, before he rose to political prominence. His victory in the [[August 2023 Argentine primary elections]] sent sent shock waves through the country’s political establishment ahead of the [[October 2023 Argentine presidential election]].<ref name="Dadouch 2023">{{cite news |last=Dadouch |first=Sarah |date=14 August 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's right-wing presidential front-runner |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/14/javier-milei-argentina-presidential-election |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230901190945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/08/14/javier-milei-argentina-presidential-election |archive-date=1 September 2023 |issn=2641-9599}}</ref> |
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<!--National deputy and presidential campaign--> |
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As a national deputy, in line with his opposition to the state, Milei had several absences and did not present any projects, was not a member of any of the 46 commissions of the lower house, and participated little in the debates that took place. He supported some bills and resolutions of his colleagues, made questions, and voted against; through his monthly salary raffle, he returned more than seven million [[Argentine peso]]s.<ref name="Nunes 2023">{{cite web |last=Nunes |first=Sofía |date=18 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei y su rol en el Congreso: el desempeño del diputado desde que asumió |url=https://www.iprofesional.com/politica/387178-javier-milei-cual-fue-su-desempeno-como-diputado-nacional |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=iProfesional |language=es}}</ref> He is also a presidential candidate in the upcoming [[2023 Argentine general election]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Paladini |first=Eduardo |date=2022-04-11 |title=Javier Milei decidió que será candidato a presidente: qué tiene, cuánto mide y a quiénes quiere sumar |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-decidio-candidato-presidente-mide-quiere-sumar_0_uXj7e08MMQ.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> with [[Victoria Villarruel]] as his running mate.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/05/15/javier-milei-confirmo-que-victoria-villarruel-sera-su-companera-de-formula-trabajamos-muy-bien|title= Javier Milei confirmó que Victoria Villarruel será su compañera de fórmula: 'Trabajamos muy bien'|language=es |date= 15 May 2023|website=Infobae|access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref> Milei achieved a significant victory in the [[August 2023 Argentine primary elections]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=Uncertainty mounts in Argentina as far-right wins in primary vote |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/view-uncertainty-mounts-argentina-far-right-wins-primary-vote-2023-08-14 |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref name="Criales 2023">{{cite web |last=Criales |first=José Pablo |date=14 August 2023|title=Javier Milei: The ultra-right libertarian and 'anarcho-capitalist' who represents angry Argentina |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/javier-milei-the-ultra-right-libertarian-and-anarcho-capitalist-who-represents-angry-argentina.html |url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2023 |website=El País English|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230815185618/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/javier-milei-the-ultra-right-libertarian-and-anarcho-capitalist-who-represents-angry-argentina.html|archive-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Le Monde 2023">{{cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentinian far right emerges as biggest vote-getter in presidential primary voting |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/08/14/argentinian-far-right-emerges-as-biggest-vote-getter-in-presidential-primary-voting_6092290_4.html |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref> emerging as the top-voted candidate in a major [[election upset]].<ref name="Reuters 2023">{{cite news |last1=Misculin |first1=Nicolás |last2=Raszewski |first2=Eliana |last3=Grimberg |first3=Candelaria |date=14 August 2023 |title=Argentine far-right outsider Javier Milei posts shock win in primary election |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-set-primary-vote-with-ruling-peronists-fighting-survival-2023-08-13 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023">{{cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's far-right populist politician? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/14/who-is-javier-milei-argentinas-far-right-populist-politician |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="Goñi 2023">{{cite news |last=Goñi |first=Uki |date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-right outsider takes shock lead in Argentina primary election |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/14/argentina-far-right-populist-javier-milei-shock-lead-primary-presidential-elections |access-date=2023-08-14 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
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<!--Political descriptions and economic views--> |
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Politically, Milei has been variously described as [[far right]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Politi|first=Daniel|date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-Right Populist Wins Argentina's Presidential Primary |url=https://time.com/6304552/argentina-milei-presidential-primary |access-date=2023-08-15 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=In build-up to Argentina's presidential election, far-right Milei shakes up political landscape |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/08/14/in-build-up-to-argentina-s-presidential-election-far-right-milei-shakes-up-political-landscape_6092602_4.html |access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref name="SWI swissinfo.ch 2023">{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La ultraderecha española felicita a Milei por su victoria en las primarias de Argentina |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/argentina-elecciones_la-ultraderecha-espa%C3%B1ola-felicita-a-milei-por-su-victoria-en-las-primarias-de-argentina/48733116 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es}}</ref> [[ultraconservative]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gillepsie|first1=Patrick|last2=Olivera Doll|first2=Ignacio|date=15 August 2023 |title=Argentina's 100% Inflation Opens the Way to a Presidential Upset |work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-15/inflation-at-100-boosts-javier-milei-in-2023-argentina-presidential-election |url-status=live|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230816123703/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-15/inflation-at-100-boosts-javier-milei-in-2023-argentina-presidential-election|archive-date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023">{{cite web |last1=Centenera |first1=Mar |last2=Criales |first2=José Pablo |date=14 August 2023|title=Ultra-conservative Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins Argentina's primaries |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/ultra-conservative-javier-milei-capitalizes-on-the-protest-vote-and-wins-argentinas-primaries.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=El País English|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230815234239/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/ultra-conservative-javier-milei-capitalizes-on-the-protest-vote-and-wins-argentinas-primaries.html|archive-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-15 |title=Elecciones Argentina: es el triunfo de los perdedores y del hartazgo político |url=https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2023/08/15/javier-milei-elecciones-argentina-es-el-triunfo-de-los-perdedores-y-del-hartazgo-politico-kirchner-alejandro-katz-bolsa-de-buenos-aires-fmi-620956 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=La República |language=es}}</ref> and [[right-wing libertarian]].<ref name="Perfil 2021">{{cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Javier Milei y el ascenso de la derecha libertaria en Argentina |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/opinion/javier-milei-y-el-ascenso-de-la-derecha-libertaria-en-argentina.phtml |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt 2022">{{cite web |last=Schmidt|first=Walter|date=16 January 2022 |title=El fenómeno Milei: ¿líder de la nueva derecha argentina o personaje mediático? |url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/fenomeno-milei-lider-nueva-derecha-argentina-personaje-mediatico-_0_YOh6bluth.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=De Masi |first=Victoria |date=2021-11-16 |title=Ni 'militancia' ni 'territorio' y mucha prédica virtual: estrategias de la derecha para lograr ser la tercera fuerza en la Ciudad |url=https://www.eldiarioar.com/sociedad/predica-virtual-militancia-territorio-estrategia-derecha-fuerza_1_8432434.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=elDiarioAR.com |language=es}}</ref> While he identifies as a [[minarchist]] or {{ill|liberal-libertarian|es|liberal-libertario|fr|liberal-libertaire}},<ref name="Del Rincón 2021">{{cite web |last=Del Rincón|first=Fernando|date=2021-09-15 |title=Javier Milei, anarcocapitalista en la teoría y minarquista en la práctica |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/javier-milei-candidato-anarcocapitalista-minarquista-argentina-fernando-del-rincon-conclusiones-cnne |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=CNN en Español |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Blanco 2023">{{cite web |last=Blanco |first=Uriel |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei dice ser un 'liberal libertario': ¿qué significa? |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/08/14/liberal-libertario-javier-milei-en-que-consiste-orix |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=CNN en Español |language=es}}</ref> he adheres to the philosophy of [[anarcho-capitalism]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=¿Qué es el anarcocapitalismo que profesa Javier Milei? |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/-que-es-el-anarcocapitalismo-que-profesa-javier-milei-_0_GjKnCliem.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Argentina: Milei formalises plans for ultra-liberal shock |url=https://www.latinnews.com/component/k2/item/97443-argentina-milei-formalises-plans-for-ultra-liberal-shock.html |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Latin News}}</ref> Regarding economic matters, he is described as an [[ultraliberal]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Sadler |first=David |date=20 June 2023 |title=In Argentina, the difficult local roots of the ultra-liberal Javier Milei |url=https://globeecho.com/news/north-america/in-argentina-the-difficult-local-roots-of-the-ultra-liberal-javier-milei |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Globe Echo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Resende |first=Márcio |date=19 August 2023 |title=Argentina: Javier Milei, o ultraliberal que deu vantagem à extrema-direita e assustou os mercados |url=https://expresso.pt/internacional/america-latina/2023-08-19-Argentina-Javier-Milei-o-ultraliberal-que-deu-vantagem-a-extrema-direita-e-assustou-os-mercados-733f6977 |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stefanoni |first1=Pablo |last2=Foltran |first2=Luiza |date=22 August 2023 |title=O que querem os libertários e por que deram um giro à extrema direita? |url=https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/pculturais/article/view/48454 |journal=Políticas Culturais em Revista |language=pt |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=181–218 |doi=10.9771/pcr.v15i1.48454 |issn=1983-3717}}</ref> aligns with the [[Austrian School]], and contends that Argentina is a [[tax hell]]. He advocates for a swift reduction in government spending to achieve a balanced budget. He gained widespread recognition through regular television appearances where he criticized the administrations of [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], [[Mauricio Macri]], and [[Alberto Fernández]], citing what he saw as their rampant spending and a lack of fiscal adjustment as concerns.<ref>{{cite web | title=Radio: 'Para el economista Javier Milei, la economía no sale si Macri no corta el Gasto público' | website=Agrositio.com | url=http://www.agrositio.com.ar/noticia/182416-radio-para-el-economista-javier-milei-la-economia-no-sale-si-macri-no-corta-el-gasto-publico.html | language=es | access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref> His proposed abolition of the [[Central Bank of Argentina]] and [[dollarization]] have met criticism;<ref name="Zaiat 2023">{{cite web |last=Zaiat |first=Alfredo |date=23 April 2023 |title=Milei es un chanta y crece con el verso de la dolarización {{!}} Discurso confuso, debilidad técnica y el insulto para ocultar la fragilidad de conceptos |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/542958-milei-es-un-chanta-y-crece-con-el-verso-de-la-dolarizacion |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Carrió |first=Tomás |date=17 August 2023 |title=Dollarization 'Not the Answer' for Argentina, Former IMF Board Member Says |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/dollarization-not-the-answer-for-argentina-former-imf-board-member-says |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea}}</ref> the Argentine peso plunged and [[interest rate]]s were raised in the aftermath of his primaries win.<ref name="Politi 2023">{{cite web |last=Politi|first=Daniel |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentine peso plunges after rightist who admires Trump comes first in primary vote |url=https://apnews.com/article/argentina-peso-javier-milei-primary-election-president-latin-america-ff50868368fa85f0110033aa1e5607c8 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=AP News}}</ref> His foreign policy views have been described as radical as his economic views.<ref name="Brandimarte & Tobias 2023">{{cite news |last1=Brandimarte|first1=Walter|last2=Tobias|first2=Manuela|date=16 August 2023 |title=Argentina's Milei Says He'd Reject 'Assassin' China, Leave Mercosur |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-16/milei-s-foreign-policy-reject-assassin-china-leave-mercosur |access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> |
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As an economist, Milei is a vocal proponent of the [[Austrian School]]. He has critiqued the fiscal policies of various Argentine administrations and advocates for reduced government spending. He has served as a university professor, teaching courses in macroeconomics, economic growth, microeconomics, and mathematics for economists for over twenty years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=https://www.agesor.com.uy |title=¿Quién es Javier Milei? |url=https://www.agesor.com.uy/noticia.php?id=37563 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.agesor.com.uy |language=es}}</ref> He is also the author of numerous books and has hosted radio programs, including ''Demoliendo mitos'' and ''Cátedra libre''. In 2021, he entered politics and was elected as a national deputy representing the [[City of Buenos Aires]] for [[La Libertad Avanza]]. During his tenure, he has limited his legislative activities to voting, focusing instead on critiquing what he describes as Argentina's political elite and its propensity for high government spending. Milei has pledged not to raise taxes and has donated his national deputy salary through a monthly raffle. He is a presidential candidate in the upcoming 2023 general election,<ref>{{cite web |last=Paladini |first=Eduardo |date=2022-04-11 |title=Javier Milei decidió que será candidato a presidente: qué tiene, cuánto mide y a quiénes quiere sumar |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-decidio-candidato-presidente-mide-quiere-sumar_0_uXj7e08MMQ.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> with [[Victoria Villarruel]] as his vice-presidential running mate.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/05/15/javier-milei-confirmo-que-victoria-villarruel-sera-su-companera-de-formula-trabajamos-muy-bien|title= Javier Milei confirmó que Victoria Villarruel será su compañera de fórmula: 'Trabajamos muy bien'|language=es |date= 15 May 2023|website=Infobae|access-date=16 May 2023}}</ref> |
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On social issues, such as [[abortion]], Milei expressed his moral opposition to it; he is characterized as a radical [[conservative]].<ref name="The Economist 2022">{{cite news|url=https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=462085029&subtopic_1|url-status=live|title=Javier Milei shakes up Argentina's political scene|work=The Economist|date=22 May 2022|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817121951/https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=462085029&subtopic_1|archive-date=17 August 2023|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> He sees abortion as a property issue and argued that abortion is morally wrong even in cases of rape. He is opposed to the law that legalized it in 2020, and proposes to hold a [[referendum]] about the [[Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill (Argentina)|Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill]].<ref name="Chequeado 2023">{{cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Esto propone Javier Milei sobre la ley que legalizó el aborto y el sistema de vouchers educativos: ¿qué dicen los datos y los especialistas? |website= Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/esto-propone-javier-milei-sobre-la-ley-que-legalizo-el-aborto-y-el-sistema-de-vouchers-educativos-que-dicen-los-datos-y-los-especialistas |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=es}}</ref> Additionally, he criticized [[comprehensive sex education]] in schools,<ref name="Página12 2023">{{cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Educación Sexual Integral: Mientras Javier Milei la ataca, Amnistía Internacional la defiende {{!}} 'La ESI no disfraza a nadie, colabora para quitar el velo sobre los abusos contra las infancias' |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/579918-educacion-sexual-integral-mientras-javier-milei-la-ataca-amn |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref> supports the [[education voucher]] system,<ref name="Chequeado 2023"/> wants to reduce immigration,<ref name="MercoPress 2023">{{cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=Javier Milei's Presidential Platform: Privatization, Gun Rights, and Immigration Restrictions |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/05/18/javier-milei-s-presidential-platform-privatization-gun-rights-and-immigration-restrictions |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=MercoPress}}</ref><ref name="El Grand Continent 2023">{{cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Milei, lo inesperado |url=https://legrandcontinent.eu/es/2023/08/16/milei-lo-inesperado |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=El Grand Continent |language=es}}</ref> criticized the handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina]],<ref name="Rossi 2021">{{cite web |last=Rossi |first=Paula |date=22 November 2021 |title='Soy re provacunas': la explicación de Javier Milei de por qué decidió darse las dosis contra el Covid |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/soy-re-provacunas-la-explicacion-de-javier-milei-de-por-que-decidio-darse-las-dosis-contra-el-covid-nid22112021/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref><ref name="El Cronista 2021">{{cite web |date=23 November 2021 |title=Al final, Javier Milei se vacunó por una razón económica |url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/finalmente-se-vacuno-javier-milei-y-estallaron-las-redes-por-que-cambio-de-opinion |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=El Cronista |language=es}}</ref> and proposes to legalize the sale of human organs.<ref name="The Economist 2022"/> |
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Milei identifies as a [[Liberalism|liberal]], aligning specifically with [[minarchist]] and [[anarcho-capitalist]] principles. His views distinguish him in the [[Argentine political landscape]] and have garnered both public attention and political reactions. He has proposed the abolition of the [[Central Bank of Argentina]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-12 |title=Milei insiste con "volar por los aires el Banco Central" y con su teoria de "Alberto titere" |url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/milei-campana-sin-filtro-desde-volar-por-los-aires-al-banco-central-hasta-alberto-titere/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.cronista.com |language=es}}</ref> which would result in a ''de facto'' [[dollarized economy]], and a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. Milei strongly opposes abortion, even in cases of rape,<ref name="El Canciller 2021">{{cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Milei: El candidato para el que sus padres 'no existen' y el aborto es un 'conflicto de propiedad' |url=https://elcanciller.com/politica/milei--el-candidato-para-el-que-sus-padres--no-existen--y-el-aborto-es-un--conflicto-de-propiedad-_a6177e8df74e3b4514175072e |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=El Canciller |language=es}}</ref> and has suggested a [[referendum]] to reconsider the 2020 law ([[Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill (Argentina)|Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill]]) that legalized it.<ref name="Chequeado 2023">{{cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Esto propone Javier Milei sobre la ley que legalizó el aborto y el sistema de vouchers educativos: ¿qué dicen los datos y los especialistas? |website= Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/esto-propone-javier-milei-sobre-la-ley-que-legalizo-el-aborto-y-el-sistema-de-vouchers-educativos-que-dicen-los-datos-y-los-especialistas |access-date=2023-08-19 |language=es}}</ref> He has expressed support for freedom of choice on topics, such as drugs, prostitution, marriage, sexual preference and gender identity, in contrast to his opposition to abortion and euthanasia. |
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<!--Controversies--> |
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{{POV-section}} |
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Milei's political positions have sparked controversy and confusion.<ref name="The Economist 2022"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Molina |first=Federico Rivas |date=15 August 2023 |title=What's going on inside Javier Milei's head? |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-15/whats-going-on-inside-javier-mileis-head.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230822071215/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-03-30/javier-milei-the-unclassifiable-argentine-politician.html |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=El País English}}</ref> Controversial were his opposition to abortion in rape cases,<ref name="El Canciller 2021">{{cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Milei: El candidato para el que sus padres 'no existen' y el aborto es un 'conflicto de propiedad' |url=https://elcanciller.com/politica/milei--el-candidato-para-el-que-sus-padres--no-existen--y-el-aborto-es-un--conflicto-de-propiedad-_a6177e8df74e3b4514175072e |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=El Canciller |language=es}}</ref> his view of comprehensive sex education in schools as a form of brainwashing,<ref name="Perfil 2022">{{cite web |date=2022-10-17 |title=Milei quiere anular la Educación Sexual Integral: 'Deforma la cabeza a la gente' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/milei-quiere-anular-la-educacion-sexual-integral-deforma-la-cabeza-a-la-gente.phtml |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> skepticism towards [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s,<ref name="The Economist 2022"/> civilian firearm ownership support,<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Javier Milei: Estoy a favor de la libre portación de armas<!--{{!}} Política--> |url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-estoy-a-favor-de-la-libre-portacion-de-armas |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=La Voz del Interior |language=es}}</ref><ref name="The Economist 2023">{{cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title=Argentina could get its first libertarian president |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2023/08/14/argentina-could-get-its-first-libertarian-president |access-date=14 August 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> legalization of [[organ trade]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Politi |first=Daniel |date=2023-05-28 |title=Right-wing populist Javier Milei gains support in Argentina by blasting 'political caste' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/wing-populist-javier-milei-gains-support-argentina-blasting-99661490 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=ABC News}}</ref> promotion of the far-right [[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]],<ref name="Fahsbender 2022">{{cite web |last=Fahsbender |first=Federico |date=20 May 2022|title=Javier Milei y su guerra contra el 'marxismo cultural': la oscura historia detrás del término |url=https://www.infobae.com/opinion/2022/05/20/javier-milei-y-su-guerra-contra-el-marxismo-cultural-la-oscura-historia-detras-del-termino |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref><ref name="GZERO Media 2023">{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Can a far-right populist win in Argentina? |url=https://www.gzeromedia.com/viewpoint/can-a-far-right-populist-win-in-argentina |access-date=2023-08-14 |publisher=GZERO Media}}</ref> and [[climate change denial]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Javier Milei: 'El calentamiento global es una mentira'|website= Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/ultimas-noticias/milei-el-calentamiento-global-es-una-mentira |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=es}}</ref> Due to those controversies and his radical conservative social and economic policies,<ref name="The Economist 2022"/><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=Controvertido y excéntrico economista argentino sube en encuestas para las presidenciales |url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/controvertido-economista-argentino-sube-encuestas-presidenciales/7112676.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Voz de América |language=es}}</ref> his victory in the primaries was deemed an upset,<ref name="Lissardy 2023">{{cite news |last=Lissardy |first=Gerardo |date=15 August 2023 |title=Milei tiene un componente libertario que lo hace un bicho raro en comparación a las ultraderechas de América Latina' |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/c720v3yp82no |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230818164942/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/c720v3yp82no |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |work=BBC News Mundo |language=es}}</ref> and led to his characterization as a [[far-right populist]].<ref name="Reuters 2023"/><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023"/><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> |
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<!-- Summary or public profile, controversies, media coverage --> |
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Beyond his professional and political life, Milei is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence, both domestically and internationally. He has criticized [[comprehensive sex education]] in schools as a form of brainwashing, expressed skepticism towards [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s, supported civilian firearm ownership support, promoted the far-right [[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]], engaged in [[climate change denial]], and wants to restrict immigration. Politically, he as been variously described as [[far-right]], [[ultraconservative]], [[right-wing libertarian]], and [[ultraliberal]]. |
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== Early life |
== Early life == |
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Milei was born in [[Palermo, Buenos Aires]], on 22 October 1970.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> His mother Alicia was a housewife,<ref name="Criales 2023"/> while his father Norberto was a [[bus driver]] who later became a businessman overseeing the bus driving sector.<ref name="Compte 2018">{{cite news|last=Compte|first=Juan Manuel|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.cronista.com/clase/dixit/Milei-La-Argentina-cree-que-Macri-es-liberal-20171127-0001.html|title=Milei: 'La Argentina cree que Macri es liberal'|work=El Cronista|language=es|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Salomé |first=René |date=22 July 2023 |title=Un padre violento, una 'misión encomendada por Dios' y una traición a los suyos: el fenómeno Milei por dentro |url=https://www.infobae.com/leamos/2023/07/23/un-padre-violento-una-mision-encomendada-por-dios-y-una-traicion-a-los-suyos-el-fenomeno-milei-por-dentro |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> His family is of Italian origin.<ref name="Viriglio 2023">{{cite news|last=Viriglio|first=Veronique|date=16 August 2023|url=https://www.agi.it/estero/news/2023-08-16/argentina-milei-outsider-contro-kirchnerismo-22630111|title=Argentina: Milei, un outsider contro il kirchnerismo<!--Il 'Trump argentino' che sfida Kirchner-->|language=it|agency=AGI|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> Milei grew up in the [[Villa Devoto]] neighborhood,<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> and attended Catholic schools and private universities.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> He attended the Cardenal Copello high school, and later moved to [[Sáenz Peña, Buenos Aires]]. At school, he was nicknamed ''El Loco'' ("The Madman") due to his outbursts and aggressive rhetoric that later made him famous.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> In late teens and early adulthood, he was a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Chacarita Juniors]] until 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aquichacarita.wordpress.com/2017/01/15/curiosidadesun-gran-economista-fue-arquero-de-chaca-en-la-decada-del-80javier-milei|url-status=dead|title=Curiosidades: un gran economista fue arquero de Chaca en la década del 80: Javier Milei|website=Aqui Chacarita|language=es|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807050518/https://aquichacarita.wordpress.com/2017/01/15/curiosidadesun-gran-economista-fue-arquero-de-chaca-en-la-decada-del-80javier-milei|archive-date=7 August 2020|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> |
Milei was born in [[Palermo, Buenos Aires]], on 22 October 1970.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> His mother Alicia was a housewife,<ref name="Criales 2023"/> while his father Norberto was a [[bus driver]] who later became a businessman overseeing the bus driving sector.<ref name="Compte 2018">{{cite news|last=Compte|first=Juan Manuel|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.cronista.com/clase/dixit/Milei-La-Argentina-cree-que-Macri-es-liberal-20171127-0001.html|title=Milei: 'La Argentina cree que Macri es liberal'|work=El Cronista|language=es|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Salomé |first=René |date=22 July 2023 |title=Un padre violento, una 'misión encomendada por Dios' y una traición a los suyos: el fenómeno Milei por dentro |url=https://www.infobae.com/leamos/2023/07/23/un-padre-violento-una-mision-encomendada-por-dios-y-una-traicion-a-los-suyos-el-fenomeno-milei-por-dentro |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> His family is of Italian origin.<ref name="Viriglio 2023">{{cite news|last=Viriglio|first=Veronique|date=16 August 2023|url=https://www.agi.it/estero/news/2023-08-16/argentina-milei-outsider-contro-kirchnerismo-22630111|title=Argentina: Milei, un outsider contro il kirchnerismo<!--Il 'Trump argentino' che sfida Kirchner-->|language=it|agency=AGI|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> Milei grew up in the [[Villa Devoto]] neighborhood,<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> and attended Catholic schools and private universities.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> He attended the Cardenal Copello high school, and later moved to [[Sáenz Peña, Buenos Aires]]. At school, he was nicknamed ''El Loco'' ("The Madman") due to his outbursts and aggressive rhetoric that later made him famous.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> In late teens and early adulthood, he was a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Chacarita Juniors]] until 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aquichacarita.wordpress.com/2017/01/15/curiosidadesun-gran-economista-fue-arquero-de-chaca-en-la-decada-del-80javier-milei|url-status=dead|title=Curiosidades: un gran economista fue arquero de Chaca en la década del 80: Javier Milei|website=Aqui Chacarita|language=es|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807050518/https://aquichacarita.wordpress.com/2017/01/15/curiosidadesun-gran-economista-fue-arquero-de-chaca-en-la-decada-del-80javier-milei|archive-date=7 August 2020|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> |
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Milei stated that he decided to quit [[association football]] and pursue a career in economics at the age of 18 after [[José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz]]'s economic administration led the country to [[hyperinflation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/protagonistas/la-insolita-vida-privada-y-familiar-de-milei-el-economista-mas-polemico.phtml|title=La insólita vida privada y familiar de Milei, el economista más polémico|website=Perfil|language=es|date=7 July 2018|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> About his childhood, he said that his parents had beat and verbally abused him as a child,<ref name="Pasquini 2023">{{cite news |last=Pasquini |first=Gabriel |date=16 August 2023 |title=<!--Opinion |-->Argentina's angry polarization is a warning for the United States |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/08/16/milei-argentina-polarization-politics-america |url-status=live |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230818163828/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/08/16/milei-argentina-polarization-politics-america |archive-date=18 August 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> which caused him to not speak to them for a decade;<ref name="Criales 2023"/> he was supported by his younger sister Karina and his maternal grandmother.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> He also sang in the [[cover band]] Everest, which mostly played [[Rolling Stones]] covers.<ref name="Compte 2018"/> |
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== Education and work == |
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Milei obtained an economics degree from the private [[University of Belgrano]] (''[[Licentiate in Argentina|Licentiate]]'') and received two master's degrees from the {{ill|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social|es|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social}} and the private [[Torcuato di Tella University]].<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> |
Milei obtained an economics degree from the private [[University of Belgrano]] (''[[Licentiate in Argentina|Licentiate]]'') and received two master's degrees from the {{ill|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social|es|Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social}} and the private [[Torcuato di Tella University]].<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> He became the chief economist at Máxima AFJP (a private pension company), a head economist at Estudio Broda (a financial advising company), and a government consultant at the [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]]. He was also a senior economist in [[HSBC]] Argentina.<ref name="WEF 2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/javier-gerardo-milei|title=Javier Gerardo Milei|publisher=World Economic Forum|date=2016|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> He served as chief economist at several national and international government public bodies.<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> |
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Since 2012, Milei has led the division of Economic Studies at Fundación Acordar, a national think tank.<ref name="WEF 2016" /> He is also a member of the [[B20 summits|B20]], the Economic Policy Group of [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (an advisor to the [[G20]]), and the [[World Economic Forum]]. He is a specialist in [[economic growth]] and has taught several economic subjects in Argentine universities and abroad. He has authored several books,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cronista.com/autor/jmilei<!--https://www.cronista.com/columnista/jmilei-->|url-status=dead|title=Perfil de Javier Milei|work=El Cronista|language=es|date=2017|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170208054457/https://www.cronista.com/columnista/jmilei|archive-date=8 February 2017|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> including ''[[El camino del libertario]]'',<ref name="Chavez 2022">{{cite web|last=Chavez|first=Facundo|date=4 March 2022|url=https://www.infobae.com/reportajes/2022/03/04/javier-milei-presento-el-camino-del-libertario-y-aseguro-es-el-libro-de-un-candidato-a-presidente|title=Javier Milei presentó 'El camino del libertario' y aseguró: 'Es el libro de un candidato a presidente'|<!--trans-title= Javier Milei presented "El Camino del libertario" and stated: "It is the book of a presidential candidate"|-->language=es|website=Infobae|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> and wrote over fifty academic papers.<ref name="WEF 2016" /> In the past, he worked at the private company Corporación América, where he served for fifteen years as the chief economist and financial adviser to [[Eduardo Eurnekian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Milei ante el círculo rojo: se reencontró con su exjefe y despertó risas, pero no confianza en su plan |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/milei-ante-el-circulo-rojo-se-reencontro-con-su-exjefe-y-desperto-risas-pero-no-confianza-en-su-plan-nid29062023 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> |
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For over twenty-one years, Milei has been a professor of macroeconomics, economics of growth, microeconomics, and mathematics for economists.<ref name="Viriglio 2023" /> He is a specialist in [[economic growth]] and has taught several economic subjects in Argentine universities and abroad. He has written more than fifty academic papers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agesor |url=https://www.agesor.com.uy/noticia.php?id=37563}}</ref><ref name="WEF 2016" /> |
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For over twenty-one years, Milei has been a professor of macroeconomics, economics of growth, microeconomics, and mathematics for economists.<ref name="Viriglio 2023" /> Since 2016, he has been attempting to integrate concepts from the [[Austrian School]] with [[monetarism]] concepts, as he regards [[Ben Bernanke]] as the greatest [[president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=El retiro de Bernanke y el futuro de los emergentes|url=http://opinion.infobae.com/javier-milei/2013/08/03/el-retiro-de-bernanke-y-el-futuro-de-los-emergentes|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Javier Milei|date=12 June 2016 |language=es}}</ref> Alongside his academic pursuits, he is considered a radio host, becoming a prominent and influential personality in the communication and media sector;<ref name="Viriglio 2023" /> a 2018 ranking by Ejes showed that he was the most interviewed economist on TV, ahead of Fausto Spotorno and Damián Di Pace, with 235 interviews and 193,347 seconds in total.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=Milei encabeza el ranking de los economistas con más segundos al aire |url=https://www.expedientepolitico.com.ar/milei-encabeza-el-ranking-de-los-economistas-con-mas-seguros-al-aire |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Expediente Político |language=es}}</ref> |
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=== Economist career === |
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He became the chief economist at Máxima AFJP (a private pension company), a head economist at Estudio Broda (a financial advising company), and a government consultant at the [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]]. He was also a senior economist in [[HSBC]] Argentina.<ref name="WEF 2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/javier-gerardo-milei|title=Javier Gerardo Milei|publisher=World Economic Forum|date=2016|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> He served as chief economist at several national and international government public bodies.<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> Since 2012, Milei has led the division of Economic Studies at Fundación Acordar, a national think tank.<ref name="WEF 2016" /> He is also a member of the [[B20 summits|B20]], the Economic Policy Group of [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (an advisor to the [[G20]]), and the [[World Economic Forum]]. In the past, he worked at the private company Corporación América, where he served for fifteen years as the chief economist and financial adviser to [[Eduardo Eurnekian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Milei ante el círculo rojo: se reencontró con su exjefe y despertó risas, pero no confianza en su plan |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/milei-ante-el-circulo-rojo-se-reencontro-con-su-exjefe-y-desperto-risas-pero-no-confianza-en-su-plan-nid29062023 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> |
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== ''Demoliendo mitos'' and economist work == |
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=== Media career === |
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[[File: |
[[File:Milei spot 2021.png|thumb|Milei in 2021]] |
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Milei hosts his own radio show called ''Demoliendo mitos'' ("Demolishing Myths"),<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2018 |title=Javier Milei explotó por los proyectos más 'inútiles' de los legisladores y el video se volvió viral |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2018/11/18/javier-milei-exploto-por-los-proyectos-mas-raros-de-los-legisladores-y-el-video-se-volvio-viral |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> featuring regular appearances by the Alberdian economist and businessman Gustavo Lazzari and personalities like the Alberdian lawyer Pablo Torres Barthe and the [[right-libertarian]] political scientist María Zaldívar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conexionabierta.com.ar/programas/demoliendo-mitos.html|title=Demoliendo mitos|website=Radio Conexión Abierta|language=es|date=2017|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=XPHqzVFaDQw|title='Demoliendo mitos', de J.Milei con G.Lazzari, D.Giacomini, y N.Márquez – 09/02/18|website=Radio Conexión Abierta|language=es|date=9 February 2018|access-date=15 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> He has been described as a controversial and eccentric economist,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/controvertido-economista-argentino-sube-encuestas-presidenciales/7112676.html|title=Controvertido y excéntrico economista argentino sube en encuestas para las presidenciales|publisher=Voz de America|language=es|date=28 May 2023|access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Calatrava|first=Almudena|date=28 May 2023|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2023-05-28/controvertido-y-excentrico-economista-argentino-sube-en-encuestas-para-las-presidenciales|title=Controvertido y excéntrico economista argentino sube en encuestas para las presidenciales|work=San Diego Union Tribune|language=es|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> and ultralibertarian economist.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fontevecchia |first=Agustino |date=15 July 2023|title=Ultra-Libertarian Economist Javier Milei Proposes Dollarization In Argentina |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2023/07/15/ultra-libertarian-economist-javier-mileis-proposes-dollarization-in-argentina |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Forbes}}</ref> In 2021, he was accused of having plagiarized in his ''[[El Cronista]]'' and [[Infobae]] columns and works, from ''El camino del libertario'' to ''Pandenomics'', the main authors of the Austrian School,<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021">{{cite web |last=Fiore Viani |first=Gonzalo |date=10 September 2021 |title=Milei y los libertarios: una corriente (no tan) nueva en la política argentina |url=https://agendapublica.elpais.com/noticia/17145/milei-libertarios-corriente-no-tan-nueva-politica-argentina |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Agenda Pública |language=es}}</ref> such as [[Henry Hazlitt]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[Walter Block]]. He dismissed those allegations, saying: "It doesn't make sense."<ref>{{cite web |last=Farinas |first=Tamara |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei o cómo un ultraderechista acusado de violencia de género y plagio puede ser presidente en Argentina |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/internacional/javier-milei-argentina_2023081464d9daec714dff0001072346.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=La Sexta |language=es}}</ref> He argued that, as they were disclosure notes, there was no need to name the authors for a practical issue. For ''Pandenomics'', he was accused of having plagiarized the works of other academics, such as a mathematical model to study different epidemic outbreaks throughout history, among others.<ref>{{cite web |last1=González |first1=Juan Luis |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Tomás |date=20 May 2022 |title=Javier Milei, el gran copión: los seis plagios de su libro<!--| Noticias--> |url=https://noticias.perfil.com/noticias/politica/javier-milei-gran-copion-seis-plagios-libro-pandenomics.phtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Revista Noticias}}</ref> |
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Milei is the author of several books<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cronista.com/autor/jmilei<!--https://www.cronista.com/columnista/jmilei-->|url-status=dead|title=Perfil de Javier Milei|work=El Cronista|language=es|date=2017|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170208054457/https://www.cronista.com/columnista/jmilei|archive-date=8 February 2017|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> including ''[[El camino del libertario]]'',<ref name="Chavez 2022">{{cite web|last=Chavez|first=Facundo|date=4 March 2022|url=https://www.infobae.com/reportajes/2022/03/04/javier-milei-presento-el-camino-del-libertario-y-aseguro-es-el-libro-de-un-candidato-a-presidente|title=Javier Milei presentó 'El camino del libertario' y aseguró: 'Es el libro de un candidato a presidente'|<!--trans-title= Javier Milei presented "El Camino del libertario" and stated: "It is the book of a presidential candidate"|-->language=es|website=Infobae|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref>. |
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As an economist, like other libertarian economists, Milei's influences include [[Adam Smith]], Rothbard, Hayek, [[Milton Friedman]], [[Gary Becker]],<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title='Cinco perros enormes, el único tema del que Javier Milei no quiere hablar': el candidato, según la principal agencia de noticias para inversores |url=https://www.clarin.com/economia/-perros-enormes-unico-tema-javier-milei-quiere-hablar-perfil-candidato-principal-agencia-noticias-inversores_0_Kvlt4Msfg9.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> and [[Jesús Huerta de Soto]].<ref name="Aire de Santa Fe 2023">{{cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, 'el gladiador' y su historia mística con Conan, 'el león' |url=https://www.airedesantafe.com.ar/espectaculos/javier-milei-el-gladiador-y-su-historia-mistica-conan-el-leon-conto-que-se-conocieron-hace-2000-anos-el-coliseo-romano-n498470 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=Aire de Santa Fe |language=es}}</ref> He frequently employs mathematical formulas and charts in his writings to illustrate his points; this approach has drawn criticism from some Austrian School economists, as the Austrian School, which is considered part of [[heterodox economics]], considers economics a social science and generally holds skeptical views of using mathematics in economics.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=26 June 2018 |title=Milei disertará en Metán sobre capitalismo y monopolios |url=https://www.novasalta.com/nota.asp?t=Milei-disertara-en-Metan-sobre-capitalismo-y-monopolios&id=1200&id_tiponota=10 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=NOVA Salta |language=es}}</ref> Argentine [[mainstream economists]] also criticized Milei's economic work and his presentention, describing his concepts as confusing, and arguing that the formulas he uses are not correct; in particular, they criticized his [[Central Bank of Argentina]] abolition and [[dollarization]] proposals. Milei dismissed the critics of dollarization, saying that they do not understand "the condition of transversality".<ref name="Zaiat 2023"/> |
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In addition to his written work, Milei has a notable presence on television. A 2018 ranking by Ejes showed that he was the most interviewed economist on TV, ahead of Fausto Spotorno and Damián Di Pace, with 235 interviews and 193,347 seconds in total.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=Milei encabeza el ranking de los economistas con más segundos al aire |url=https://www.expedientepolitico.com.ar/milei-encabeza-el-ranking-de-los-economistas-con-mas-seguros-al-aire |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Expediente Político |language=es}}</ref> |
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In March 2018, Andrés Aisian rejected Milei's dollarization proposal and his characterization of [[fiat currency]] as "counterfeiting money". Aisian argued that Milei conflated the morality of fiat currency with the morality of its original discovery, and described Milei's proposal of a return to the [[gold standard]] and [[metallism]] as "economic nonsense".<ref>{{cite web |last=Asiain |first=Andrés |date=2018-03-30 |title='La estafa de la emisión' {{!}} El valor del dinero |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/104912-la-estafa-de-la-emision |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref> In April 2023, Torcuato di Tella University economist Constantino Hevia wrote that "if you scratch it a bit, you realize that Milei knows much less economics than people ... Milei overwhelms with shouts and technical terms that he doesn't quite understand. So, by trying to make everyone ignorant and using a pseudoscientific discourse, he confuses the public and his figure as a technician or mathematical economist, as he likes to call himself, grows. The truth is that Milei is technically weak. The example of his notes is very clear."<ref name="Zaiat 2023" /> He concluded that "Milei's insufficient mathematical preparation and his huge ego lead him to say nonsense that is technically wrong."<ref name="Zaiat 2023" /> Milei's dollarized economy proposal for the [[2023 Argentine presidential election]] is based on advices from economists Emilio Ocampo and Nicolás Cachanosky, both of whom had approached Milei to determine the best path to dollarization.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dolabjian |first=Camila |date=20 August 2023 |title=Las propuestas de Milei {{!}} Secretos, puntos clave y riesgos del plan de dolarización a la que dio luz verde el candidato libertario |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-propuestas-de-milei-secretos-puntos-clave-y-riesgos-del-plan-de-dolarizacion-a-la-que-dio-luz-nid20082023/ |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> |
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Milei hosts his own radio show called ''Demoliendo mitos'' ("Demolishing Myths"),<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2018 |title=Javier Milei explotó por los proyectos más 'inútiles' de los legisladores y el video se volvió viral |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2018/11/18/javier-milei-exploto-por-los-proyectos-mas-raros-de-los-legisladores-y-el-video-se-volvio-viral |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> featuring regular appearances by the Alberdian economist and businessman Gustavo Lazzari and personalities like the Alberdian lawyer Pablo Torres Barthe and the [[right-libertarian]] political scientist María Zaldívar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conexionabierta.com.ar/programas/demoliendo-mitos.html|title=Demoliendo mitos|website=Radio Conexión Abierta|language=es|date=2017|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=XPHqzVFaDQw|title='Demoliendo mitos', de J.Milei con G.Lazzari, D.Giacomini, y N.Márquez – 09/02/18|website=Radio Conexión Abierta|language=es|date=9 February 2018|access-date=15 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> |
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== Political career == |
== Political career == |
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On 26 June 2018, during a conference in [[San José de Metán]], in the [[Salta Province]], Milei referred to journalist Teresita Frías as "a donkey" after she criticized his ideological views as totalitarian.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Escándalo en Salta: el economista Javier Milei maltrató y llamó 'burra' a una periodista |url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/escandalo-salta-economista-javier-milei-maltrato-llamo-burra-periodista_0_BylaYFffm.html |access-date=14 August 2023|website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=El economista Javier Milei maltrató a una periodista en Salta: 'Sos una burra' |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2018/06/28/el-economista-javier-milei-maltrato-a-una-periodista-en-salta-sos-una-burra |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=infobae |language=es}}</ref> As he refused to apologize, he was accused of exerting gender violence, and a local court mandated a psychological examination. Family and Gender judge Carmelo Paz forbade him from participating in public gatherings as a panelist or lecturer within the boundaries of the city of Metan, under the threat of legal action.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title=Violencia de género: Milei se presentó hoy en Metán junto al abogado Marcelo Arancibia |work=El Tribuno |url=https://www.eltribuno.com/salta/nota/2018-7-11-10-16-0-violencia-de-genero-milei-se-presento-hoy-en-metan-junto-al-abogado-marcelo-arancibia |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327021033/https://www.eltribuno.com/salta/nota/2018-7-11-10-16-0-violencia-de-genero-milei-se-presento-hoy-en-metan-junto-al-abogado-marcelo-arancibia |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Ordenan una pericia psicológica para el economista Javier Milei |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/sociedad/ordenan-una-pericia-psicologica-para-el-economista-javier-milei.phtml |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> In 2018, he made his acting debut in his play ''El consultorio de Milei'', with Claudio Rico and Diego Sucalesca. In 2019, ''[[Noticias (magazine)|Noticias]]'' named him one of the most influential people in Argentina. In 2020, he spoke in favor of protests against the government led by [[Alberto Fernández]].<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> |
On 26 June 2018, during a conference in [[San José de Metán]], in the [[Salta Province]], Milei referred to journalist Teresita Frías as "a donkey" after she criticized his ideological views as totalitarian.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Escándalo en Salta: el economista Javier Milei maltrató y llamó 'burra' a una periodista |url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/escandalo-salta-economista-javier-milei-maltrato-llamo-burra-periodista_0_BylaYFffm.html |access-date=14 August 2023|website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=El economista Javier Milei maltrató a una periodista en Salta: 'Sos una burra' |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2018/06/28/el-economista-javier-milei-maltrato-a-una-periodista-en-salta-sos-una-burra |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=infobae |language=es}}</ref> As he refused to apologize, he was accused of exerting gender violence, and a local court mandated a psychological examination. Family and Gender judge Carmelo Paz forbade him from participating in public gatherings as a panelist or lecturer within the boundaries of the city of Metan, under the threat of legal action.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title=Violencia de género: Milei se presentó hoy en Metán junto al abogado Marcelo Arancibia |work=El Tribuno |url=https://www.eltribuno.com/salta/nota/2018-7-11-10-16-0-violencia-de-genero-milei-se-presento-hoy-en-metan-junto-al-abogado-marcelo-arancibia |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327021033/https://www.eltribuno.com/salta/nota/2018-7-11-10-16-0-violencia-de-genero-milei-se-presento-hoy-en-metan-junto-al-abogado-marcelo-arancibia |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Ordenan una pericia psicológica para el economista Javier Milei |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/sociedad/ordenan-una-pericia-psicologica-para-el-economista-javier-milei.phtml |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> In 2018, he made his acting debut in his play ''El consultorio de Milei'', with Claudio Rico and Diego Sucalesca. In 2019, ''[[Noticias (magazine)|Noticias]]'' named him one of the most influential people in Argentina. In 2020, he spoke in favor of protests against the government led by [[Alberto Fernández]].<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> |
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During his 2023 presidential campaign and August 2023 primaries win, the international press who reported on Milei used a range of labels to describe him. Due to his primaries upset win, he was described as a far-right popoulist or outsider.<ref name="Reuters 2023"/><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023"/><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> Reuters reported that Milei is a "radical right-wing candidate", ''Time'' called him a populist, ''El País'' described him as an "ultra-right libertarian and 'anarcho-capitalist' who represents angry Argentina",<ref name="Criales 2023"/> [[CNN]] characterized him as an outsider, ''The Economist'' headlined that "Argentina could get its first libertarian president", [[CBC News]] described him as a "libertarian firebrand",<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2023 |title=Libertarian firebrand Milei has a real shot at Argentina's presidency |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/milei-argentina-election-1.6944351 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> and the BBC described him as a "Trump admirer".<ref name="Devlin 2023"/> He has also been compared to American conservative [[Tucker Carlson]],<ref name="Devlin 2023"/> and to [[Marine Le Pen]] of France's [[National Rally]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=Carlos Quenan: 'Entre Le Pen y Milei hay similitudes' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/modo-fontevecchia/carlos-quenan-entre-le-pen-y-milei-hay-una-similitudes-modof.phtml |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Perfil}}</ref> He maintains close ties with the Spanish far-right party [[Vox (political party)|Vox]],<ref>{{cite web|date=11 October 2021|title=Javier Milei refuerza su perfil internacional: fue la estrella invitada en un encuentro de la ultraderecha española|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-refuerza-perfil-internacional-estrella-invitada-mega-encuentro-derecha-espanola_0_u9KbmwiqQ.amp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212200847/https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-refuerza-perfil-internacional-estrella-invitada-mega-encuentro-derecha-espanola_0_u9KbmwiqQ.amp.html|archive-date=2023-02-12|url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2023|website=Clarin|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei, en su discurso ante los acólitos de Vox: 'Somos superiores productiva y moralmente al zurderío' |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/javier-milei-discurso-acolitos-vox-somos-superiores-productiva-moralmente-zurderio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815153434/https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/javier-milei-discurso-acolitos-vox-somos-superiores-productiva-moralmente-zurderio.html|archive-date=2023-08-15|url-status=live|access-date=2023-08-15 |website=El HuffPost |language=es}}</ref> from which he borrowed the anti-caste rhetoric,<ref name="Schmidt 2022"/> as well as the former far-right conservative Chilean presidential candidate [[José Antonio Kast]].<ref>{{cite web|date=22 November 2021|title=Elecciones en Chile: Javier Milei felicitó a José Antonio Kast por 'alejar al socialismo empobrecedor'|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/politica/el-mensaje-de-javier-milei-a-jose-antonio-kast.phtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051547/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/politica/el-mensaje-de-javier-milei-a-jose-antonio-kast.phtml|archive-date=2023-02-11|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> Milei said: "People realize that we're getting poorer and that the only ones making progress are the politicians, the parasites."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> |
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=== Avanza Libertad and La Libertad Avanza === |
=== Avanza Libertad and La Libertad Avanza === |
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For political analyst Facundo Cruz of the Research Center for Democratic Quality, this was a result of the protest vote. He said that the vote for Milei "channeled the citizen discontent of the last two governments, past and present".<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> According to ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'', "Milei's victory speaks to us above all of the extent of despondency and anger that hovers in Argentine society, which wanted to express this profound unease with the primary vote."<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> According to ''[[Página12]]'', he "arises from a bad economic situation, from the critical situations experienced during the months of isolation due to the pandemic, added to the exasperating and permanent blow of inflation."<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> ''Página12'' sees a similarity with the scenarios before the military coups in Argentina and other Latin American countries, saying that the military coups "have dismantled the democratic system, but they have never solved anything and, in exchange rate, have worsened the lives of Argentines: poverty, debts, unemployment and so on. Milei looks like a child of that story. He embodies the same illusions of a sector of society that promoted dictatorships and then regretted it."<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> |
For political analyst Facundo Cruz of the Research Center for Democratic Quality, this was a result of the protest vote. He said that the vote for Milei "channeled the citizen discontent of the last two governments, past and present".<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> According to ''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]'', "Milei's victory speaks to us above all of the extent of despondency and anger that hovers in Argentine society, which wanted to express this profound unease with the primary vote."<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> According to ''[[Página12]]'', he "arises from a bad economic situation, from the critical situations experienced during the months of isolation due to the pandemic, added to the exasperating and permanent blow of inflation."<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> ''Página12'' sees a similarity with the scenarios before the military coups in Argentina and other Latin American countries, saying that the military coups "have dismantled the democratic system, but they have never solved anything and, in exchange rate, have worsened the lives of Argentines: poverty, debts, unemployment and so on. Milei looks like a child of that story. He embodies the same illusions of a sector of society that promoted dictatorships and then regretted it."<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> |
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After winning the 2023 primaries, Milei announced what he called a "new liberal revolution" and "the end of the caste model, that atrocity that says that where there is a need, a right is born, but it is forgotten that someone has to pay for that right."<ref>{{cite web |last=Muriel |first=Pablo Casado |date=14 August 2023 |title=El libertario Javier Milei gana las primarias en Argentina y pone en jaque al kirchnerismo |url=https://www.eldebate.com/internacional/20230814/libertario-javier-milei-gana-primarias-argentina-pone-jaque-kirchnerismo_133898.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=El Debate |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Esquivel |first=Karen |date=14 August 2023 |title=El discurso de Javier Milei en 10 polémicas frases |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/08/14/discurso-javier-milei-10-polemicas-frases-orix |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=CNN en Español |language=es}}</ref> |
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==== 2023 general election ==== |
==== 2023 general election ==== |
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According to [[JPMorgan]], Milei's win is not certain and predicts a chaotic outcome, citing the historically low turnout of the primaries and that a higher-than-average turnout for the general election would benefit the traditional parties of Massa's Union for the Homeland and [[Patricia Bullrich]]'s Juntos por el Cambio.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Jennifer |last2=Nugent |first2=Ciara |last3=McDougall |first3=Mary |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentina's markets recoil after shock primary election results |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/df45cf2a-5b51-4d13-bc93-500c07c7d73f |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wigglesworth |first=Robin |date=2023-08-15 |title=Argentina's 'Milei-Quake' |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f4f46aaa-b777-409d-8766-d1cf8962d73d |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> Jared Lou, a portfolio manager at William Blair Investment Management, commented: "One factor that may help Milei in the presidential elections is that he's an outsider and voters are frustrated." At the same time, Lou stated that Milei's views on promoting gun ownership, anti-abortion policies, and a dollarized economy could put off voters, as he says most Argentinians oppose those policies. He added: "Many of the policies he has campaigned on are viewed as fairly radical by the electorate."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jourdan |first1=Adam |last2=Raszewski |first2=Eliana |last3=Brigida |first3=Anna-Catherine |last4=Jourdan |first4=Adam |last5=Brigida |first5=Anna-Catherine |date=2023-08-14 |title=Analysis: Could Argentine radical libertarian Javier Milei win the presidency? |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/could-argentine-libertarian-javier-milei-win-presidency-2023-08-14 |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref> |
According to [[JPMorgan]], Milei's win is not certain and predicts a chaotic outcome, citing the historically low turnout of the primaries and that a higher-than-average turnout for the general election would benefit the traditional parties of Massa's Union for the Homeland and [[Patricia Bullrich]]'s Juntos por el Cambio.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=Jennifer |last2=Nugent |first2=Ciara |last3=McDougall |first3=Mary |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentina's markets recoil after shock primary election results |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/df45cf2a-5b51-4d13-bc93-500c07c7d73f |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wigglesworth |first=Robin |date=2023-08-15 |title=Argentina's 'Milei-Quake' |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f4f46aaa-b777-409d-8766-d1cf8962d73d |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> Jared Lou, a portfolio manager at William Blair Investment Management, commented: "One factor that may help Milei in the presidential elections is that he's an outsider and voters are frustrated." At the same time, Lou stated that Milei's views on promoting gun ownership, anti-abortion policies, and a dollarized economy could put off voters, as he says most Argentinians oppose those policies. He added: "Many of the policies he has campaigned on are viewed as fairly radical by the electorate."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jourdan |first1=Adam |last2=Raszewski |first2=Eliana |last3=Brigida |first3=Anna-Catherine |last4=Jourdan |first4=Adam |last5=Brigida |first5=Anna-Catherine |date=2023-08-14 |title=Analysis: Could Argentine radical libertarian Javier Milei win the presidency? |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/could-argentine-libertarian-javier-milei-win-presidency-2023-08-14 |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref> |
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== |
== Political views == |
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[[File:Milei |
[[File:Javier Milei en una entrevista de TN.png|thumb|Milei during a 2019 interview on ''[[Todo Noticias]]'']] |
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<!--Intro-->Milei identifies with [[anarcho-capitalism]] and [[paleolibertarianism]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=Javier Milei: 'Creo en los individuos, en el orden espontáneo y el autogobierno' |url=https://presenterse.com/javier-milei-creo-en-los-individuos-en-el-orden-espontaneo-y-el-autogobierno |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Presente RSE |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei se defendió tras la polémica generada sobre la venta de niños |url=https://www.mdzol.com/politica/2022/6/29/javier-milei-se-defendio-tras-la-polemica-generada-sobre-la-venta-de-ninos-255031.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=MDZ Online |language=es}}</ref> while being for practical reasons a [[minarchist]]; he describes himself as a {{ill|liberal-libertarian|es|liberal-libertario|fr|liberal-libertaire}}.<ref name="Del Rincón 2021"/><ref name="Blanco 2023"/> Political commentators categorize his ideological views as a blend of [[populist]], [[right-wing libertarian]], and [[conservative]] strands,<ref name="Chavez 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2022 |title=¿Quién le teme a Javier Milei? |work=Forbes |url=https://forbes.co/2022/06/08/editors-picks/quien-le-teme-a-javier-milei|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congressman Milei, the lesser evil for Argentina's elections next year |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/12/02/congressman-milei-the-lesser-evil-for-argentina-s-elections-next-year |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=MercoPress|date=2 December 2022}}</ref> along with [[ultraliberal economics]],<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> [[right-wing populist]], [[ultraconservative]], and [[far-right]] politics,<ref name="Reuters 2023" /><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023" /><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> and representing [[anti-politics]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hochuli|first=Alex|date=16 August 2023|title=Javier Milei is not a South American Trump |url=https://unherd.com/thepost/javier-milei-is-not-a-south-american-trump |access-date=16 August 2023|website=UnHerd }}</ref> He has also been variously described as a far-right populist,<ref name="Reuters 2023" /><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023" /><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> far-right outsider,<ref name="Dubé 2023">{{cite news |last=Dubé |first=Ryan |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentine Presidential Primary Voters Propel Far-Right Outsider to Surprise Win |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-presidential-primary-voters-propel-far-right-outsider-to-surprise-win-ec24e5b4 |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> far-right libertarian,<ref>{{cite news | last1=Alcoba|first1=Natalie|last2=Cholakian Herrera|first2=Lucía|last3=Nicas|first3=Jack Nicas|date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-Right Libertarian Wins Argentina’s Presidential Primary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/14/world/americas/argentina-javier-milei-president-primary.html |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref> and libertarian populist,<ref name="Santamaria 2023"/><ref name="Escobedo 2023"/> and labelled far right or radical right by international news agencies like [[Al Jazeera]],<ref name="Al Jazeera 2023"/> the [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei: Trump admirer leads race for Argentina presidency |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-66496816 |access-date=2023-08-22}}</ref><ref name="Devlin 2023">{{cite web |last=Devlin |first=Bradley |date=2023-08-15 |title=Javier Milei Against the Dead Consensus |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/javier-milei-against-the-dead-consensus |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=The American Conservative}}</ref> and [[Reuters]],<ref name="Reuters 2023"/> newspapers including ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=González-Gallarza |first=Jorge |date=2023-08-20 |title=Javier Milei and the Paradox of Freedom |url=https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/javier-milei-and-the-paradox-of-freedom |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=The European Conservative}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref name="Crisp 2023"/> the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref name="Nugent 2023">{{cite news |last=Nugent |first=Ciara |date=2023-08-06 |title=Argentina's far-right libertarian wants tougher austerity to rebuild troubled economy |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/782197c9-35dd-42e4-96f3-910cf60e9ecf |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> ''[[Le Monde]]'',<ref name="Le Monde 2023"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news | last1=Alcoba|first1=Natalie|last2=Cholakian Herrera|first2=Lucía|last3=Nicas|first3=Jack Nicas|date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei, un libertario de ultraderecha, ganó en las primarias de Argentina |language=es |url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2023/08/14/espanol/javier-milei-primarias-argentina.html |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',<ref name="Dubé 2023"/> news magazines like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref name="Politi 2023"/> and several Argentine and Spanish-language publications including among the others ''[[El Diario (Argentina)|El Diario]]'',<ref name="El Diario 2021"/> ''[[elDiario.es]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, el candidato ultra argentino a favor de la venta de órganos y en contra de la 'aberración' de la justicia social |url=https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/javier-milei-candidato-ultra-argentino-favor-venta-organos-aberracion-justicia-social_1_10444992.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=ElDiario.es |language=es}}</ref> ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=El fenómeno Milei: un político de ultraderecha al alza en Argentina |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2023/05/24/646cbc6afdddff70758b45bd.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}</ref> ''[[El País]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Centenera |first=Mar |date=2021-11-07 |title=La extrema derecha se abre paso en el Congreso argentino con ataques a la 'casta política' |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-11-07/los-extrema-derecha-se-abre-paso-en-el-congreso-argentino-con-ataques-a-la-casta-politica.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Perfil]]'',<ref name="Perfil 2023">{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Los medios del mundo reflejaron el triunfo de Javier Milei en las PASO 2023 |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/internacional/populista-de-extrema-derecha-asi-reflejaron-los-medios-del-mundo-el-triunfo-de-javier-milei-en-las-paso-2023.phtml |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Télam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2021 |title=Los bloques políticos definen sus autoridades para los próximos dos años |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202111/576182-diputados--bloques-definen-autoridades.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Télam |language=es}}</ref> and ''{{ill|Tiempo Argentino (2010)|lt=Tiempo Argentino|es|Tiempo Argentino (diario fundado en 2010)}}''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Milei y el auge global de la extrema derecha |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/politica/milei-y-el-auge-global-de-la-extrema-derecha |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=es}}</ref> Milei rejected the use of the far-right label to describe his views, and said: "I'm a liberal and libertarian, these positions are things of the left, because for the left, everything that is not on their side is on the right."<ref name="O Globo 2021">{{cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title='Meu alinhamento com Trump e Bolsonaro é quase natural', diz fenômeno eleitoral do momento na Argentina |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/meu-alinhamento-com-trump-bolsonaro-quase-natural-diz-fenomeno-eleitoral-do-momento-na-argentina-25216839 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=O Globo |language=pt}}</ref> |
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=== Philosophical views === |
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While theoretically an [[anarcho-capitalist]] and [[paleolibertarian]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=Javier Milei: 'Creo en los individuos, en el orden espontáneo y el autogobierno' |url=https://presenterse.com/javier-milei-creo-en-los-individuos-en-el-orden-espontaneo-y-el-autogobierno |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Presente RSE |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei se defendió tras la polémica generada sobre la venta de niños |url=https://www.mdzol.com/politica/2022/6/29/javier-milei-se-defendio-tras-la-polemica-generada-sobre-la-venta-de-ninos-255031.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=MDZ Online |language=es}}</ref> <ref name="Stefanoni 2022">{{cite web |last=Stefanoni |first=Pablo |date=19 February 2022 |title=Javier Milei, el libertario peinado por el mercado |url=https://www.revistaanfibia.com/javier-milei-el-libertario-peinado-por-el-mercado |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Revista Anfibia |language=es}}</ref> Milei identifies in the short term as a [[minarchist]], {{ill|liberal-libertarian|es|liberal-libertario|fr|liberal-libertaire}},<ref name="Del Rincón 2021"/><ref name="Blanco 2023"/> or [[classical liberal]].<ref name="Raisbeck 2023">{{cite magazine |last=Raisbeck |first=Daniel |date=17 August 2023 |title=Don't Confuse Javier Milei With Jair Bolsonaro |magazine=Reason |url=https://reason.com/2023/08/17/dont-confuse-javier-milei-with-jair-bolsonaro |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> He supports the [[Austrian School]] of economic thought. He explained that he is an "anarcho-capitalist, because the state is the enemy. But you live in the real world and you have to have your feet on the ground. In this context, I am a minarchist – that is, someone who believes that the state should only be in charge of security and justice."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> He said that the state should be concerned only with administering justice and guaranteeing security.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> |
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Milei supports former Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and former United States president [[Donald Trump]], especially their [[anti-communism]] and [[criticism of socialism]],<ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Javier Milei tuvo una videollamada con Jair Bolsonaro y coincidieron en 'unir fuerzas para luchar contra el socialismo' |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-tuvo-una-videollamada-con-jair-bolsonaro-y-coincidieron-en-unir-fuerzas-para-luchar-nid15022023/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Gosman 2023">{{cite web |last=Gosman |first=Eleonora |date=18 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei y la internacional de derecha |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/opinion/javier-milei-y-la-internacional-de-derecha.phtml |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> and he has been compared to them for sharing an anti-[[leftist]] and anti-[[social justice]] platform.<ref name="Politi 2023"/> When asked about Trump and Bolsonaro, he said: "I have a clear agenda, which goes against everything that is socialism or communism. Everyone who is against socialism or communism is on the side I am on. This is my guiding principle, then we can have all the differences you want. In that group we have liberals, libertarians, people from the center, conservatives, from the center-right, but the limit is that no one crosses the limit of social democracy and all expressions further to the left. My alignment with Trump and Bolsonaro is almost natural."<ref name="O Globo 2021"/><ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=La entrevista de Javier Milei a la prensa de Brasil: 'Mi alineamiento con Bolsonaro y Trump es casi natural'|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/09/29/la-entrevista-de-javier-milei-a-la-prensa-de-brasil-mi-alineamiento-con-bolsonaro-y-trump-es-casi-natural|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051559/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/09/29/la-entrevista-de-javier-milei-a-la-prensa-de-brasil-mi-alineamiento-con-bolsonaro-y-trump-es-casi-natural|archive-date=11 February 2023|url-status=live|access-date=29 September 2021|website=Infobae|language=es}}</ref> |
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==== Capitalism, communism and socialism ==== |
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Milei promotes [[capitalism]], and strongly opposes [[communism]] and [[socialism]]. In a [[TEDx]] presentation that went viral on social media in February 2019, Milei presented what he described as "a love story" about capitalism, arguing how capitalism and the [[free market]] have lifted people out of poverty. He then cited what he describes as myths regarding capitalism, rejecting the idea that the [[Nordic model]] is socialist, and saying that the Nordic countries are "more pro-market than people think". He labelled the problem of [[social inequality]] as a "lying hoax", and said that "social justice is unfair". He concluded that this was a debate about values, where socialism embodies envy, resentment, and coercion, while capitalism or [[liberalism]] stands for the unrestricted respect for the life project of fellow individuals.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-02-12 |title=La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo |url=https://www.cronista.com/infotechnology/online/La-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Cronista |language=es}}</ref> |
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During his 2023 presidential campaign and August 2023 primaries win, the international press who reported on Milei used a range of labels to describe him. Due to his primaries upset win, he was described as a far-right popoulist or outsider.<ref name="Reuters 2023"/><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023"/><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> Reuters reported that Milei is a "radical right-wing candidate", ''Time'' called him a populist, ''El País'' described him as an "ultra-right libertarian and 'anarcho-capitalist' who represents angry Argentina",<ref name="Criales 2023"/> [[CNN]] characterized him as an outsider, ''The Economist'' headlined that "Argentina could get its first libertarian president", [[CBC News]] described him as a "libertarian firebrand",<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2023 |title=Libertarian firebrand Milei has a real shot at Argentina's presidency |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/milei-argentina-election-1.6944351 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> and the BBC described him as a "Trump admirer".<ref name="Devlin 2023"/> He has also been compared to American conservative [[Tucker Carlson]],<ref name="Devlin 2023"/> and to [[Marine Le Pen]] of France's [[National Rally]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2022 |title=Carlos Quenan: 'Entre Le Pen y Milei hay similitudes' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/modo-fontevecchia/carlos-quenan-entre-le-pen-y-milei-hay-una-similitudes-modof.phtml |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Perfil}}</ref> He maintains close ties with the Spanish far-right party [[Vox (political party)|Vox]],<ref>{{cite web|date=11 October 2021|title=Javier Milei refuerza su perfil internacional: fue la estrella invitada en un encuentro de la ultraderecha española|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-refuerza-perfil-internacional-estrella-invitada-mega-encuentro-derecha-espanola_0_u9KbmwiqQ.amp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212200847/https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-refuerza-perfil-internacional-estrella-invitada-mega-encuentro-derecha-espanola_0_u9KbmwiqQ.amp.html|archive-date=2023-02-12|url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2023|website=Clarin|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei, en su discurso ante los acólitos de Vox: 'Somos superiores productiva y moralmente al zurderío' |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/javier-milei-discurso-acolitos-vox-somos-superiores-productiva-moralmente-zurderio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815153434/https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/javier-milei-discurso-acolitos-vox-somos-superiores-productiva-moralmente-zurderio.html|archive-date=2023-08-15|url-status=live|access-date=2023-08-15 |website=El HuffPost |language=es}}</ref> from which he borrowed the anti-caste rhetoric,<ref name="Schmidt 2022"/> as well as the former far-right conservative Chilean presidential candidate [[José Antonio Kast]].<ref>{{cite web|date=22 November 2021|title=Elecciones en Chile: Javier Milei felicitó a José Antonio Kast por 'alejar al socialismo empobrecedor'|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/politica/el-mensaje-de-javier-milei-a-jose-antonio-kast.phtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051547/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/amp/politica/el-mensaje-de-javier-milei-a-jose-antonio-kast.phtml|archive-date=2023-02-11|url-status=live|access-date=22 November 2021|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> Milei said: "People realize that we're getting poorer and that the only ones making progress are the politicians, the parasites."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> |
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In an interview in October 2020, Milei said: "I hate communists, shitty left-wingers, because they hate life." He called it a "filthy system, which fails everywhere. In every place where it was applied, it generated misery and hunger." He further stated that there are only two systems, liberalism or communism, as he believes that any intermediate solution would result in a drift towards communism.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Javier Milei, con Viviana Canosa: 'Detesto a los zurdos porque odian la vida' |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/javier-milei-viviana-canosa-detesto-zurdos-porque-nid2505829 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> In 2021, he signed a letter sponsored by Vox that railed against "the advance of communism" in the Spanish-speaking world, and was endorsed by [[Eduardo Bolsonaro]] and [[José Antonio Kast]]. In October 2021, he reiterated his anti-leftist views, saying: "I will ally with all those who believe that the left is the enemy."<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=7 October 2021 |title=Javier Milei, a libertarian, may be elected to Argentina's congress |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811081521/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress|archive-date=11 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> |
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=== Academic analysis === |
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While in the words of Cristóbal Rovira, a professor of political science at the [[Catholic University of Chile]], "Milei has a libertarian component that makes him a rare creature compared to the ultra-right of Latin America", he is placed within the context of the global far right. He said: "There is a fairly global wave of the extreme right. They start in Western Europe, where the emblematic case of [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] is in France in the 1980s, they expand to Eastern Europe and today we see that they are beginning to gain territory in other places: Trump, Bolsonaro."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> According to Rovira, "Milei would fit into the prototype of what these ultra-rights are."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> He said: "At an academic level we define them by two important criteria. First, they are to the right of the mainstream right and profess much more radical ideas. In the case of Argentina, Milei is positioned to the right of Macrismo. Second, they maintain an ambivalent relationship with the democratic system and sometimes profess authoritarian ideas. That differentiates them from the traditional right, which act within the rules of the democratic game."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> According to Rovira, "Milei's case fits very well into this double classification."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> |
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In 2021, Milei characterized himself as a "libertarian liberal" with a philosophical alignment towards "market anarchism."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Milei's form of libertarianism differs from classical [[libertarianism]] and [[left-libertarianism]], which find their roots in the French term ''{{ill|libertaire|fr|Libertaire}}'' or the Spanish ''{{ill|libertario|es|Libertarismo}}''. These terms are often used synonymously with [[anarchism]], [[libertarian socialism]], and other left-wing ideologies. Milei identifies more closely with the variant of libertarianism prevalent in the United States, known as [[right-libertarianism]], although proponents of this ideology often reject traditional [[left–right political spectrum]] classifications.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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Andrés Malamud, a researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences of the [[University of Lisbon]], argued that Milei's speech is anarcho-capitalist because "it's limited to interests and incentives: lowering taxes, reducing state intervention, liberalizing even organ trafficking. Technically, he's also a minarchist. A doctrinaire ultraliberal would be the most understandable.<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> About Milei's appeal, Malamud said: "The political secret is to appeal to the basic instincts, under simple banners: liberty, life and property. That's why Milei loves television sets, where he yells, insults and crushes anyone who criticizes him. His curly black hair is the icon of his campaign. On stage, he wears black leather – fire is lit at the climax of his speeches."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> Malamud added that "Milei is a vitalist: he's not here 'to guide lambs but to wake up lions,' as he himself says. This is where he gets his conservative values, such as nationalism and anti-abortionism."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> Pablo Touzón, a political scientist and director of the consulting firm Escenarios, said that "Milei is a war machine against [the political class], a brick thrown against the window of a jewellery store."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> Touzón added: "He combines a kind of ultraliberal orthodoxy, from [[Milton Friedman|[Milton] Friedman]] and [[Friedrich Hayek|[Friedrich] Von Hayek]]... he sees himself as a warrior against the state. But he combines that hyperliberal ideology and freedom with elements of the extreme-right."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> About his comparisons with Trump, Touzón stated that Milei represents a local version of [[Trumpism]] that does not defend [[protectionism]].<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> About his rise on the polls, Touzón said: "If he has so many voters, it's not because he's liberal – it's because he represents the [[anti-establishment]], as [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] did in Spain from the left. Here, [in Argentina], it's done from the right."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> |
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According to [[David Boaz]], the former vice president of the [[Cato Institute]], modern libertarianism prioritizes "individual freedom as the supreme political value."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Boaz elaborates that such libertarians accept that individuals may be justifiably coerced to avoid infringing on the freedoms of others, but argue against the notion that anyone should be compelled to serve others, even for their own good.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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=== International news media reactions === |
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Milei cites influences from historical figures such as [[Montesquieu]], [[John Locke]], [[Adam Smith]], and the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]]. These thinkers, who were prominent during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], are also significant figures in what is considered [[classical liberalism]]. They not only challenged the roles of monarchs and clergy but also advocated for limitations on the powers of democratic and representative governments.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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Milei's August 2023 primaries win achieved international recognition and headlines, from ''[[The New York Times]]'' to ''[[El País]]'' and Latin American media and Asian news agencies, which reported on his surprise win and the uncertain electoral scenario in Argentina for the 2023 October general election.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> Analysts saw his win a result of voters being frustrated by both Peronist and non-Peronist governments.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=14 August 2023 |title=Reaction: Javier Milei Surprises in Argentina Primary Election |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/reaction-javier-milei-surprises-in-argentina-primary-election/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |magazine=Americas Quarterly}}</ref> Much of the international press described him as ultraright and ultraliberal, compared him to Trump and Bolsonaro,<ref>{{cite web |last=Smink |first=Veronica |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei: el candidato antisistema sorprende al ganar las elecciones primarias en Argentina |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/crgngkd27zqo |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=BBC News Mundo |language=es}}</ref> mentioned [[dollarization]], and highlighted his controversies, such as the sale of organs and the free bearing of arms. They also cited the escalation of the dollar and the rise in interest rates of the country's [[central bank]], and placed it within the context of a scenario of extreme volatility and uncertainty.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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In Britain, [[BBC News]] headlined: "The anti-establishment Javier Milei surprises by winning the primaries in Argentina."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' headlined: "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's far-right populist politician?"<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' highlighted the political significance of the upset win of Milei, whom they described as a radical right-winger who they say shocked the political scene in Argentina and revolutionized the presidential race with his primaries win.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> [[Reuters]] headlined: "Argentine far-right outsider Javier Milei posts shock win in primary election."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> They described Milei's win as a punishment vote by Argentines for the two main political forces in the country.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In this way, voters pushed "a rock-singing libertarian outsider candidate into first place in a huge shake-up in the race towards presidential elections in October", and gave "a stinging rebuke to the center-left Peronist coalition and the main Together for Change conservative opposition bloc with inflation at 116% and a cost-of-living crisis leaving four in 10 people in poverty."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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=== Economic views === |
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Javier Milei is an advocate of [[economic liberalism]] and [[fiscal conservatism]]. Milei's economic philosophy is influenced by figures such as [[Adam Smith]], [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], [[Milton Friedman]], [[Gary Becker]], and [[Jesús Huerta de Soto]].<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021">{{cite web |last=Fiore Viani |first=Gonzalo |date=10 September 2021 |title=Milei y los libertarios: una corriente (no tan) nueva en la política argentina |url=https://agendapublica.elpais.com/noticia/17145/milei-libertarios-corriente-no-tan-nueva-politica-argentina |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Agenda Pública |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title='Cinco perros enormes, el único tema del que Javier Milei no quiere hablar': el candidato, según la principal agencia de noticias para inversores |url=https://www.clarin.com/economia/-perros-enormes-unico-tema-javier-milei-quiere-hablar-perfil-candidato-principal-agencia-noticias-inversores_0_Kvlt4Msfg9.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Aire de Santa Fe 2023">{{cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, 'el gladiador' y su historia mística con Conan, 'el león' |url=https://www.airedesantafe.com.ar/espectaculos/javier-milei-el-gladiador-y-su-historia-mistica-conan-el-leon-conto-que-se-conocieron-hace-2000-anos-el-coliseo-romano-n498470 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=Aire de Santa Fe |language=es}}</ref> He has expressed admiration for the economic policies of former Argentine president [[Carlos Menem]] and his economy minister [[Domingo Cavallo]],<ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title=Javier Milei: el profeta del caos que no se cumple | Economista mediático con discurso violento y autoritario acumula record de pronósticos fallidos |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/286434-javier-milei-el-profeta-del-caos-que-no-se-cumple |website=Página12}}</ref> describing their administration as the "best economic government in Argentine history".<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021" /> Milei also draws inspiration from historical figures like [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]] and the [[Generation of '80]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Milei: 'La salida es la libertad, el modelo de Alberdi' (Con audio) |url=http://infopilar.com.ar/entrevistas/milei-la-salida-es-la-libertad-el-modelo-de-alberdi-con-audio |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=InfoPilar |language=es}}</ref><ref name="La Gaceta 2020">{{cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=Javier Milei, en Tucumán: El mejor gobierno es el que deja hacer a los individuos en libertad |url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/963717/politica/javier-milei-tucuman-mejor-gobierno-deja-hacer-individuos-libertad.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=La Gaceta |language=es}}</ref> as well as contemporary economists like [[Alberto Benegas Lynch]], whom he referred to as "the greatest hero of the ideas of freedom".<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Milei anunció que Bertie Benegas Lynch encabezará la lista de diputados en provincia de Buenos Aires |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/milei-anuncio-que-bertie-benegas-lynch-encabezara-de-la-lista-de-diputados-por-la-provincia-de-buenos-aires.phtml |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mellado |first=Beatriz |date=2023-08-16 |title=Alberto Benegas Lynch, el referente liberal de Javier Milei citado en su discurso triunfador del domingo |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2023/08/16/1104227/alberto-benegas-lynch-referente-milei.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Emol |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bengochea |first1=Costanza |last2=Jorge Martínez Carricart |first2=Jorge |date=2023-08-17 |title=El padre de la criatura. Quién es el 'prócer' de los liberales que Milei cita de memoria y que es primo del Che Guevara |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/el-padre-de-la-criatura-quien-es-el-procer-de-los-liberales-que-milei-cita-de-memoria-en-sus-nid16082023 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> In terms of economic philosophy, Milei identifies [[John Maynard Keynes]] as his greatest ideological adversary—more so than even [[Karl Marx]].<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021" /> He holds Keynes responsible for many of Argentina's economic woes.<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023" /> |
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In France, ''[[Le Figaro]]'' described the Milei phenomenon as "the new sensation of Argentine politics", and characterized him as a far-right anti-establishment liberal with "rockstar airs".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''[[Le Monde]]'' highlighted that Milei "disrupts the Argentine political landscap" in favor of "a state reduced to its minimum expression, he defends the freedom to bear arms and sell organs. He is resolutely climate skeptic and rejects legal abortion, [which was] approved in 2020 in Argentina. It shows its affinities with former presidents Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Spain, ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'' emphashized Milei's win over Peronism, headlining: "Argentina. Peronism suffers the worst defeat in its history and Milei's libertarian ultra-right wins the primaries."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''El País'' headlined: "The ultra Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins the primary elections in Argentina."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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===== Critique of the central bank and monetary policy ===== |
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Milei has criticized the [[Central Bank of Argentina]],<ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gillespie |first1=Patrick |last2=Tobías |first2=Manuela |date=14 August 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, the Central Bank-Hating Economist Who Upended Argentine Polls? |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/who-is-javier-milei-the-central-bank-hating-economist-who-upended-argentine-polls |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea}}</ref> describing it as "one of the greatest thieves in the history of mankind."<ref name="Olivera Doll, & Squires & Tobias 2023">{{cite news |last1=Olivera Doll |first1=Ignacio |last2=Squires |first2=Scott |last3=Tobias |first3=Manuela |date=2023-08-16 |title=Argentina's Milei Vows to Pay Country's Debt While Shuttering the Central Bank |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-16/milei-vows-to-pay-argentina-s-debt-while-shuttering-central-bank |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> He said: "[[Central bank]]s are divided in four categories: the bad ones, like the [[Federal Reserve]], the very bad ones, like the ones in Latin America, the horribly bad ones, and the Central Bank of Argentina."<ref name="Olivera Doll, & Squires & Tobias 2023" /> He advocates for the eventual dismantling of the Central Bank to allow citizens to freely choose their monetary systems. He is also a proponent of a dollarized economy as a measure to counter the country's persistent inflation problems.<ref>{{cite web |last=Olivera Doll |first=Ignacio |date=18 August 2023 |title=This Is How Argentina's Javier Milei Plans to Dollarize |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/this-is-how-argentinas-javier-milei-plans-to-dollarize |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea}}</ref><ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Brandimarte |first=Walter |date=14 August 2023 |title=Here Are Javier Milei's Proposals for Argentina |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-14/milei-s-plan-for-argentina-dollarization-and-scrapping-taxes |access-date=14 August 2023}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> Commenting on the [[Convertibility plan]] of the 1990s, Milei stated: "Convertibility was launched on [1 April] 1991. By January of 1993, we were the country with the lowest inflation in the world. I propose the free competition of currencies, full reform of the financial system. Thus, the most probable thing is that Argentines choose the dollar."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023" /> |
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In the United States, the [[Associated Press]] emphasized Milei's controversial statements and said he could be Argentina's next president. They wrote: "He believes selling human organs should be legal, climate change is a 'socialist lie,' sex education is a ploy to destroy the family and that the Central Bank should be abolished."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> They described him as "the latest example of how right-wing populists are making inroads in Latin America, appealing to a citizenry angry with politics as usual and eager for outsiders to shake up the system."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''The New York Times'' highlighted the dollarization proposal of Milei, whom they described as a far-right libertarian.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> They wrote: "Javier Milei, who wants to abolish the central bank and adopt the U.S. dollar as Argentina's currency, is now the front-runner in the fall general election."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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===== Policy proposals and public statements ===== |
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Milei has pledged to significantly reduce [[government spending]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jourdan |first1=Adam |last2=Raszewski |first2=Eliana |last3=Brigida |first3=Anna-Catherine |last4=Jourdan |first4=Adam |last5=Brigida |first5=Anna-Catherine |date=14 August 2023 |title=Analysis: Could Argentine radical libertarian Javier Milei win the presidency? |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/could-argentine-libertarian-javier-milei-win-presidency-2023-08-14 |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> and advocates for a radical economic shock to address inflation and other economic challenges in Argentina.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campos |first=Rodrigo |date=2023-08-15 |title=Argentina investors see silver lining in Milei election shock |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/argentina-investors-see-silver-lining-milei-election-shock-2023-08-15 |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> Milei promises to [[balance the budget]]. According to his adviser Darío Epstein, Milei pledges to balance the budget within three months. Epstein said: "The first thing we have to do is to lower the fiscal deficit by 5 percentage points, which is not at all easy. As Argentina is in a very critical situation, with 40 to 45 per cent poverty, what we can't do is to fire people from the public sector or lower social spending. That is very important."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nugent |first1=Ciara |last2=Stott |first2=Michael |date=2023-08-16 |title=Argentina's Milei aims to balance budget within months, adviser says |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d0219348-8990-484a-a4c8-dbd5923cb4fd |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> He has frequently criticized the administrations of [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], [[Mauricio Macri]], and [[Alberto Fernández]], citing what he saw as their rampant spending and a lack of fiscal adjustment as concerns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio: 'Para el economista Javier Milei, la economía no sale si Macri no corta el Gasto público' |url=http://www.agrositio.com.ar/noticia/182416-radio-para-el-economista-javier-milei-la-economia-no-sale-si-macri-no-corta-el-gasto-publico.html |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Agrositio.com |language=es}}</ref> |
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In Brazil, ''[[Folha de São Paulo]]'' described Milei as a right-wing radical whose proposals included the "sale of organs, liberalization of weapons, dollarization of the economy, and an end to of the Central Bank".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''[[O Globo]]'' launched a series of [[op-ed]]s about Milei winning the October 2023 elections, and said that the incumbent president of Brazil, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], must be ready for what they described as "the arrival of Javier Milei", whom they characterized as "ally of Jair Bolsonaro" and "adverse to the [[Workers' Party]] (PT)" founded by Lula.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Chile, ''[[La Tercera]]'' wrote: "Milei hits hard and is the most voted, Bullrich surpasses Larreta, and Kirchnerism is third."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Peru, ''[[La República]]'' described Milei's victory as a surprise and said that the markets in Argentina collapsed after the 2023 August results.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Uruguay, ''[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]]'' headlined: "Milei's ''batacazo'' in the PASO elections in Argentina: he surpasses Macri's sector and Kirchnerism."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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Milei proses shutting down or merging most governmental ministries, including the [[Ministry of Education (Argentina)|Ministry of Education]], the [[Ministry of Social Development (Argentina)|Ministry of Social Development]], and the [[Ministry of Health (Argentina)|Ministry of Health]],<ref name="Viriglio 2023" /> and reduce them from 18 to 8.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1691625005379924380|user=lanacionmas|title=La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios|author=La Nación Más|date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1691737260813688997|user=electo_mania|title=La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios|author=EM-electomania.es|date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023|language=es}}</ref> A video of him tearing cards from a wallboard with the names of ministries that he wants to abolish and tossing them into the air went viral. In the video, he says: "The state is not the solution. It is the problem."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nugent |first1=Ciara |last2=Stott |first2=Michael |date=2023-08-18 |title=Javier Milei, Argentina's presidential hopeful biting at the establishment's heels |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4774b4f9-afb4-46c8-9878-1c8dde70ee74 |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> He is opposed to [[trade union]]s, and described the Article 14 of the [[Argentine Constitution]], which guarantees [[labor rights]], pensions, and the entire [[social security]] system, as the country's cancer; he pledged to repeal it as president.<ref name="Infonews.com 2023">{{cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Milei aseguró que el artículo 14 bis de la Constitución es 'el cáncer' del país |url=https://infonews.com/milei-aseguro-que-el-articulo-14-bis-de-la-constitucion-es-el-cancer-del-pais.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Infonews.com}}</ref> |
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In China, the state agency [[Xinhua]] appealed to a definition by analyst Rosendo Fraga to describe Milei as "a representative of the Western extreme right who adopts rockstar attitudes" and "found an echo especially among young libertarians".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Russia, the state network [[RT (TV network)|RT]] called Milei "controversial and denier", and highlighted the changes that Milei's win would cause to Argentine politics as becoming marked by "tripartism and new leadership",<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> while the state agency [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] called him an "outsider candidate" and a "black swan".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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Milei supports [[privatizing]] state-owned enterprises,<ref>{{cite web |last=Kahn |first=Carrie |date=2023-05-05 |title=It's an election year in Argentina, and politics could be shifting toward the right |url=https://www.kenw.org/2023-05-05/its-an-election-year-in-argentina-and-politics-could-be-shifting-toward-the-right |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=KENW}}</ref> including shale driller [[YPF]], public services like health care and education,<ref name="Viriglio 2023" /> and roads,<ref name="Perfil 2021" /> and pledged to scrap soy taxes and ditch [[electric-vehicle battery]] bid as part of his [[deregulation]] program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Jonathan |date=2023-08-17 |title=Presidential Front-Runner Would Unshackle Argentine Farming, Oil |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-17/presidential-front-runner-would-unshackle-argentine-farming-oil |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref> He also articulated his intention to either shut down, privatize, or redefine the [[National Scientific and Technical Research Council]]. |
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== Political positions == |
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About the state, which he considers an enemy, Milei promised a total reform, and stated: "The state is the greatest enemy of wealth. If the increase in its size is financed with taxes, the real wage falls. If it is with debt, they are future taxes. And if that debt is external, it raises the equilibrium exchange rate with respect to wages and makes food more expensive, creating more poor people."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerlotti Slusnys |first=Andrés |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, el candidato 'anticasta' que derrotó al peronismo y quiere dolarizar la economía |url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/javier-milei-candidato-argentino-anticasta-20230814101333-nt.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Diario ABC |language=es}}</ref> About taxes and liberalism, he said: "I consider the state as an enemy; taxes are a hindrance to slavery. Liberalism was created to free people from the oppression of monarchs; in this case, it would be the state."<ref name="Alonso 2023" /> He contends that Argentina is a [[tax hell]]. Among his many phrases are "The state is the problem, not the solution", or that the state is "the source of Argentina's decline". He also defined taxes as "a hindrance of slavery", affirmed that only liberalism would be able to free Argentines from what he describes as the oppression of the state, compared this to the end of [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutism]] in European history, and reduced the basic rights to those of "[[Life, liberty, and property]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Pichel |first=Miguel Pérez |date=15 August 2023 |title=Milei, el hombre que quiere 'reinar' en Argentina con el anarco-liberalismo como razón de ser |url=https://www.eldebate.com/internacional/20230815/milei-hombre-quiere-reinar-argentina-anarco-liberalismo-como-razon_134098.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=El Debate |language=es}}</ref> |
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=== Economic views === |
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While theoretically an anarcho-capitalist,<ref name="Stefanoni 2022">{{cite web |last=Stefanoni |first=Pablo |date=19 February 2022 |title=Javier Milei, el libertario peinado por el mercado |url=https://www.revistaanfibia.com/javier-milei-el-libertario-peinado-por-el-mercado |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Revista Anfibia |language=es}}</ref> Milei identifies in the short term as a minarchist, liberal-libertarian,<ref name="Del Rincón 2021"/><ref name="Blanco 2023"/> or [[classical liberal]].<ref name="Raisbeck 2023">{{cite magazine |last=Raisbeck |first=Daniel |date=17 August 2023 |title=Don't Confuse Javier Milei With Jair Bolsonaro |magazine=Reason |url=https://reason.com/2023/08/17/dont-confuse-javier-milei-with-jair-bolsonaro |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> He explained that he is an "anarcho-capitalist, because the state is the enemy. But you live in the real world and you have to have your feet on the ground. In this context, I am a minarchist – that is, someone who believes that the state should only be in charge of security and justice."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> He said that the state should be concerned only with administering justice and guaranteeing security.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> Milei aligns with [[economic liberalism]] and [[fiscal conservatism]], often referencing the economic policies of [[Carlos Menem]], who served as Argentina's president from 1989 to 1999, and his economy minister [[Domingo Cavallo]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/286434-javier-milei-el-profeta-del-caos-que-no-se-cumple|title=Javier Milei: el profeta del caos que no se cumple | Economista mediático con discurso violento y autoritario acumula record de pronósticos fallidos|date=20 August 2020|website=Página12}}</ref> he described them as the "best economic government in Argentine history".<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> Additionally, he upholds the ideals of [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]] and his constitution,<ref>{{cite web |date=2020|title=Milei: 'La salida es la libertad, el modelo de Alberdi' (Con audio) |url=http://infopilar.com.ar/entrevistas/milei-la-salida-es-la-libertad-el-modelo-de-alberdi-con-audio |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=InfoPilar |language=es}}</ref> and defended Alberto Benegas Lynch as "the greatest hero of the ideas of freedom",<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=Milei anunció que Bertie Benegas Lynch encabezará la lista de diputados en provincia de Buenos Aires |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/milei-anuncio-que-bertie-benegas-lynch-encabezara-de-la-lista-de-diputados-por-la-provincia-de-buenos-aires.phtml |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mellado |first=Beatriz |date=2023-08-16 |title=Alberto Benegas Lynch, el referente liberal de Javier Milei citado en su discurso triunfador del domingo |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2023/08/16/1104227/alberto-benegas-lynch-referente-milei.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Emol |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bengochea |first1=Costanza |last2=Jorge Martínez Carricart |first2=Jorge |date=2023-08-17 |title=El padre de la criatura. Quién es el 'prócer' de los liberales que Milei cita de memoria y que es primo del Che Guevara |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/el-padre-de-la-criatura-quien-es-el-procer-de-los-liberales-que-milei-cita-de-memoria-en-sus-nid16082023 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> and the [[Generation of '80]].<ref name="La Gaceta 2020">{{cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=Javier Milei, en Tucumán: El mejor gobierno es el que deja hacer a los individuos en libertad |url=https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/963717/politica/javier-milei-tucuman-mejor-gobierno-deja-hacer-individuos-libertad.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=La Gaceta |language=es}}</ref> Milei envisions eventually dismantling the state and the [[Central Bank of Argentina]],<ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gillespie |first1=Patrick |last2=Tobías |first2=Manuela |date=14 August 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, the Central Bank-Hating Economist Who Upended Argentine Polls? |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/who-is-javier-milei-the-central-bank-hating-economist-who-upended-argentine-polls |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea}}</ref> which he described as "one of the greatest thieves in the history of mankind",<ref name="Olivera Doll, & Squires & Tobias 2023">{{cite news |last1=Olivera Doll|first1=Ignacio|last2=Squires|first2=Scott|last3=Tobias|first3=Manuela|date=2023-08-16 |title=Argentina's Milei Vows to Pay Country's Debt While Shuttering the Central Bank |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-16/milei-vows-to-pay-argentina-s-debt-while-shuttering-central-bank |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> allowing citizens to freely select their monetary system, including the potential adoption of a [[dollarized economy]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Olivera Doll |first=Ignacio |date=18 August 2023 |title=This Is How Argentina's Javier Milei Plans to Dollarize |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/this-is-how-argentinas-javier-milei-plans-to-dollarize |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea}}</ref> to combat the country's [[inflation]]ary issues;<ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Brandimarte|first=Walter|date=14 August 2023|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-14/milei-s-plan-for-argentina-dollarization-and-scrapping-taxes|title=Here Are Javier Milei's Proposals for Argentina|work=Bloomberg News|access-date=14 August 2023}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> he says they are made worse by the Central Bank of Argentina, which he accuses of stealing money from Argentines through inflation.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> About the [[convertibility plan]] of the 1990s, Milei said: "Convertibility was launched on [1 April] 1991. By January of 1993, we were the country with the lowest inflation in the world. I propose the free competition of currencies, full reform of the financial system. Thus, the most probable thing is that Argentines choose the dollar."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> |
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Milei pledged to a sharp cut in [[government spending]];<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jourdan |first1=Adam |last2=Raszewski |first2=Eliana |last3=Brigida |first3=Anna-Catherine |last4=Jourdan |first4=Adam |last5=Brigida |first5=Anna-Catherine |date=14 August 2023|title=Analysis: Could Argentine radical libertarian Javier Milei win the presidency? |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/could-argentine-libertarian-javier-milei-win-presidency-2023-08-14 |access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref> he proposes a sharp economic shock to reduce inflation and the [[Argentine economy]]'s issues,<ref>{{cite news |last=Campos |first=Rodrigo |date=2023-08-15 |title=Argentina investors see silver lining in Milei election shock |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/argentina-investors-see-silver-lining-milei-election-shock-2023-08-15 |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> and to pay the country's debt. He said: "[[Central bank]]s are divided in four categories: the bad ones, like the [[Federal Reserve]], the very bad ones, like the ones in Latin America, the horribly bad ones, and the Central Bank of Argentina."<ref name="Olivera Doll, & Squires & Tobias 2023"/> Milei supports [[privatizing]] state-owned enterprises,<ref>{{cite web |last=Kahn |first=Carrie |date=2023-05-05 |title=It's an election year in Argentina, and politics could be shifting toward the right |url=https://www.kenw.org/2023-05-05/its-an-election-year-in-argentina-and-politics-could-be-shifting-toward-the-right |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=KENW}}</ref> including shale driller [[YPF]], public services like health care and education,<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> and roads,<ref name="Perfil 2021"/> and pledged to scrap soy taxes and ditch [[electric-vehicle battery]] bid as part of his [[deregulation]] program.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Gilbert |date=2023-08-17 |title=Presidential Front-Runner Would Unshackle Argentine Farming, Oil |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-17/presidential-front-runner-would-unshackle-argentine-farming-oil |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref> He also articulated his intention to either shut down, privatize, or redefine the [[National Scientific and Technical Research Council]], while shutting down or merging most governmental ministries, including the [[Ministry of Education (Argentina)|Ministry of Education]], the [[Ministry of Social Development (Argentina)|Ministry of Social Development]], and the [[Ministry of Health (Argentina)|Ministry of Health]],<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> and reduce them from 18 to 8.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1691625005379924380|user=lanacionmas|author=La Nación Más|title=La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios|language=es|date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1691737260813688997|user=electo_mania|author=EM-electomania.es|title=La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios|language=es|date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> A video of him tearing cards from a wallboard with the names of ministries that he wants to abolish and tossing them into the air went viral. In the video, he says: "The state is not the solution. It is the problem."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nugent |first1=Ciara |last2=Stott |first2=Michael |date=2023-08-18 |title=Javier Milei, Argentina's presidential hopeful biting at the establishment's heels |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4774b4f9-afb4-46c8-9878-1c8dde70ee74 |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> He is opposed to [[trade union]]s, and described the Article 14 of the [[Argentine Constitution]], which guarantees [[labor rights]], pensions, and the entire [[social security]] system, as the country's cancer; he pledged to repeal it as president.<ref name="Infonews.com 2023">{{cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Milei aseguró que el artículo 14 bis de la Constitución es 'el cáncer' del país |url=https://infonews.com/milei-aseguro-que-el-articulo-14-bis-de-la-constitucion-es-el-cancer-del-pais.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Infonews.com}}</ref> |
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===== IMF ===== |
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Argentina has failed to meet targets on cutting its fiscal deficit and building up foreign reserves under its $44 billion arrangement with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), which approved a $7.5 billion loan disbursement. In a July 2023 interview with the ''[[Financial Times]]'' about this, Milei said that if is elected [[president of Argentina]], he would "overshoot all the targets" in the IMF deal, calling the required spending cuts as small compared with what he says the country needs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nugent |first=Ciara |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentina radical rightwinger shakes up presidential race with primary win |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/612a09a1-af5b-4173-8897-0bd516a148e5 |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> About the IMF, which provided Argentina with twenty-two bailouts, Milei said that it "doesn't care" about what he described as the country's deep-rooted challenges. He said: "The IMF are just a bunch of bureaucrats who know that a bank's business is to charge interest. If I'm elected it will be to solve Argentina's problems."<ref name="Nugent 2023" /> |
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Milei promises to [[balance the budget]]. Argentina has failed to meet targets on cutting its fiscal deficit and building up foreign reserves under its $44 billion arrangement with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), which approved a $7.5 billion loan disbursement. In a July 2023 interview with the ''[[Financial Times]]'' about this, Milei said that if is elected [[president of Argentina]], he would "overshoot all the targets" in the IMF deal, calling the required spending cuts as small compared with what he says the country needs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nugent |first=Ciara |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentina radical rightwinger shakes up presidential race with primary win |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/612a09a1-af5b-4173-8897-0bd516a148e5 |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> About the IMF, which provided Argentina with twenty-two bailouts, Milei said that it "doesn't care" about what he described as the country's deep-rooted challenges. He said: "The IMF are just a bunch of bureaucrats who know that a bank's business is to charge interest. If I'm elected it will be to solve Argentina's problems."<ref name="Nugent 2023"/> According to his adviser Darío Epstein, Milei pledges to balance the budget within three months. Epstein said: "The first thing we have to do is to lower the fiscal deficit by 5 percentage points, which is not at all easy. As Argentina is in a very critical situation, with 40 to 45 per cent poverty, what we can't do is to fire people from the public sector or lower social spending. That is very important."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nugent |first1=Ciara |last2=Stott |first2=Michael |date=2023-08-16 |title=Argentina's Milei aims to balance budget within months, adviser says |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d0219348-8990-484a-a4c8-dbd5923cb4fd |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> |
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===== Criticisms and controversies ===== |
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Although part of the [[Austrian School of economics]], which generally holds skeptical views of using mathematics in economics, Milei frequently employs mathematical formulas and charts in his writings.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last= |date=26 June 2018 |title=Milei disertará en Metán sobre capitalismo y monopolios |url=https://www.novasalta.com/nota.asp?t=Milei-disertara-en-Metan-sobre-capitalismo-y-monopolios&id=1200&id_tiponota=10 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=NOVA Salta |language=es}}</ref> This has led to criticisms from both Austrian and mainstream Argentine economists.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Zaiat 2023" /> |
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=== Capitalism, communism, and socialism === |
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His proposed abolition of the [[Central Bank of Argentina]] and [[dollarization]] have met criticism;<ref name="Zaiat 2023" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Carrió |first=Tomás |date=17 August 2023 |title=Dollarization 'Not the Answer' for Argentina, Former IMF Board Member Says |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/dollarization-not-the-answer-for-argentina-former-imf-board-member-says |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea}}</ref> the Argentine peso plunged and [[interest rate]]s were raised in the aftermath of his primaries win.<ref name="Politi 2023" /> His foreign policy views have been described as radical as his economic views.<ref name="Brandimarte & Tobias 2023" /> Argentine [[mainstream economists]] also criticized Milei's economic work and his presentention, describing his concepts as confusing, and arguing that the formulas he uses are not correct; in particular, they criticized his [[Central Bank of Argentina]] abolition and [[dollarization]] proposals. Milei dismissed the critics of dollarization, saying that they do not understand "the condition of transversality".<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Zaiat 2023" /> |
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Milei promotes [[capitalism]], and strongly opposes [[communism]] and [[socialism]]. In a [[TEDx]] presentation that went viral on social media in February 2019, Milei presented what he described as "a love story" about capitalism, arguing how capitalism and the [[free market]] have lifted people out of poverty. He then cited what he describes as myths regarding capitalism, rejecting the idea that the [[Nordic model]] is socialist, and saying that the Nordic countries are "more pro-market than people think". He labelled the problem of [[social inequality]] as a "lying hoax", and said that "social justice is unfair". He concluded that this was a debate about values, where socialism embodies envy, resentment, and coercion, while capitalism or [[liberalism]] stands for the unrestricted respect for the life project of fellow individuals.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-02-12 |title=La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo |url=https://www.cronista.com/infotechnology/online/La-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Cronista |language=es}}</ref> More than [[Karl Marx]], Milei's greatest enemy is [[John Maynard Keynes]],<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> whom he accuses of being the main culprit for all of Argentina's ills.<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> |
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Many of the people drawn in by Milei are right-wingers who are attracted to his anti-leftist and opposition to government policies, including legalizing abortion and creating a quota for trans people in government jobs.<!--Sourced to The Economist 2021 cited later--> In an interview in October 2020, Milei said: "I hate communists, shitty left-wingers, because they hate life." He called it a "filthy system, which fails everywhere. In every place where it was applied, it generated misery and hunger." He further stated that there are only two systems, liberalism or communism, as he believes that any intermediate solution would result in a drift towards communism.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Javier Milei, con Viviana Canosa: 'Detesto a los zurdos porque odian la vida' |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/espectaculos/javier-milei-viviana-canosa-detesto-zurdos-porque-nid2505829 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> In 2021, he signed a letter sponsored by Vox that railed against "the advance of communism" in the Spanish-speaking world, and was endorsed by [[Eduardo Bolsonaro]] and [[José Antonio Kast]]. In October 2021, he reiterated his anti-leftist views, saying: "I will ally with all those who believe that the left is the enemy."<ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2021 |title=Javier Milei, a libertarian, may be elected to Argentina's congress |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811081521/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress|archive-date=11 August 2023|access-date=20 August 2023 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> |
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He has been described as a controversial and eccentric economist,<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Controvertido y excéntrico economista argentino sube en encuestas para las presidenciales |url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/controvertido-economista-argentino-sube-encuestas-presidenciales/7112676.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Voz de America |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Calatrava |first=Almudena |date=28 May 2023 |title=Controvertido y excéntrico economista argentino sube en encuestas para las presidenciales |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2023-05-28/controvertido-y-excentrico-economista-argentino-sube-en-encuestas-para-las-presidenciales |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=San Diego Union Tribune |language=es}}</ref> and ultralibertarian economist.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fontevecchia |first=Agustino |date=15 July 2023 |title=Ultra-Libertarian Economist Javier Milei Proposes Dollarization In Argentina |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2023/07/15/ultra-libertarian-economist-javier-mileis-proposes-dollarization-in-argentina |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Forbes}}</ref> In 2021, he was accused of having plagiarized in his ''[[El Cronista]]'' and [[Infobae]] columns and works, from ''El camino del libertario'' to ''Pandenomics'', the main authors of the Austrian School,<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021" /> such as [[Henry Hazlitt]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[Walter Block]]. He dismissed those allegations, saying: "It doesn't make sense."<ref>{{cite web |last=Farinas |first=Tamara |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei o cómo un ultraderechista acusado de violencia de género y plagio puede ser presidente en Argentina |url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/internacional/javier-milei-argentina_2023081464d9daec714dff0001072346.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=La Sexta |language=es}}</ref> He argued that, as they were disclosure notes, there was no need to name the authors for a practical issue. For ''Pandenomics'', he was accused of having plagiarized the works of other academics, such as a mathematical model to study different epidemic outbreaks throughout history, among others.<ref>{{cite web |last1=González |first1=Juan Luis |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Tomás |date=20 May 2022 |title=Javier Milei, el gran copión: los seis plagios de su libro<!--| Noticias--> |url=https://noticias.perfil.com/noticias/politica/javier-milei-gran-copion-seis-plagios-libro-pandenomics.phtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Revista Noticias}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Libertarianism === |
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In 2021, Milei defined himself thusly: "I am a libertarian liberal. Philosophically, I am a market anarchist."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> His libertarianism is distinct from classical [[libertarianism]] or [[left-libertarianism]], which originated from the French ''{{ill|libertaire|fr|Libertaire}}'', or ''{{ill|libertario|es|Libertarismo}}'' in Spanish, which is used as a synonym for [[anarchism]], [[libertarian socialism]], and other left-wing philosophies, and is closer to modern [[libertarianism in the United States]], or [[right-libertarianism]], although those libertarians reject the [[left–right political spectrum]].<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> According to [[David Boaz]], former vice president of the [[Cato Institute]], modern libertarianism is a philosophical current within politics that places "individual freedom as the supreme political value".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> He wrote: "A libertarian admits that people can justifiably be forced to do certain things, the most obvious being refraining from infringing on the freedom of others. However, a libertarian considers it unacceptable that anyone can be forced to serve others, even if it is for their own good."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Because those libertarians promotes the free market, defends private property, and support a small and limited state, they have been placed on the right-wing of the political spectrum. Boaz said that those libertarians "have attempted to define the proper scope of individual liberty in terms of the notion of personal ownership, or self-ownership, which implies that each individual is entitled to exclusive control of his choices, actions, and body."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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Milei's stances on social issues, such as abortion,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miron|first=Jeffrey|date=15 August 2023|url=https://www.cato.org/blog/javier-milei-libertarian|title=Is Javier Milei a Libertarian?|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> are the main reason why political commentators and other libertarians do not consider him truly a libertarian.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Among libertarians, some described him as a libertarian for his overall [[economic libertarian]] or [[neoliberal]] stances,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Para un especialista, 'es un error calificar como ultra derecha a Javier Milei' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/canal-e/para-un-especialista-es-un-error-calificar-como-ultra-derecha-ajavier-milei.phtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Canal E |language=es}}</ref> and rejected comparisons to Trump and Bolsonaro,<ref name="Rallo 2023"/><ref name="Raisbeck 2023"/> while others cited the issue of abortion as a reason not to call him a libertarian. Milei said: "I am against abortion because I believe in the life project of others. The woman can choose about her body, but what she has inside her womb is not her body, it is another individual."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> In response, Carmen Beatriz Fernández, an expert in political communication, stated that Milei is not libertarian but a "neopopulist or right-wing authoritarian".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Guillermo Tell Aveledo, a political scientist and dean of the Faculty of Legal and Political Studies of the [[Metropolitan University of Caracas]], said: "His criticisms on issues such as budgets and specific policies, both in his time as a commentator on television programs and now as a congressman, have been directed at the size and action of the state, so he fits the profile of a libertarian."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> At the same time, he agreed that Milei's conservative positions and other contradictions prevented him from being considered a "genuine libertarian".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> As a result, he argued that "[[paleolibertarian]] ([[conservative libertarian]])" or "[[anarcho-capitalist]]", namely someone who believes in a form of stateless [[free-market capitalism]], or that society can be organized and function only with the market without the need for the state, are more appropriate labels to describe Milei's politics.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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==== Abortion and euthanasia ==== |
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Milei opposes [[abortion rights]] and euthanasia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandimarte |first=Walter |date=2023-08-15 |title=Here are candidate Javier Milei’s proposals for Argentina |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/world/2023/08/15/politics/javier-milei-proposals-argentina/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-09-25 |title=Economia argentina é um vulcão a ponto de estalar, diz Javier Milei, líder dos libertários |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2021/09/economia-argentina-e-um-vulcao-a-ponto-de-estalar-diz-javier-milei-lider-dos-libertarios.shtml |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> He has publicly affirmed a staunch [[anti-abortion]] stance,<ref name="Goñi 2023"/><ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023"/> saying that [[abortion]] violates the [[non-aggression principle]]; he sees it as a property conflict or issue of ownership,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Milei justificó su rechazo al aborto: 'Hay un conflicto de propiedad' |url=https://www.a24.com/politica/la-extrana-explicacion-javier-milei-rechazar-el-aborto-n869551 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=A24 |language=es}}</ref> and drew comparisons between abortion and theft.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Milei comparó el aborto con una situación de robo y Barbieri lo cruzó en vivo |url=https://www.eldestapeweb.com/nota/milei-comparo-el-aborto-con-una-situacion-de-robo-y-barbieri-lo-cruzo-en-vivo-2018-6-4-14-14-0 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=El Destape |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYF8I9BoEwk|title=Javier Milei opina sobre el aborto|website=AM 1070|language=es|date=14 January 2018|access-date=15 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> When questioned in September 2021 by a ''[[O Globo]]'' journalist about an abortion case involving the rape of a 10-year-old girl, Milei asserted that an abortion in such circumstances would still constitute murder.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 September 2021|title=Milei niega el aborto incluso a una niña de 10 años violada: 'El asesinato nunca puede estar justificado'|url=https://www.eldestapeweb.com/politica/javier-milei/milei-niega-el-aborto-incluso-a-una-nina-de-10-anos-violada-el-asesinato-nunca-puede-estar-justificado--202193012430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530104519/https://www.eldestapeweb.com/politica/javier-milei/milei-niega-el-aborto-incluso-a-una-nina-de-10-anos-violada-el-asesinato-nunca-puede-estar-justificado--202193012430|archive-date=2023-05-30|url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2021|website=El Destape|language=es}}</ref> In October 2021, he said: "Why is one crime compensated with another crime?"<ref name="El Canciller 2021"/> He stated his support for abortion only when the mother's life is at risk.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Milei justificó su rechazo al aborto: 'Hay un conflicto de propiedad' |url=https://www.a24.com/politica/la-extrana-explicacion-javier-milei-rechazar-el-aborto-n869551 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=A24 |language=es}}</ref> If he is elected president, he proposes to hold a [[referendum]] about the law that legalized abortion in 2020, and in such a case he said that he would support its repeal.<ref name="Chequeado 2023"/> He said: "When you construct on the basis of an incorrect moral principle, the result is filth. How can being able to kill other human beings be a right gained? As a liberal, I believe in the unrestricted right to life based on the defence of life, liberty and property. I defend life, biology says that life begins with conception."<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei and his beliefs – in his own words |url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/javier-milei-and-his-beliefs-in-his-own-words.phtml |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Buenos Aires Times |language=es}}</ref> |
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The main sources of this modern type of libertarianism are [[Montesquieu]], [[John Locke]], [[Adam Smith]], and the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], among other figures the [[Age of Enlightenment]] and part of what those libertarians consider to be [[classical liberalism]]. In addition to those historical figures questioning the role of monarchs and clergy, this current also sought to limit the powers of democratic and representative governments.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> About the state, which he considers an enemy, Milei promised a total reform, and stated: "The state is the greatest enemy of wealth. If the increase in its size is financed with taxes, the real wage falls. If it is with debt, they are future taxes. And if that debt is external, it raises the equilibrium exchange rate with respect to wages and makes food more expensive, creating more poor people."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerlotti Slusnys |first=Andrés |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, el candidato 'anticasta' que derrotó al peronismo y quiere dolarizar la economía |url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/javier-milei-candidato-argentino-anticasta-20230814101333-nt.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Diario ABC |language=es}}</ref> About taxes and liberalism, he said: "I consider the state as an enemy; taxes are a hindrance to slavery. Liberalism was created to free people from the oppression of monarchs; in this case, it would be the state."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Due to his economic views, he has been described as an ultraliberal. Among his many phrases are "The state is the problem, not the solution", or that the state is "the source of Argentina's decline". He also defined taxes as "a hindrance of slavery", affirmed that only liberalism would be able to free Argentines from what he describes as the oppression of the state, compared this to the end of [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutism]] in European history, and reduced the basic rights to those of "[[Life, liberty, and property]]".<ref>{{cite web |last=Pichel |first=Miguel Pérez |date=15 August 2023 |title=Milei, el hombre que quiere 'reinar' en Argentina con el anarco-liberalismo como razón de ser |url=https://www.eldebate.com/internacional/20230815/milei-hombre-quiere-reinar-argentina-anarco-liberalismo-como-razon_134098.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=El Debate |language=es}}</ref> After winning the 2023 primaries, Milei announced what he called a "new liberal revolution" and "the end of the caste model, that atrocity that says that where there is a need, a right is born, but it is forgotten that someone has to pay for that right."<ref>{{cite web |last=Muriel |first=Pablo Casado |date=14 August 2023 |title=El libertario Javier Milei gana las primarias en Argentina y pone en jaque al kirchnerismo |url=https://www.eldebate.com/internacional/20230814/libertario-javier-milei-gana-primarias-argentina-pone-jaque-kirchnerismo_133898.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=El Debate |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Esquivel |first=Karen |date=14 August 2023 |title=El discurso de Javier Milei en 10 polémicas frases |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/08/14/discurso-javier-milei-10-polemicas-frases-orix |access-date=26 August 2023|website=CNN en Español |language=es}}</ref> |
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==== Freedom of choice ==== |
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=== Social issues === |
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Milei has expressed support for legalizing [[organ trade]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei se mostró a favor de la venta de órganos: 'Es un mercado más' |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei/se-mostro-favor-la-venta-organos-es-un-mercado-mas-n5454111 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Ámbito}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2023 |title=Argentine Congressman Javier Milei favors trade of human organs |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/06/03/argentine-congressman-javier-milei-favors-trade-of-human-organs |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=MercoPress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-right candidate who wants to legalize organ sales wins Argentina's presidential primary |url=https://theweek.com/south-america/1025781/far-right-candidate-who-wants-to-legalize-organ-sales-wins-argentinas |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Week}}</ref> arguing that it could reduce waiting lists for organ transplants. He has suggested that market mechanisms could be implemented to encourage organ donations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Milei calls for 'market mechanisms' to solve lack of organ donors |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/politics/milei-calls-for-market-mechanisms-to-solve-lack-of-organ-donors |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Buenos Aires Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei, a favor de la venta de órganos: 'Es un mercado más' {{!}} Rotundo rechazo desde el INCUCAI |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/426307-javier-milei-a-favor-de-la-venta-de-organos-es-un-mercado-ma |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref>Milei has framed the issue as one of personal autonomy, stating, "If women can have control over their bodies, why not everybody else?"<ref name="Goñi 2023"/> |
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Milei opposes [[abortion rights]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-09-25 |title=Economia argentina é um vulcão a ponto de estalar, diz Javier Milei, líder dos libertários |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2021/09/economia-argentina-e-um-vulcao-a-ponto-de-estalar-diz-javier-milei-lider-dos-libertarios.shtml |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> and has publicly affirmed a staunch [[anti-abortion]] stance,<ref name="Goñi 2023"/><ref name="Centenera & Criales 2023"/> saying that [[abortion]] violates the [[non-aggression principle]]; he sees it as a property conflict or issue of ownership,<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Milei justificó su rechazo al aborto: 'Hay un conflicto de propiedad' |url=https://www.a24.com/politica/la-extrana-explicacion-javier-milei-rechazar-el-aborto-n869551 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=A24 |language=es}}</ref> and drew comparisons between abortion and theft.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Milei comparó el aborto con una situación de robo y Barbieri lo cruzó en vivo |url=https://www.eldestapeweb.com/nota/milei-comparo-el-aborto-con-una-situacion-de-robo-y-barbieri-lo-cruzo-en-vivo-2018-6-4-14-14-0 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=El Destape |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYF8I9BoEwk|title=Javier Milei opina sobre el aborto|website=AM 1070|language=es|date=14 January 2018|access-date=15 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> When questioned in September 2021 by a ''[[O Globo]]'' journalist about an abortion case involving the rape of a 10-year-old girl, Milei asserted that an abortion in such circumstances would still constitute murder.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 September 2021|title=Milei niega el aborto incluso a una niña de 10 años violada: 'El asesinato nunca puede estar justificado'|url=https://www.eldestapeweb.com/politica/javier-milei/milei-niega-el-aborto-incluso-a-una-nina-de-10-anos-violada-el-asesinato-nunca-puede-estar-justificado--202193012430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530104519/https://www.eldestapeweb.com/politica/javier-milei/milei-niega-el-aborto-incluso-a-una-nina-de-10-anos-violada-el-asesinato-nunca-puede-estar-justificado--202193012430|archive-date=2023-05-30|url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2021|website=El Destape|language=es}}</ref> In October 2021, he said: "Why is one crime compensated with another crime?"<ref name="El Canciller 2021"/> He stated his support for abortion only when the mother's life is at risk.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Milei justificó su rechazo al aborto: 'Hay un conflicto de propiedad' |url=https://www.a24.com/politica/la-extrana-explicacion-javier-milei-rechazar-el-aborto-n869551 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=A24 |language=es}}</ref> If he is elected president, he proposes to hold a [[referendum]] about the law that legalized abortion in 2020, and in such a case he said that he would support its repeal.<ref name="Chequeado 2023"/> He said: "When you construct on the basis of an incorrect moral principle, the result is filth. How can being able to kill other human beings be a right gained? As a liberal, I believe in the unrestricted right to life based on the defence of life, liberty and property. I defend life, biology says that life begins with conception."<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei and his beliefs – in his own words |url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/javier-milei-and-his-beliefs-in-his-own-words.phtml |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Buenos Aires Times |language=es}}</ref> Due to his views about abortion,<ref>{{cite web |last=Criales |first=José Pablo |date=16 May 2023 |title=Free use of weapons, privatization and the end of legal abortion: Javier Milei's plans for Argentina |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-18/free-use-of-weapons-privatization-and-the-end-of-legal-abortion-javier-mileis-plans-for-argentina.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230818171617/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-18/free-use-of-weapons-privatization-and-the-end-of-legal-abortion-javier-mileis-plans-for-argentina.html |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=El País English}}</ref> alongside a crack down on crime and prohibition of the use of [[inclusive language]], he has been characterized as [[socially conservative]].<ref name="The Economist 2022"/><ref name="Lissardy 2023"/><ref name="Pasquini 2023"/> |
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Milei spoke in favor of a legal [[organ trade]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei se mostró a favor de la venta de órganos: 'Es un mercado más' |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei/se-mostro-favor-la-venta-organos-es-un-mercado-mas-n5454111 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Ámbito}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 June 2023 |title=Argentine Congressman Javier Milei favors trade of human organs |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/06/03/argentine-congressman-javier-milei-favors-trade-of-human-organs |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=MercoPress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-right candidate who wants to legalize organ sales wins Argentina's presidential primary |url=https://theweek.com/south-america/1025781/far-right-candidate-who-wants-to-legalize-organ-sales-wins-argentinas |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Week}}</ref> seeing as a way to reduce waiting lists for organ transplants, and said that there could be market mechanisms to encourage organ donors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Milei calls for 'market mechanisms' to solve lack of organ donors |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/politics/milei-calls-for-market-mechanisms-to-solve-lack-of-organ-donors |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Buenos Aires Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei, a favor de la venta de órganos: 'Es un mercado más' {{!}} Rotundo rechazo desde el INCUCAI |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/426307-javier-milei-a-favor-de-la-venta-de-organos-es-un-mercado-ma |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref> He said: "If women can have control over their bodies, why not everybody else?"<ref name="Goñi 2023"/> In a June 2022 interview, when asked about his stance on the sale of children, Milei initially said that "it depends".<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Javier Milei is once again the center of controversy for his statements about the sale of children|website= Latin America News |url=https://latin-american.news/javier-milei-is-once-again-the-center-of-controversy-for-his-statements-about-the-sale-of-children |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> In the same interview, he said: "If I had a child, I wouldn't sell them, but that's not the current topic of discussion in Argentine society. Maybe it will be in 200 years, I don't know."<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-28|title=Qué respondió Javier Milei cuando le preguntaron si está a favor de la venta de niños |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lnmas/javier-milei-no-estoy-de-acuerdo-con-la-venta-de-ninos-nid28072022 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> Due to the ensuing controversy, he later clarified his position and expressed his opposition to it. He explained his opposition in clearer terms, while separating it from the organ trade legalization as "a different discussion", stating: "Obviously, I do not agree with the sale of children."<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-28|title=Qué respondió Javier Milei cuando le preguntaron si está a favor de la venta de niños |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lnmas/javier-milei-no-estoy-de-acuerdo-con-la-venta-de-ninos-nid28072022 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> Milei supports [[drug legalization]] within the context of what he calls a free society but once warned: "If you want to commit suicide, I don't have any problem. Drugging is committing suicide in rates. If you want to get high, do whatever you want, but don't ask me to pay the bill. Because if you are not going to take charge of your decisions... well, that seems unfair to me."<ref name="El Cronista 2023"/> About [[prostitution in Argentina]] that legalized it but organized activities remain illegal, he said: "I don't see anything wrong with paying for sex. It's a free transaction."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Video {{!}} Javier Milei contra el Papa Francisco: 'Me parece un personaje nefasto' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/javier-milei-contra-el-papa-francisco-promueve-el-comunismo.phtml |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> |
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On the subject of [[drug legalization]], Milei supports it within the context of a free society. He has cautioned, "If you want to commit suicide, I don't have any problem. Drugging is committing suicide in rates. If you want to get high, do whatever you want, but don't ask me to pay the bill."<ref name="El Cronista 20232">{{cite web |date=2021-08-09 |title=Cinco definiciones fuertes de Javier Milei: armas, drogas, homosexualidad, aborto y el Estado como enemigo |url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/cinco-definiciones-fuertes-de-javier-milei-aborto-drogas-armas-homosexualidad-y-el-estado-enemigo |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=El Cronista |language=es}}</ref> Regarding [[prostitution in Argentina]], Milei sees nothing wrong with paying for sex, considering it a "free transaction."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Video {{!}} Javier Milei contra el Papa Francisco: 'Me parece un personaje nefasto' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/javier-milei-contra-el-papa-francisco-promueve-el-comunismo.phtml |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> |
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Milei |
Milei said that he has no issues with [[same-sex marriage]] and is indifferent to it; he sees marriage as a contract and is opposed to it as an institution.<ref name="El Cronista 2023">{{cite web |date=2021-08-09 |title=Cinco definiciones fuertes de Javier Milei: armas, drogas, homosexualidad, aborto y el Estado como enemigo |url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/cinco-definiciones-fuertes-de-javier-milei-aborto-drogas-armas-homosexualidad-y-el-estado-enemigo |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=El Cronista |language=es}}</ref> On homosexuality more generally, he stated: "If you decide to be homosexual, how does that affect my life? In nothing. My liberty? In nothing. My property? In nothing. Therefore, I have nothing to say."<ref name="Raisbeck 2023"/> He said that the way in which sexuality is lived "is a personal choice", and added: "I don't agree at all that homosexuality is a disease."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> On [[transgender rights]], Milei said that he "does not care" about [[gender identification]], which he compared to identifying as a [[cougar]], "as long as you do not make me pay the bill", in reference to public funding for [[gender-affirming care]] and public education. He said: "I have no problem, but don't impose it on me by the state. Don't steal money from people to impose someone else's ideas on them. That is violent."<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Javier Milei: 'No voy a cobrar mi dieta y voy a hacer un sistema de donaciones para que la gente me pague lo que ellos quieran' |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/javier-milei-voy-cobrar-dieta-voy-hacer-sistema-donaciones-gente-pague-quieran-_0_rkok59xBY.html |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei: las polémicas posturas del candidato que va por la presidencia de Argentina |url=https://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/2023/08/14/javier-milei-las-polemicas-posturas-del-candidato-que-va-por-la-presidencia-de-argentina/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=ABC Color |language=es}}</ref> Milei's comments and stances about transgender rights caused criticism among Argentine [[LGBTQ]] activists.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rioseco |first=Esteban |date=18 August 2023 |title=Argentine activists raise alarm over far-right primary victory |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2023/08/18/argentine-activists-raise-alarm-over-far-right-primary-victory |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Washington Blade}}</ref> In June 2022, two [[Avanza Libertad]] members of the legislative assembly of Buenos Aires Province proposed a bill to ban inclusive language at schools. According to Sonia Corrêa, co-coordinator of Sexuality and Policy Watch, these bills are not rooted in an ideological belief but are an effort to "lure the constituency of [far-right politician]<!--Included in original quote--> Javier Milei".<ref>{{cite web |last=Carbajal |first=Mariana |date=29 August 2022 |title=How Latin American populists are 'weaponising' trans rights |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/trans-rights-lgbt-latin-america-brazil-bolsonaro |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=openDemocracy}}</ref> |
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During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Milei expressed skepticism about [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s.<ref name="The Economist 2022"/><!--Also supported by <ref name="Rossi 2021"/> and <ref name="El Cronista 2021"/>--> He questioned the national government COVID-19 vaccination policy, and opposed [[mandatory vaccination]].<ref name="Rossi 2021"/> In November 2021, Milei vaccinated himself for [[COVID-19]], citing economic reasons based on a [[risk–benefit analysis]] that he made, and rejected the [[anti-vaccination]] label that was used to describe his views on the issue;<ref name="El Cronista 2021"/> he dismissed the negative impact his COVID-19 vaccine statements could have had on the campaign against COVID-19.<ref name="Rossi 2021"/> Before his vaccination, he had said that due to an evaluated "income-risk" and the claim that not all vaccines were "well tested". He said: "Pharmacological products require ten years of empirical testing and this product is a year and a half old."<ref name="Rossi 2021"/> The [[World Health Organization]] stated that "the safety and efficacy required by vaccines are not in question" despite the fact that they were developed "at an unprecedented speed".<ref name="Rossi 2021"/> About his decision to get vaccinated, he said: "Now I am entering Congress, I am going to give up my diet, on 10 December I am leaving my job, I have to go to give talks in Uruguay, the United States, Chile, and Spain, and I cannot enter without the vaccine. What do I do? Do I run out of income? What do I live on?"<ref name="Rossi 2021"/> He chose the [[Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine]] because it is an inactivated virus vaccine.<ref name="Rossi 2021"/> |
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Milei opposes [[mandatory vaccination]],<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> supports school choice, and wants to implement an [[education voucher]] system to decentralize education by "giving the budget to parents".<ref name="Chequeado 2023" /> |
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==== Criticisms and controversies ==== |
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During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Milei expressed skepticism about [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s.<ref name="The Economist 2022" /><!--Also supported by <ref name="Rossi 2021"/> and <ref name="El Cronista 2021"/>--> He questioned the national government COVID-19 vaccination policy.<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> In November 2021, Milei vaccinated himself for [[COVID-19]], citing economic reasons based on a [[risk–benefit analysis]] that he made, and rejected the [[anti-vaccination]] label that was used to describe his views on the issue;<ref name="El Cronista 2021" /> he dismissed the negative impact his COVID-19 vaccine statements could have had on the campaign against COVID-19.<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> Before his vaccination, he had said that due to an evaluated "income-risk" and the claim that not all vaccines were "well tested". He said: "Pharmacological products require ten years of empirical testing and this product is a year and a half old."<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> The [[World Health Organization]] stated that "the safety and efficacy required by vaccines are not in question" despite the fact that they were developed "at an unprecedented speed".<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> About his decision to get vaccinated, he said: "Now I am entering Congress, I am going to give up my diet, on 10 December I am leaving my job, I have to go to give talks in Uruguay, the United States, Chile, and Spain, and I cannot enter without the vaccine. What do I do? Do I run out of income? What do I live on?"<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> He chose the [[Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine]] because it is an inactivated virus vaccine.<ref name="Rossi 2021" /> |
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A [[climate change denier]],<ref name="Nugent 2023"/> Milei rejects the existence of [[global warming]], contradicting the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], and attributes it to a socialist invention;<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Javier Milei sobre el calentamiento global: 'es otra de las mentiras del socialismo'|url=https://www.anred.org/2021/08/09/javier-milei-sobre-el-calentamiento-global-es-otra-de-las-mentiras-del-socialismo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816005117/https://www.anred.org/2021/08/09/javier-milei-sobre-el-calentamiento-global-es-otra-de-las-mentiras-del-socialismo|archive-date=2023-08-16|url-status=live|access-date=9 August 2021|website=Anred|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 October 2021|title=Milei insiste con su posición sobre el cambio climático: 'Es una mentira'|url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/milei-insiste-con-que-el-cambio-climatico-no-existe |
A [[climate change denier]],<ref name="Nugent 2023"/> Milei rejects the existence of [[global warming]], contradicting the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], and attributes it to a socialist invention;<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Javier Milei sobre el calentamiento global: 'es otra de las mentiras del socialismo'|url=https://www.anred.org/2021/08/09/javier-milei-sobre-el-calentamiento-global-es-otra-de-las-mentiras-del-socialismo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816005117/https://www.anred.org/2021/08/09/javier-milei-sobre-el-calentamiento-global-es-otra-de-las-mentiras-del-socialismo|archive-date=2023-08-16|url-status=live|access-date=9 August 2021|website=Anred|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 October 2021|title=Milei insiste con su posición sobre el cambio climático: 'Es una mentira'|url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/milei-insiste-con-que-el-cambio-climatico-no-existe |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051546/https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/milei-insiste-con-que-el-cambio-climatico-no-existe|archive-date=2023-02-11|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2021|website=El Cronista|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Politi |first=Daniele |date=28 August 2023 |title=Right-wing populist Javier Milei gains support in Argentina by blasting 'political caste' |url=https://apnews.com/article/javier-milei-argentina-elections-presidency-54671463bcf1a3ef22e7f7a2a602adcd |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=AP News}}</ref> he said that concerns about climate change are nothing more than "deceptions promoted by the neo-Marxists".<ref name="Gosman 2023"/> Milei promotes the far-right [[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]]. He uses ''Cultural Marxism'' as a label to accuse left-wing politics and progressives of enforcing [[political correctness]].<ref name="Fahsbender 2022"/> This includes usage of ''Cultural Marxism'' in reference to an alleged [[gender ideology]],<ref name="Fahsbender 2022" /> [[feminism]],<ref name="GZERO Media 2023"/> [[LGBTQ movements]],<ref name="Crisp 2023">{{cite news |last=Crisp |first=James |date=2023-08-14 |title=Hard-Right rock singer and 'tantric sex instructor' takes shock lead in Argentinian elections |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/08/14/javier-milei-argentina-elections-far-right-trump-bolsonaro |access-date=2023-08-14 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> [[minority rights]],<ref name="GZERO Media 2023"/> and public education and [[comprehensive sex education]] (ESI) in schools,<ref name="Perfil 2022"/> which he has linked to brainwashing;<ref name="Merco Press 2022">{{cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=Milei: 'I will not apologize for having a penis' |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/05/16/milei-i-will-not-apologize-for-having-a-penis |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=MercoPress}}</ref> he said that students are "hostages of a system of state indoctrination".<ref name="Goñi 2023"/> He intends to eliminate the law that makes ESI in schools mandatory,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Elecciones PASO 2023: esto proponen los precandidatos presidenciales sobre género|website=Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/elecciones-paso-2023-esto-proponen-los-precandidatos-presidenciales-sobre-genero |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref> saying its naive to think it would not be used for what he sees as indoctrination,<ref name="Perfil 2022" /> and he wants to implement an [[education voucher]] system to decentralize education by "giving the budget to parents".<ref name="Chequeado 2023"/> Additionally, Milei linked ''Cultural Marxism'' to the [[Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity (Argentina)|Ministry of Women, Genders, and Diversity]],<ref name="Merco Press 2022" /> and expressed his intent to close that ministry if he is elected president.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 May 2022|title=Con una polémica frase, Javier Milei prometió cerrar el Ministerio de la Mujer si es presidente|url=https://tn.com.ar/politica/2022/05/14/con-una-polemica-frase-javier-milei-prometio-cerrar-el-ministerio-de-la-mujer-si-es-presidente|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051544/https://tn.com.ar/politica/2022/05/14/con-una-polemica-frase-javier-milei-prometio-cerrar-el-ministerio-de-la-mujer-si-es-presidente|archive-date=2023-02-11|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2022|website=TN|language=es}}</ref> Milei's criticism of ESI, which he defined as part of a "post-Marxist agenda" and a ploy leading to the "destruction of the most important social nucleus, the family", prompted a response from [[Amnesty International]], which warned about its possible removal, said that ESI is important to the prevention of child sexual abuse, and dismissed allegations that it is used to promote being [[transgender]] or [[crossdressing]].<ref name="Página12 2023"/> |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051546/https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/milei-insiste-con-que-el-cambio-climatico-no-existe|archive-date=2023-02-11|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2021|website=El Cronista|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Politi |first=Daniele |date=28 August 2023 |title=Right-wing populist Javier Milei gains support in Argentina by blasting 'political caste' |url=https://apnews.com/article/javier-milei-argentina-elections-presidency-54671463bcf1a3ef22e7f7a2a602adcd |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=AP News}}</ref> he said that concerns about climate change are nothing more than "deceptions promoted by the neo-Marxists".<ref name="Gosman 2023"/> |
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Milei promotes the far-right [[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]]. He uses ''Cultural Marxism'' as a label to accuse left-wing politics and progressives of enforcing [[political correctness]].<ref name="Fahsbender 2022"/> This includes usage of ''Cultural Marxism'' in reference to an alleged [[gender ideology]],<ref name="Fahsbender 2022" /> [[feminism]],<ref name="GZERO Media 2023"/> [[LGBTQ movements]],<ref name="Crisp 2023">{{cite news |last=Crisp |first=James |date=2023-08-14 |title=Hard-Right rock singer and 'tantric sex instructor' takes shock lead in Argentinian elections |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/08/14/javier-milei-argentina-elections-far-right-trump-bolsonaro |access-date=2023-08-14 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> [[minority rights]],<ref name="GZERO Media 2023"/> and public education and [[comprehensive sex education]] (ESI) in schools,<ref name="Perfil 2022"/> which he has linked to brainwashing;<ref name="Merco Press 2022">{{cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=Milei: 'I will not apologize for having a penis' |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/05/16/milei-i-will-not-apologize-for-having-a-penis |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=MercoPress}}</ref> he said that students are "hostages of a system of state indoctrination".<ref name="Goñi 2023"/> He intends to eliminate the law that makes ESI in schools mandatory,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 August 2023 |title=Elecciones PASO 2023: esto proponen los precandidatos presidenciales sobre género|website=Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/elecciones-paso-2023-esto-proponen-los-precandidatos-presidenciales-sobre-genero |access-date=26 August 2023 |language=es}}</ref> saying its naive to think it would not be used for what he sees as indoctrination.<ref name="Perfil 2022" /> Additionally, Milei linked ''Cultural Marxism'' to the [[Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity (Argentina)|Ministry of Women, Genders, and Diversity]],<ref name="Merco Press 2022" /> and expressed his intent to close that ministry if he is elected president.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 May 2022|title=Con una polémica frase, Javier Milei prometió cerrar el Ministerio de la Mujer si es presidente|url=https://tn.com.ar/politica/2022/05/14/con-una-polemica-frase-javier-milei-prometio-cerrar-el-ministerio-de-la-mujer-si-es-presidente|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051544/https://tn.com.ar/politica/2022/05/14/con-una-polemica-frase-javier-milei-prometio-cerrar-el-ministerio-de-la-mujer-si-es-presidente|archive-date=2023-02-11|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2022|website=TN|language=es}}</ref> Milei's criticism of ESI, which he defined as part of a "post-Marxist agenda" and a ploy leading to the "destruction of the most important social nucleus, the family", prompted a response from [[Amnesty International]], which warned about its possible removal, said that ESI is important to the prevention of child sexual abuse, and dismissed allegations that it is used to promote being [[transgender]] or [[crossdressing]].<ref name="Página12 2023"/> |
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His views on transgender rights have attracted criticism from Argentine [[LGBTQ]] activists.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rioseco |first=Esteban |date=18 August 2023 |title=Argentine activists raise alarm over far-right primary victory |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2023/08/18/argentine-activists-raise-alarm-over-far-right-primary-victory |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Washington Blade}}</ref> In June 2022, two [[Avanza Libertad]] members of the legislative assembly of Buenos Aires Province proposed a bill to ban inclusive language at schools. According to Sonia Corrêa, co-coordinator of Sexuality and Policy Watch, these bills are not rooted in an ideological belief but are an effort to "lure the constituency of [far-right politician]<!--Included in original quote--> Javier Milei".<ref>{{cite web |last=Carbajal |first=Mariana |date=29 August 2022 |title=How Latin American populists are 'weaponising' trans rights |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/trans-rights-lgbt-latin-america-brazil-bolsonaro |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=openDemocracy}}</ref> |
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When questioned on the topic of selling children, Milei initially responded ambiguously but later clarified his opposition, stating, "Obviously, I do not agree with the sale of children."<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Qué respondió Javier Milei cuando le preguntaron si está a favor de la venta de niños |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lnmas/javier-milei-no-estoy-de-acuerdo-con-la-venta-de-ninos-nid28072022 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> |
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=== Immigration === |
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Argentina is one of the few countries whose constitution establishes the promotion of immigration as one of the duties of the state; together with the United States, Argentina was that had more immigrants between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="El Grand Continent 2023"/> On immigration issues, Milei's 2023 presidential platform includes restrictions.<ref name="MercoPress 2023"/> Milei stated that he would prohibit the entry into the country of migrants with a criminal record and said that he want to expel those who commit crimes.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> |
Argentina is one of the few countries whose constitution establishes the promotion of immigration as one of the duties of the state; together with the United States, Argentina was that had more immigrants between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="El Grand Continent 2023"/> On immigration issues, Milei's 2023 presidential platform includes restrictions.<ref name="MercoPress 2023"/> Milei stated that he would prohibit the entry into the country of migrants with a criminal record and said that he want to expel those who commit crimes.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> |
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=== |
=== Argentine politics === |
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==== Argentine politics ==== |
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Milei praised some measures of the first government of [[Carlos Menem]], whom he considers the "best president of all history", and his economy minister [[Domingo Cavallo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Javier Milei: 'Menem fue el mejor presidente de toda la historia' |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2020/08/04/javier-milei-menem-fue-el-mejor-presidente-de-toda-la-historia |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> In addition to that, he honored [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]],<ref>{{cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Javier Milei y José Luis Espert, en el centro de un evento libertario para recordar a Juan Bautista Alberdi |url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2018/08/30/javier-milei-y-jose-luis-espert-en-el-centro-de-un-evento-libertario-para-recordar-a-juan-bautista-alberdi |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> and the {{ill|Historic presidencies (Argentina)|lt=Argentine historic presidencies era|es|Presidencias históricas}} of [[Bartolomé Mitre]], [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]], and [[Nicolás Avellaneda]].<ref name="Yapur 2022">{{cite web |last=Yapur |first=Felipe |date=2022-10-02 |title=En un acto colmado de jóvenes, Javier Milei exhibió su pacto con Ricardo Bussi en Tucumán {{!}} La alianza de ultraderecha avanza a paso redoblado |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/486567-en-un-acto-colmado-de-jovenes-javier-milei-exhibio-su-pacto- |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref> For their government efforts as part of the {{ill|Conservative Republic (Argentina)|lt=Conservative Republic|es|República Conservadora (Argentina)}}, he also praised the [[Generation of '80]], including [[Justo José de Urquiza]], [[Julio Argentino Roca]], and [[Carlos Pellegrini]].<ref name="La Gaceta 2020" /> Milei criticized the judiciary for allegedly persecuting opponents and favoring friends, and his proposed judicial reform include the appointment of a supreme court judge who is says would be a "feral defender" of the ideas of Alberdi.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Qué es el liberalismo, la doctrina que impulsa Javier Milei |url=https://www.rionegro.com.ar/politica/que-es-el-liberalismo-la-doctrina-que-impulsa-javier-milei-3082312 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Diario Río Negro |language=es}}</ref> He questions the governments and policies applied by the [[Radical Civic Union]], the [[Justicialist Party]], and [[military coups in Argentina]]. While Milei publicily expressed that he is not a defender of the last Argentine military dictatorship (the [[National Reorganization Process]]) and the [[Dirty War]], he has questioned the Dirty War's 30,000 disappeared toll.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> In September 2022, he again questioned the toll.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yapur |first=Felipe |date=1 October 2022 |title=Javier Milei, el tuerto {{!}} Puso en duda la cifra de 30.000 desaparecidos |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/486482-javier-mieli-el-tuerto |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Página/12 |language=es}}</ref> He asked: "Where are they? Show me the list."<ref name="Ámbito 2023"/> He described the military dictatorship of [[Jorge Videla]] as the leader of "one of the darkest periods of Argentine history" but that "it was also something that was quite complicated".<ref name="Break Point 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNy-ZJu75lY|title=Milei habla de Perón<!--#shorts #milei-->|website=Break Point|language=es|date=1 December 2022|access-date=23 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> His view is that the guerrilla terrorists of the 1970s should be condemned like the Argentine military dictatorship, seeing that period as a war between the state and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=¿Qué piensa Javier Milei sobre el golpe de Estado de 1976 y Malvinas? |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei/que-piensa-el-golpe-estado-1976-y-malvinas-n5411549 |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Ámbito |language=es}}</ref> |
Milei praised some measures of the first government of [[Carlos Menem]], whom he considers the "best president of all history", and his economy minister [[Domingo Cavallo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Javier Milei: 'Menem fue el mejor presidente de toda la historia' |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2020/08/04/javier-milei-menem-fue-el-mejor-presidente-de-toda-la-historia |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> In addition to that, he honored [[Juan Bautista Alberdi]],<ref>{{cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Javier Milei y José Luis Espert, en el centro de un evento libertario para recordar a Juan Bautista Alberdi |url=https://www.infobae.com/economia/2018/08/30/javier-milei-y-jose-luis-espert-en-el-centro-de-un-evento-libertario-para-recordar-a-juan-bautista-alberdi |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> and the {{ill|Historic presidencies (Argentina)|lt=Argentine historic presidencies era|es|Presidencias históricas}} of [[Bartolomé Mitre]], [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento]], and [[Nicolás Avellaneda]].<ref name="Yapur 2022">{{cite web |last=Yapur |first=Felipe |date=2022-10-02 |title=En un acto colmado de jóvenes, Javier Milei exhibió su pacto con Ricardo Bussi en Tucumán {{!}} La alianza de ultraderecha avanza a paso redoblado |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/486567-en-un-acto-colmado-de-jovenes-javier-milei-exhibio-su-pacto- |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref> For their government efforts as part of the {{ill|Conservative Republic (Argentina)|lt=Conservative Republic|es|República Conservadora (Argentina)}}, he also praised the [[Generation of '80]], including [[Justo José de Urquiza]], [[Julio Argentino Roca]], and [[Carlos Pellegrini]].<ref name="La Gaceta 2020" /> Milei criticized the judiciary for allegedly persecuting opponents and favoring friends, and his proposed judicial reform include the appointment of a supreme court judge who is says would be a "feral defender" of the ideas of Alberdi.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Qué es el liberalismo, la doctrina que impulsa Javier Milei |url=https://www.rionegro.com.ar/politica/que-es-el-liberalismo-la-doctrina-que-impulsa-javier-milei-3082312 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Diario Río Negro |language=es}}</ref> He questions the governments and policies applied by the [[Radical Civic Union]], the [[Justicialist Party]], and [[military coups in Argentina]]. While Milei publicily expressed that he is not a defender of the last Argentine military dictatorship (the [[National Reorganization Process]]) and the [[Dirty War]], he has questioned the Dirty War's 30,000 disappeared toll.<ref name="Il Post 2023"/> In September 2022, he again questioned the toll.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yapur |first=Felipe |date=1 October 2022 |title=Javier Milei, el tuerto {{!}} Puso en duda la cifra de 30.000 desaparecidos |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/486482-javier-mieli-el-tuerto |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Página/12 |language=es}}</ref> He asked: "Where are they? Show me the list."<ref name="Ámbito 2023"/> He described the military dictatorship of [[Jorge Videla]] as the leader of "one of the darkest periods of Argentine history" but that "it was also something that was quite complicated".<ref name="Break Point 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNy-ZJu75lY|title=Milei habla de Perón<!--#shorts #milei-->|website=Break Point|language=es|date=1 December 2022|access-date=23 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> His view is that the guerrilla terrorists of the 1970s should be condemned like the Argentine military dictatorship, seeing that period as a war between the state and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2022 |title=¿Qué piensa Javier Milei sobre el golpe de Estado de 1976 y Malvinas? |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei/que-piensa-el-golpe-estado-1976-y-malvinas-n5411549 |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Ámbito |language=es}}</ref> |
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Milei argues that "the only time that pure liberalism was applied was in 1860 and we were a prosperous country."<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> He criticized the governments of [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]],<ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei llamó 'inútiles' a los radicales y tildó a Yrigoyen de 'populista' |url=https://eleconomista.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-llamo-inutiles-radicales-tildo-yrigoyen-populista-n54116 |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=El Economista |language=es}}</ref> [[Juan Domingo Perón]],<ref name="Break Point 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNy-ZJu75lY|title=Milei habla de Perón<!--#shorts #milei-->|website=Break Point|language=es|date=1 December 2022|access-date=23 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Raúl Alfonsín]],<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Video: Milei contó cuál fue su peor 'bolucompra' y dijo que le 'pegaba' a Alfonsín |url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/politica/video-milei-conto-cual-fue-su-peor-bolucompra-y-dijo-que-le-pegaba-alfonsin-n2698905.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=La Capital |language=es}}</ref> [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]],<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Javier Milei: 'El Kirchnerismo fue lo peor que le pasó a la Argentina en toda su historia' |url=https://vocacionxperiodismo.com.ar/2018/12/javier-milei-el-kirchnerismo-fue-lo-peor-que-le-paso-a-la-argentina-en-toda-su-historia |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Vocación |language=es}}</ref> and [[Alberto Fernández]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Fuertes críticas de Javier Milei contra Cristina Kirchner, Alberto Fernández y Martín Guzmán |url=https://www.mdzol.com/politica/2022/4/15/fuertes-criticas-de-javier-milei-contra-cristina-kirchner-alberto-fernandez-martin-guzman-236501.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=MDZ Online |language=es}}</ref> Milei characterized 1930s Argentina as a fascist regime that led to [[Peronism]] and Perón's "three-legged fascism" rather than a return to liberal policies.<ref name="Break Point 2022"/> Despite his anti-Peronism and criticism of Peronism, some commentators cited similarities and contradictions between Milei and Peronism,<ref>{{cite web |last=Fraga |first=Rosendo |date=2023-08-21 |title=Perón y Milei: semejanzas y contradicciones |url=https://www.cronista.com/columnistas/peron-y-milei-semejanzas-y-contradicciones |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=El Cronista |language=es}}</ref> and argued that he remains a representative of Peronism, where Peronism is not only an ideology but is considered a way to govern,<ref>{{cite web |last=Calderón |first=César |date=21 August 2023 |title=Milei es peronista<!--, por César Calderón--> |url=https://theobjective.com/elsubjetivo/opinion/2023-08-21/milei-argentina-peronismo |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Objective |language=es}}</ref> citing examples of left-leaning Peronism ([[Kirchnerism]]) and right-wing Peronism, such as that of Menem, who privatized and engaged in [[neoliberal]] reforms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bianco |first=Luca |date=2 April 2023 |title=Javier Milei. L'anarco-capitalista-populista che vuole prendersi l'Argentina abolendo la banca centrale |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/esteri/2023/04/02/news/javier_milei_lanarco-capitalista_che_vuole_prendersi_largentina_abolendo_la_banca_centrale-11734940 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=HuffPost Italia |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Padinger |first=Germán |date=15 August 2023 |title=Milei: un fenómeno que dejó en shock al peronismo<!--(Opinión)--> |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/08/15/opinion-javier-milei-peronismo-shock |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=CNN en Español |language=es}}</ref> Others agreed that Milei is a populist but argued that he is using populism for liberal ends.<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Manuel |date=16 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei: ¿futuro salvador de Argentina o un populista más?<!--, por Manuel Martín--> |url=https://theobjective.com/elsubjetivo/opinion/2023-08-16/javier-milei-futuro-salvador-argentina |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Objective |language=es}}</ref> Milei also criticized individual politicians of the [[Juntos por el Cambio]] centre-right coalition, which he was able to push to the right since 2015.<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> Milei excluded the Juntos por el Cambio leader and former prime minister [[Mauricio Macri]] from the political caste he denounce for what he regards as their collectivist policies but criticized Juntos por el Cambio member [[María Eugenia Vidal]], who had said that "we share the same values",<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> as [[governor of the Buenos Aires Province]] for not keeping her campaign promises of lower taxes.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=Javier Milei: 'Los radicales, la Coalición Cívica y las palomas de Pro son tan nefastos como el kirchnerismo' |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-los-radicales-la-coalicion-civica-y-las-palomas-de-pro-son-tan-nefastos-como-el-nid08112021 |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> Milei described [[Patricia Bullrich]], the 2023 Juntos por el Cambio leader, as "part of the Argentine failure".<ref name="Infonews.com 2023"/> |
Milei argues that "the only time that pure liberalism was applied was in 1860 and we were a prosperous country."<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> He criticized the governments of [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]],<ref>{{cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Javier Milei llamó 'inútiles' a los radicales y tildó a Yrigoyen de 'populista' |url=https://eleconomista.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-llamo-inutiles-radicales-tildo-yrigoyen-populista-n54116 |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=El Economista |language=es}}</ref> [[Juan Domingo Perón]],<ref name="Break Point 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNy-ZJu75lY|title=Milei habla de Perón<!--#shorts #milei-->|website=Break Point|language=es|date=1 December 2022|access-date=23 August 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Raúl Alfonsín]],<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Video: Milei contó cuál fue su peor 'bolucompra' y dijo que le 'pegaba' a Alfonsín |url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/politica/video-milei-conto-cual-fue-su-peor-bolucompra-y-dijo-que-le-pegaba-alfonsin-n2698905.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=La<ref></ref> Capital |language=es}}</ref> [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]],<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Javier Milei: 'El Kirchnerismo fue lo peor que le pasó a la Argentina en toda su historia' |url=https://vocacionxperiodismo.com.ar/2018/12/javier-milei-el-kirchnerismo-fue-lo-peor-que-le-paso-a-la-argentina-en-toda-su-historia |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Vocación |language=es}}</ref> and [[Alberto Fernández]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Fuertes críticas de Javier Milei contra Cristina Kirchner, Alberto Fernández y Martín Guzmán |url=https://www.mdzol.com/politica/2022/4/15/fuertes-criticas-de-javier-milei-contra-cristina-kirchner-alberto-fernandez-martin-guzman-236501.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=MDZ Online |language=es}}</ref> Milei characterized 1930s Argentina as a fascist regime that led to [[Peronism]] and Perón's "three-legged fascism" rather than a return to liberal policies.<ref name="Break Point 2022"/> Despite his anti-Peronism and criticism of Peronism, some commentators cited similarities and contradictions between Milei and Peronism,<ref>{{cite web |last=Fraga |first=Rosendo |date=2023-08-21 |title=Perón y Milei: semejanzas y contradicciones |url=https://www.cronista.com/columnistas/peron-y-milei-semejanzas-y-contradicciones |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=El Cronista |language=es}}</ref> and argued that he remains a representative of Peronism, where Peronism is not only an ideology but is considered a way to govern,<ref>{{cite web |last=Calderón |first=César |date=21 August 2023 |title=Milei es peronista<!--, por César Calderón--> |url=https://theobjective.com/elsubjetivo/opinion/2023-08-21/milei-argentina-peronismo |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Objective |language=es}}</ref> citing examples of left-leaning Peronism ([[Kirchnerism]]) and right-wing Peronism, such as that of Menem, who privatized and engaged in [[neoliberal]] reforms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bianco |first=Luca |date=2 April 2023 |title=Javier Milei. L'anarco-capitalista-populista che vuole prendersi l'Argentina abolendo la banca centrale |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/esteri/2023/04/02/news/javier_milei_lanarco-capitalista_che_vuole_prendersi_largentina_abolendo_la_banca_centrale-11734940 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=HuffPost Italia |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Padinger |first=Germán |date=15 August 2023 |title=Milei: un fenómeno que dejó en shock al peronismo<!--(Opinión)--> |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/08/15/opinion-javier-milei-peronismo-shock |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=CNN en Español |language=es}}</ref> Others agreed that Milei is a populist but argued that he is using populism for liberal ends.<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Manuel |date=16 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei: ¿futuro salvador de Argentina o un populista más?<!--, por Manuel Martín--> |url=https://theobjective.com/elsubjetivo/opinion/2023-08-16/javier-milei-futuro-salvador-argentina |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Objective |language=es}}</ref> Milei also criticized individual politicians of the [[Juntos por el Cambio]] centre-right coalition, which he was able to push to the right since 2015.<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> Milei excluded the Juntos por el Cambio leader and former prime minister [[Mauricio Macri]] from the political caste he denounce for what he regards as their collectivist policies but criticized Juntos por el Cambio member [[María Eugenia Vidal]], who had said that "we share the same values",<ref name="Fiore Viani 2021"/> as [[governor of the Buenos Aires Province]] for not keeping her campaign promises of lower taxes.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2021 |title=Javier Milei: 'Los radicales, la Coalición Cívica y las palomas de Pro son tan nefastos como el kirchnerismo' |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-los-radicales-la-coalicion-civica-y-las-palomas-de-pro-son-tan-nefastos-como-el-nid08112021 |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> Milei described [[Patricia Bullrich]], the 2023 Juntos por el Cambio leader, as "part of the Argentine failure".<ref name="Infonews.com 2023"/> |
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In a debate prior to the 2021 primary elections, Milei was asked by the [[Frente de Todos]] candidate [[Leandro Santoro]] if he had ever worked for the public sector, since Milei advocates for the state's abolition.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La relación entre Javier Milei y el genocida Antonio Bussi |url=https://misionverdad.com/la-relacion-entre-javier-milei-y-el-genocida-antonio-bussi |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Misión Verdad |language=es}}</ref> Milei had criticized him as "a state parasite", and said: "I understand that you are 45 years old and you have been involved in politics since you were 14. Have you ever worked in the private sector in your life?" Santoro affirmed that Milei was "an employee of the National Congress in 1994 and reported for the former genocidal general [[Antonio Domingo Bussi]]", who at the time was a national deputy. In response, Milei acknowledged having worked for Bussi through his [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Santoro denunció que Milei trabajó con el genocida Bussi en el Congreso |url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/nota/136254-santoro-denuncio-que-milei-trabajo-con-el-genocida-bussi-en-el-congreso |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=La Política Online |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Javier Milei reconoció que trabajó para el genocida Antonio Bussi {{!}} Una curiosa manera de entender la 'libertad' |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/365428-javier-milei-reconocio-que-trabajo-para-el-genocida-antonio- |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La relación entre Javier Milei y el genocida Antonio Bussi |url=https://misionverdad.com/la-relacion-entre-javier-milei-y-el-genocida-antonio-bussi |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Misión Verdad |language=es}}</ref> In a September 2022 speech to Argentina's [[Chamber of Deputies (Argentina)|Chamber of Deputies]], Milei criticized Macri for his proposal not to put a dollar into the [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]], wondering why he did not do that when he was president, and questioned the government 2023 budget.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Javier Milei criticó al oficialismo y la oposición por la última sesión en Diputados |url=https://qpaso.ar/noticias/la-nacion/lnmas/javier-milei-explico-por-que-el-kirchnerismo-le-erra-en-el-calculo-de-la-inflacion-es-un-dibujo-nid18092022 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Qpasó |language=es}}</ref> He also referred to the [[attempted assassination of Fernández de Kirchner]] as "not an assassination attempt". In his speech, he stated: "The first thing I want to take out of the discussion is the [attempted] assassination issue. I understand that we are all equal before the law and that those of us who represent the people are no more. If we put that title on it, you are acknowledging that we are more. I will not accept caste terms. Whatever it was, but it's not an assassination attempt."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Milei criticó a Macri: '¿Por qué no lo hizo cuando fue presidente?' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/javier-milei-critico-a-mauricio-macri-por-una-promesa-de-campana-por-que-no-lo-hizo-cuando-fue-presidente.phtml |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> |
In a debate prior to the 2021 primary elections, Milei was asked by the [[Frente de Todos]] candidate [[Leandro Santoro]] if he had ever worked for the public sector, since Milei advocates for the state's abolition.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La relación entre Javier Milei y el genocida Antonio Bussi |url=https://misionverdad.com/la-relacion-entre-javier-milei-y-el-genocida-antonio-bussi |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Misión Verdad |language=es}}</ref> Milei had criticized him as "a state parasite", and said: "I understand that you are 45 years old and you have been involved in politics since you were 14. Have you ever worked in the private sector in your life?" Santoro affirmed that Milei was "an employee of the National Congress in 1994 and reported for the former genocidal general [[Antonio Domingo Bussi]]", who at the time was a national deputy. In response, Milei acknowledged having worked for Bussi through his [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Santoro denunció que Milei trabajó con el genocida Bussi en el Congreso |url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/nota/136254-santoro-denuncio-que-milei-trabajo-con-el-genocida-bussi-en-el-congreso |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=La Política Online |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2021 |title=Javier Milei reconoció que trabajó para el genocida Antonio Bussi {{!}} Una curiosa manera de entender la 'libertad' |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/365428-javier-milei-reconocio-que-trabajo-para-el-genocida-antonio- |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La relación entre Javier Milei y el genocida Antonio Bussi |url=https://misionverdad.com/la-relacion-entre-javier-milei-y-el-genocida-antonio-bussi |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Misión Verdad |language=es}}</ref> In a September 2022 speech to Argentina's [[Chamber of Deputies (Argentina)|Chamber of Deputies]], Milei criticized Macri for his proposal not to put a dollar into the [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]], wondering why he did not do that when he was president, and questioned the government 2023 budget.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Javier Milei criticó al oficialismo y la oposición por la última sesión en Diputados |url=https://qpaso.ar/noticias/la-nacion/lnmas/javier-milei-explico-por-que-el-kirchnerismo-le-erra-en-el-calculo-de-la-inflacion-es-un-dibujo-nid18092022 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Qpasó |language=es}}</ref> He also referred to the [[attempted assassination of Fernández de Kirchner]] as "not an assassination attempt". In his speech, he stated: "The first thing I want to take out of the discussion is the [attempted] assassination issue. I understand that we are all equal before the law and that those of us who represent the people are no more. If we put that title on it, you are acknowledging that we are more. I will not accept caste terms. Whatever it was, but it's not an assassination attempt."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Milei criticó a Macri: '¿Por qué no lo hizo cuando fue presidente?' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/javier-milei-critico-a-mauricio-macri-por-una-promesa-de-campana-por-que-no-lo-hizo-cuando-fue-presidente.phtml |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> |
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=== Foreign policy === |
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[[File:Javier Milei and Santiago Abascal.jpg|thumb|left|260x260px|Milei with Spanish [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] leader [[Santiago Abascal]] in 2022]] |
[[File:Javier Milei and Santiago Abascal.jpg|thumb|left|260x260px|Milei with Spanish [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] leader [[Santiago Abascal]] in 2022]] |
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Milei supports former Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and former United States president [[Donald Trump]], especially their [[anti-communism]] and [[criticism of socialism]],<ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2023 |title=Javier Milei tuvo una videollamada con Jair Bolsonaro y coincidieron en 'unir fuerzas para luchar contra el socialismo' |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-tuvo-una-videollamada-con-jair-bolsonaro-y-coincidieron-en-unir-fuerzas-para-luchar-nid15022023/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref><ref name="Gosman 2023">{{cite web |last=Gosman |first=Eleonora |date=18 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei y la internacional de derecha |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/opinion/javier-milei-y-la-internacional-de-derecha.phtml |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> and he has been compared to them for sharing an anti-[[leftist]] and anti-[[social justice]] platform.<ref name="Politi 2023" /> When asked about Trump and Bolsonaro, he said: "I have a clear agenda, which goes against everything that is socialism or communism. Everyone who is against socialism or communism is on the side I am on. This is my guiding principle, then we can have all the differences you want. In that group we have liberals, libertarians, people from the center, conservatives, from the center-right, but the limit is that no one crosses the limit of social democracy and all expressions further to the left. My alignment with Trump and Bolsonaro is almost natural."<ref name="O Globo 2021" /><ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2021|title=La entrevista de Javier Milei a la prensa de Brasil: 'Mi alineamiento con Bolsonaro y Trump es casi natural'|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/09/29/la-entrevista-de-javier-milei-a-la-prensa-de-brasil-mi-alineamiento-con-bolsonaro-y-trump-es-casi-natural|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211051559/https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/09/29/la-entrevista-de-javier-milei-a-la-prensa-de-brasil-mi-alineamiento-con-bolsonaro-y-trump-es-casi-natural|archive-date=11 February 2023|url-status=live|access-date=29 September 2021|website=Infobae|language=es}}</ref> |
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Milei's foreign policy proposals have been described as radical. In August 2023, he dismissed the possible participation of Argentina to [[BRICS]], said he would freeze relations with China, and have Argentina, South America's second-biggest economy, pull out of the [[Mercosur]] trade bloc with Brazil.<ref name="Brandimarte & Tobias 2023"/> Additionally, he scorned socialists in Latin America and abroad. Analysts stated that a breakdown of [[Argentina–China relations]] could harm the Argentine economy. About China, Milei said: "People are not free in China, they can't do what they want and when they do it, they get killed. Would you trade with an assassin?"<ref name="Brandimarte & Tobias 2023"/> |
Milei's foreign policy proposals have been described as radical. In August 2023, he dismissed the possible participation of Argentina to [[BRICS]], said he would freeze relations with China, and have Argentina, South America's second-biggest economy, pull out of the [[Mercosur]] trade bloc with Brazil.<ref name="Brandimarte & Tobias 2023"/> Additionally, he scorned socialists in Latin America and abroad. Analysts stated that a breakdown of [[Argentina–China relations]] could harm the Argentine economy. About China, Milei said: "People are not free in China, they can't do what they want and when they do it, they get killed. Would you trade with an assassin?"<ref name="Brandimarte & Tobias 2023"/> |
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As a proponent of [[non-interventionism]] in foreign politics, Milei criticized the [[Falklands War]].<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> About this, he said that a government led by him would advocate for dialogue; at the same time, he admitted that this task "is complicated".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> He added: "If you want [the islands] to become part of Argentina one day again, it will involve a very, very long negotiation and where Argentina will have to be able to propose something interesting ... You will have to sit down and talk to the United Kingdom and discuss this situation with those who live on the islands."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
As a proponent of [[non-interventionism]] in foreign politics, Milei criticized the [[Falklands War]].<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> About this, he said that a government led by him would advocate for dialogue; at the same time, he admitted that this task "is complicated".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> He added: "If you want [the islands] to become part of Argentina one day again, it will involve a very, very long negotiation and where Argentina will have to be able to propose something interesting ... You will have to sit down and talk to the United Kingdom and discuss this situation with those who live on the islands."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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== Public Perception == |
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<!--Intro-->Political commentators categorize his ideological views as a blend of [[populist]], [[right-wing libertarian]], and [[conservative]] strands,<ref name="Chavez 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2022 |title=¿Quién le teme a Javier Milei? |work=Forbes |url=https://forbes.co/2022/06/08/editors-picks/quien-le-teme-a-javier-milei|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congressman Milei, the lesser evil for Argentina's elections next year |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/12/02/congressman-milei-the-lesser-evil-for-argentina-s-elections-next-year |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=MercoPress|date=2 December 2022}}</ref> along with [[ultraliberal economics]],<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> [[right-wing populist]], [[ultraconservative]], and [[far-right]] politics,<ref name="Reuters 2023" /><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023" /><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> and representing [[anti-politics]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hochuli|first=Alex|date=16 August 2023|title=Javier Milei is not a South American Trump |url=https://unherd.com/thepost/javier-milei-is-not-a-south-american-trump |access-date=16 August 2023|website=UnHerd }}</ref> He has also been variously described as a far-right populist,<ref name="Reuters 2023" /><ref name="Al Jazeera 2023" /><ref name="Goñi 2023"/> far-right outsider,<ref name="Dubé 2023">{{cite news |last=Dubé |first=Ryan |date=2023-08-14 |title=Argentine Presidential Primary Voters Propel Far-Right Outsider to Surprise Win |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-presidential-primary-voters-propel-far-right-outsider-to-surprise-win-ec24e5b4 |access-date=2023-08-15 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> far-right libertarian,<ref>{{cite news | last1=Alcoba|first1=Natalie|last2=Cholakian Herrera|first2=Lucía|last3=Nicas|first3=Jack Nicas|date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-Right Libertarian Wins Argentina’s Presidential Primary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/14/world/americas/argentina-javier-milei-president-primary.html |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref> and libertarian populist,<ref name="Santamaria 2023"/><ref name="Escobedo 2023"/> and labelled far right or radical right by international news agencies like [[Al Jazeera]],<ref name="Al Jazeera 2023"/> the [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei: Trump admirer leads race for Argentina presidency |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-66496816 |access-date=2023-08-22}}</ref><ref name="Devlin 2023">{{cite web |last=Devlin |first=Bradley |date=2023-08-15 |title=Javier Milei Against the Dead Consensus |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/javier-milei-against-the-dead-consensus |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=The American Conservative}}</ref> and [[Reuters]],<ref name="Reuters 2023"/> newspapers including ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=González-Gallarza |first=Jorge |date=2023-08-20 |title=Javier Milei and the Paradox of Freedom |url=https://europeanconservative.com/articles/commentary/javier-milei-and-the-paradox-of-freedom |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=The European Conservative}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref name="Crisp 2023"/> the ''[[Financial Times]]'',<ref name="Nugent 2023">{{cite news |last=Nugent |first=Ciara |date=2023-08-06 |title=Argentina's far-right libertarian wants tougher austerity to rebuild troubled economy |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/782197c9-35dd-42e4-96f3-910cf60e9ecf |access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref> ''[[Le Monde]]'',<ref name="Le Monde 2023"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news | last1=Alcoba|first1=Natalie|last2=Cholakian Herrera|first2=Lucía|last3=Nicas|first3=Jack Nicas|date=2023-08-14 |title=Javier Milei, un libertario de ultraderecha, ganó en las primarias de Argentina |language=es |url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2023/08/14/espanol/javier-milei-primarias-argentina.html |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',<ref name="Dubé 2023"/> news magazines like ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref name="Politi 2023"/> and several Argentine and Spanish-language publications including among the others ''[[El Diario (Argentina)|El Diario]]'',<ref name="El Diario 2021"/> ''[[elDiario.es]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei, el candidato ultra argentino a favor de la venta de órganos y en contra de la 'aberración' de la justicia social |url=https://www.eldiario.es/internacional/javier-milei-candidato-ultra-argentino-favor-venta-organos-aberracion-justicia-social_1_10444992.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=ElDiario.es |language=es}}</ref> ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=El fenómeno Milei: un político de ultraderecha al alza en Argentina |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2023/05/24/646cbc6afdddff70758b45bd.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}</ref> ''[[El País]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Centenera |first=Mar |date=2021-11-07 |title=La extrema derecha se abre paso en el Congreso argentino con ataques a la 'casta política' |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-11-07/los-extrema-derecha-se-abre-paso-en-el-congreso-argentino-con-ataques-a-la-casta-politica.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Perfil]]'',<ref name="Perfil 2023">{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Los medios del mundo reflejaron el triunfo de Javier Milei en las PASO 2023 |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/internacional/populista-de-extrema-derecha-asi-reflejaron-los-medios-del-mundo-el-triunfo-de-javier-milei-en-las-paso-2023.phtml |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> ''[[Télam]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2021 |title=Los bloques políticos definen sus autoridades para los próximos dos años |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202111/576182-diputados--bloques-definen-autoridades.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Télam |language=es}}</ref> and ''{{ill|Tiempo Argentino (2010)|lt=Tiempo Argentino|es|Tiempo Argentino (diario fundado en 2010)}}''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Milei y el auge global de la extrema derecha |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/politica/milei-y-el-auge-global-de-la-extrema-derecha |access-date=2023-08-14 |language=es}}</ref> Milei rejected the use of the far-right label to describe his views, and said: "I'm a liberal and libertarian, these positions are things of the left, because for the left, everything that is not on their side is on the right."<ref name="O Globo 2021">{{cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title='Meu alinhamento com Trump e Bolsonaro é quase natural', diz fenômeno eleitoral do momento na Argentina |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/meu-alinhamento-com-trump-bolsonaro-quase-natural-diz-fenomeno-eleitoral-do-momento-na-argentina-25216839 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=O Globo |language=pt}}</ref> |
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=== Criticism === |
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Milei's stances on social issues, such as abortion,<ref>{{cite web|last=Miron|first=Jeffrey|date=15 August 2023|url=https://www.cato.org/blog/javier-milei-libertarian|title=Is Javier Milei a Libertarian?|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref> are the main reason why political commentators and other libertarians do not consider him truly a libertarian.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Among libertarians, some described him as a libertarian for his overall [[economic libertarian]] or [[neoliberal]] stances,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Para un especialista, 'es un error calificar como ultra derecha a Javier Milei' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/canal-e/para-un-especialista-es-un-error-calificar-como-ultra-derecha-ajavier-milei.phtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Canal E |language=es}}</ref> and rejected comparisons to Trump and Bolsonaro,<ref name="Rallo 2023"/><ref name="Raisbeck 2023"/> while others cited the issue of abortion as a reason not to call him a libertarian. Milei said: "I am against abortion because I believe in the life project of others. The woman can choose about her body, but what she has inside her womb is not her body, it is another individual."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> In response, Carmen Beatriz Fernández, an expert in political communication, stated that Milei is not libertarian but a "neopopulist or right-wing authoritarian".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> Guillermo Tell Aveledo, a political scientist and dean of the Faculty of Legal and Political Studies of the [[Metropolitan University of Caracas]], said: "His criticisms on issues such as budgets and specific policies, both in his time as a commentator on television programs and now as a congressman, have been directed at the size and action of the state, so he fits the profile of a libertarian."<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> At the same time, he agreed that Milei's conservative positions and other contradictions prevented him from being considered a "genuine libertarian".<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> As a result, he argued that "[[paleolibertarian]] ([[conservative libertarian]])" or "[[anarcho-capitalist]]", namely someone who believes in a form of stateless [[free-market capitalism]], or that society can be organized and function only with the market without the need for the state, are more appropriate labels to describe Milei's politics.<ref name="Alonso 2023"/> |
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=== Academic analysis === |
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While in the words of Cristóbal Rovira, a professor of political science at the [[Catholic University of Chile]], "Milei has a libertarian component that makes him a rare creature compared to the ultra-right of Latin America", he is placed within the context of the global far right. He said: "There is a fairly global wave of the extreme right. They start in Western Europe, where the emblematic case of [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] is in France in the 1980s, they expand to Eastern Europe and today we see that they are beginning to gain territory in other places: Trump, Bolsonaro."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> According to Rovira, "Milei would fit into the prototype of what these ultra-rights are."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> He said: "At an academic level we define them by two important criteria. First, they are to the right of the mainstream right and profess much more radical ideas. In the case of Argentina, Milei is positioned to the right of Macrismo. Second, they maintain an ambivalent relationship with the democratic system and sometimes profess authoritarian ideas. That differentiates them from the traditional right, which act within the rules of the democratic game."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> According to Rovira, "Milei's case fits very well into this double classification."<ref name="Lissardy 2023"/> |
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Andrés Malamud, a researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences of the [[University of Lisbon]], argued that Milei's speech is anarcho-capitalist because "it's limited to interests and incentives: lowering taxes, reducing state intervention, liberalizing even organ trafficking. Technically, he's also a minarchist. A doctrinaire ultraliberal would be the most understandable.<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> About Milei's appeal, Malamud said: "The political secret is to appeal to the basic instincts, under simple banners: liberty, life and property. That's why Milei loves television sets, where he yells, insults and crushes anyone who criticizes him. His curly black hair is the icon of his campaign. On stage, he wears black leather – fire is lit at the climax of his speeches."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> Malamud added that "Milei is a vitalist: he's not here 'to guide lambs but to wake up lions,' as he himself says. This is where he gets his conservative values, such as nationalism and anti-abortionism."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> Pablo Touzón, a political scientist and director of the consulting firm Escenarios, said that "Milei is a war machine against [the political class], a brick thrown against the window of a jewellery store."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> Touzón added: "He combines a kind of ultraliberal orthodoxy, from [[Milton Friedman|[Milton] Friedman]] and [[Friedrich Hayek|[Friedrich] Von Hayek]]... he sees himself as a warrior against the state. But he combines that hyperliberal ideology and freedom with elements of the extreme-right."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> About his comparisons with Trump, Touzón stated that Milei represents a local version of [[Trumpism]] that does not defend [[protectionism]].<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> About his rise on the polls, Touzón said: "If he has so many voters, it's not because he's liberal – it's because he represents the [[anti-establishment]], as [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] did in Spain from the left. Here, [in Argentina], it's done from the right."<ref name="Rivas Molina 2023"/> |
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In March 2018, Andrés Aisian rejected Milei's dollarization proposal and his characterization of [[fiat currency]] as "counterfeiting money". Aisian argued that Milei conflated the morality of fiat currency with the morality of its original discovery, and described Milei's proposal of a return to the [[gold standard]] and [[metallism]] as "economic nonsense".<ref>{{cite web |last=Asiain |first=Andrés |date=2018-03-30 |title='La estafa de la emisión' {{!}} El valor del dinero |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/104912-la-estafa-de-la-emision |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Página12 |language=es}}</ref> In April 2023, Torcuato di Tella University economist Constantino Hevia wrote that "if you scratch it a bit, you realize that Milei knows much less economics than people ... Milei overwhelms with shouts and technical terms that he doesn't quite understand. So, by trying to make everyone ignorant and using a pseudoscientific discourse, he confuses the public and his figure as a technician or mathematical economist, as he likes to call himself, grows. The truth is that Milei is technically weak. The example of his notes is very clear."<ref name="Zaiat 2023" /> He concluded that "Milei's insufficient mathematical preparation and his huge ego lead him to say nonsense that is technically wrong."<ref name="Zaiat 2023" /> Milei's dollarized economy proposal for the [[2023 Argentine presidential election]] is based on advices from economists Emilio Ocampo and Nicolás Cachanosky, both of whom had approached Milei to determine the best path to dollarization.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dolabjian |first=Camila |date=20 August 2023 |title=Las propuestas de Milei {{!}} Secretos, puntos clave y riesgos del plan de dolarización a la que dio luz verde el candidato libertario |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-propuestas-de-milei-secretos-puntos-clave-y-riesgos-del-plan-de-dolarizacion-a-la-que-dio-luz-nid20082023/ |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es}}</ref> |
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=== International news media reactions === |
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Milei's August 2023 primaries win achieved international recognition and headlines, from ''[[The New York Times]]'' to ''[[El País]]'' and Latin American media and Asian news agencies, which reported on his surprise win and the uncertain electoral scenario in Argentina for the 2023 October general election.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> Analysts saw his win a result of voters being frustrated by both Peronist and non-Peronist governments.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=14 August 2023 |title=Reaction: Javier Milei Surprises in Argentina Primary Election |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/reaction-javier-milei-surprises-in-argentina-primary-election/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |magazine=Americas Quarterly}}</ref> Much of the international press described him as ultraright and ultraliberal, compared him to Trump and Bolsonaro,<ref>{{cite web |last=Smink |first=Veronica |date=14 August 2023 |title=Javier Milei: el candidato antisistema sorprende al ganar las elecciones primarias en Argentina |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/crgngkd27zqo |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=BBC News Mundo |language=es}}</ref> mentioned [[dollarization]], and highlighted his controversies, such as the sale of organs and the free bearing of arms. They also cited the escalation of the dollar and the rise in interest rates of the country's [[central bank]], and placed it within the context of a scenario of extreme volatility and uncertainty.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> Due to his views about abortion,<ref>{{cite web |last=Criales |first=José Pablo |date=16 May 2023 |title=Free use of weapons, privatization and the end of legal abortion: Javier Milei's plans for Argentina |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-18/free-use-of-weapons-privatization-and-the-end-of-legal-abortion-javier-mileis-plans-for-argentina.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230818171617/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-18/free-use-of-weapons-privatization-and-the-end-of-legal-abortion-javier-mileis-plans-for-argentina.html |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=El País English}}</ref> alongside a crack down on crime and prohibition of the use of [[inclusive language]], he has been characterized as [[socially conservative]].<ref name="The Economist 2022" /><ref name="Lissardy 2023" /><ref name="Pasquini 2023" /> According to The Economist, many of the people drawn in by Milei are right-wingers who are attracted to his anti-leftist and opposition to government policies, including legalizing abortion and creating a quota for trans people in government jobs.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In Britain, [[BBC News]] headlined: "The anti-establishment Javier Milei surprises by winning the primaries in Argentina."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' headlined: "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's far-right populist politician?"<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' highlighted the political significance of the upset win of Milei, whom they described as a radical right-winger who they say shocked the political scene in Argentina and revolutionized the presidential race with his primaries win.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> [[Reuters]] headlined: "Argentine far-right outsider Javier Milei posts shock win in primary election."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> They described Milei's win as a punishment vote by Argentines for the two main political forces in the country.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In this way, voters pushed "a rock-singing libertarian outsider candidate into first place in a huge shake-up in the race towards presidential elections in October", and gave "a stinging rebuke to the center-left Peronist coalition and the main Together for Change conservative opposition bloc with inflation at 116% and a cost-of-living crisis leaving four in 10 people in poverty."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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In France, ''[[Le Figaro]]'' described the Milei phenomenon as "the new sensation of Argentine politics", and characterized him as a far-right anti-establishment liberal with "rockstar airs".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''[[Le Monde]]'' highlighted that Milei "disrupts the Argentine political landscap" in favor of "a state reduced to its minimum expression, he defends the freedom to bear arms and sell organs. He is resolutely climate skeptic and rejects legal abortion, [which was] approved in 2020 in Argentina. It shows its affinities with former presidents Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Spain, ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'' emphashized Milei's win over Peronism, headlining: "Argentina. Peronism suffers the worst defeat in its history and Milei's libertarian ultra-right wins the primaries."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''El País'' headlined: "The ultra Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins the primary elections in Argentina."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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In the United States, the [[Associated Press]] emphasized Milei's controversial statements and said he could be Argentina's next president. They wrote: "He believes selling human organs should be legal, climate change is a 'socialist lie,' sex education is a ploy to destroy the family and that the Central Bank should be abolished."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> They described him as "the latest example of how right-wing populists are making inroads in Latin America, appealing to a citizenry angry with politics as usual and eager for outsiders to shake up the system."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''The New York Times'' highlighted the dollarization proposal of Milei, whom they described as a far-right libertarian.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> They wrote: "Javier Milei, who wants to abolish the central bank and adopt the U.S. dollar as Argentina's currency, is now the front-runner in the fall general election."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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In Brazil, ''[[Folha de São Paulo]]'' described Milei as a right-wing radical whose proposals included the "sale of organs, liberalization of weapons, dollarization of the economy, and an end to of the Central Bank".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> ''[[O Globo]]'' launched a series of [[op-ed]]s about Milei winning the October 2023 elections, and said that the incumbent president of Brazil, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], must be ready for what they described as "the arrival of Javier Milei", whom they characterized as "ally of Jair Bolsonaro" and "adverse to the [[Workers' Party]] (PT)" founded by Lula.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Chile, ''[[La Tercera]]'' wrote: "Milei hits hard and is the most voted, Bullrich surpasses Larreta, and Kirchnerism is third."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Peru, ''[[La República]]'' described Milei's victory as a surprise and said that the markets in Argentina collapsed after the 2023 August results.<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Uruguay, ''[[El País (Uruguay)|El País]]'' headlined: "Milei's ''batacazo'' in the PASO elections in Argentina: he surpasses Macri's sector and Kirchnerism."<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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In China, the state agency [[Xinhua]] appealed to a definition by analyst Rosendo Fraga to describe Milei as "a representative of the Western extreme right who adopts rockstar attitudes" and "found an echo especially among young libertarians".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> In Russia, the state network [[RT (TV network)|RT]] called Milei "controversial and denier", and highlighted the changes that Milei's win would cause to Argentine politics as becoming marked by "tripartism and new leadership",<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> while the state agency [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] called him an "outsider candidate" and a "black swan".<ref name="Perfil 2023"/> |
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== Personal life == |
== Personal life == |
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Milei has earned the nickname of ''el Peluca'' ("The Wig") due to his eccentric hairstyle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ash|first=Hugo|date=22 April 2018|url=http://www.perfil.com/noticias/columnistas/el-ultimo-que-pague-la-luz.phtml|url-status=dead|title=El último que pague la luz|website=Perfil|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814105226/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/columnistas/el-ultimo-que-pague-la-luz.phtml|archive-date=14 August 2023|access-date=14 August 2023}}<!--This nickname is briefly referred to by the article as an off-topic mention.--></ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-right populist Milei finishes first in Argentina's presidential primary |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20230814-far-right-populist-milei-finishes-first-in-argentina-s-presidential-primary |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=France 24}}</ref> He has consistently stated that he does not comb his hair, leading to significant press attention;<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-07-28 |title=Javier Milei, el economista del peinado raro |url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/javier_milei-alejandro_fantino-animales_sueltos_0_HkbsG9Du.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> only Lilia Lemoine, vice president of his party and a [[cosplayer]], is able to style his hair.<ref name="Sivak 2023">{{cite web |last=Sivak |first=Martín |date=2023-07-25 |title=Javier Milei, presidential candidate: 'It's super easy to dollarize Argentina's economy' |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-07-25/javier-milei-presidential-candidate-its-super-easy-to-dollarize-argentinas-economy.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=El País English}}</ref> In May 2022, he stated: "I will not be apologizing for having a penis. I don't have to feel ashamed of being a man, white, blond with light blue eyes."<ref name="Merco Press 2022"/> In 2018, Milei revealed that he was previously estranged from his parents and regarded them as dead.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-07-07 |title=La insólita vida privada y familiar de Milei, el economista más polémico |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/protagonistas/la-insolita-vida-privada-y-familiar-de-milei-el-economista-mas-polemico.phtml |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> During his 2021 political campaign, he reconciled with both his father and mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-18 |title=Javier Milei: 'Mis padres son tan liberales como yo' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/javier-milei-mis-padres-son-tan-liberales-como-yo.phtml |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> He always had a close bond with his younger sister, Karina Milei,<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Karina Milei, la estratega detrás del candidato que rompió con los pronósticos en Argentina |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2023/08/14/1104093/perfil-karina-milei-argentina.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Emol |language=es}}</ref> who managed his election campaigns.<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> Regarding his romantic life, Milei is not married, and said that if elected president, he would have his sister take the role of first lady;<ref name="Dadouch 2023"/> previously, he dated the singer Daniela Mori.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La alegría de la cantante Daniela, ex de Javier Milei, por la buena elección del libertario |url=https://www.clarin.com/fama/alegria-cantante-daniela-ex-javier-milei-buena-eleccion-libertario_0_yosOTIjTYD.html |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> In August 2023, he announced that he is dating actress [[Fátima Flórez]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Romance entre Javier Milei y Fátima Flórez: la actriz y el político confirmaron la relación |url=https://www.clarin.com/fama/rumores-romance-javier-milei-fatima-florez_0_OfJASGZ5UH.html |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> |
Milei has earned the nickname of ''el Peluca'' ("The Wig") due to his eccentric hairstyle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ash|first=Hugo|date=22 April 2018|url=http://www.perfil.com/noticias/columnistas/el-ultimo-que-pague-la-luz.phtml|url-status=dead|title=El último que pague la luz|website=Perfil|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814105226/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/columnistas/el-ultimo-que-pague-la-luz.phtml|archive-date=14 August 2023|access-date=14 August 2023}}<!--This nickname is briefly referred to by the article as an off-topic mention.--></ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-right populist Milei finishes first in Argentina's presidential primary |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20230814-far-right-populist-milei-finishes-first-in-argentina-s-presidential-primary |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=France 24}}</ref> He has consistently stated that he does not comb his hair, leading to significant press attention;<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-07-28 |title=Javier Milei, el economista del peinado raro |url=https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/javier_milei-alejandro_fantino-animales_sueltos_0_HkbsG9Du.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> only Lilia Lemoine, vice president of his party and a [[cosplayer]], is able to style his hair.<ref name="Sivak 2023">{{cite web |last=Sivak |first=Martín |date=2023-07-25 |title=Javier Milei, presidential candidate: 'It's super easy to dollarize Argentina's economy' |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-07-25/javier-milei-presidential-candidate-its-super-easy-to-dollarize-argentinas-economy.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=El País English}}</ref> In May 2022, he stated: "I will not be apologizing for having a penis. I don't have to feel ashamed of being a man, white, blond with light blue eyes."<ref name="Merco Press 2022"/> In 2018, Milei revealed that he was previously estranged from his parents and regarded them as dead.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-07-07 |title=La insólita vida privada y familiar de Milei, el economista más polémico |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/protagonistas/la-insolita-vida-privada-y-familiar-de-milei-el-economista-mas-polemico.phtml |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> During his 2021 political campaign, he reconciled with both his father and mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-18 |title=Javier Milei: 'Mis padres son tan liberales como yo' |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/javier-milei-mis-padres-son-tan-liberales-como-yo.phtml |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> He always had a close bond with his younger sister, Karina Milei,<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Karina Milei, la estratega detrás del candidato que rompió con los pronósticos en Argentina |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2023/08/14/1104093/perfil-karina-milei-argentina.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Emol |language=es}}</ref> who managed his election campaigns.<ref name="Viriglio 2023"/> Regarding his romantic life, Milei is not married, and said that if elected president, he would have his sister take the role of first lady;<ref name="Dadouch 2023"/> previously, he dated the singer Daniela Mori.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=La alegría de la cantante Daniela, ex de Javier Milei, por la buena elección del libertario |url=https://www.clarin.com/fama/alegria-cantante-daniela-ex-javier-milei-buena-eleccion-libertario_0_yosOTIjTYD.html |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> In August 2023, he announced that he is dating actress [[Fátima Flórez]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Romance entre Javier Milei y Fátima Flórez: la actriz y el político confirmaron la relación |url=https://www.clarin.com/fama/rumores-romance-javier-milei-fatima-florez_0_OfJASGZ5UH.html |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> |
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Milei indicated in an October 2017 interview with ''[[La Nación]]'' that he champions [[free love]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2069706-el-amor-segun-el-economista-javier-milei|url-status=dead|title=El amor, según el economista Javier Milei|work=La Nación|language=es|date=5 October 2017|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171006041159/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2069706-el-amor-segun-el-economista-javier-milei|archive-date=6 October 2017|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> On a local television program in June 2020, he disclosed his involvement in several threesomes and his role as a [[neotantra]] instructor, describing himself as a [[tantric sex]] instructor,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Stephen|date=17 August 2023|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/argentina-javier-milei-far-right-primary-election-2023-n86rvvrr2|url-status=live|title=Argentina's Trump, Javier Milei, takes surprise lead in race for power|work=The Times|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230815221523/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/argentina-javier-milei-far-right-primary-election-2023-n86rvvrr2|archive-date=15 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> claiming to be "capable of remaining three months without ejaculating".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Javier Milei, experto en economía, tríos sexuales y sexo tántrico: 'Puedo estar sin eyacular tres meses' |url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/paso-en-la-tv/2018/06/24/javier-milei-experto-en-economia-trios-sexuales-y-sexo-tantrico-puedo-estar-sin-eyacular-tres-meses |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> In August 2023, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' characterized him as a "rock singer and tantric sex instructor",<ref name="Crisp 2023"/> while ''[[The Guardian]]'' referred to him as a "former tantric sex coach".<ref name="Goñi 2023"/> Milei has compared drug use to suicide. He said that he had smoked [[marijuana]] only once, and recalled: "I remember laughing a lot."<ref name="El Cronista |
Milei indicated in an October 2017 interview with ''[[La Nación]]'' that he champions [[free love]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2069706-el-amor-segun-el-economista-javier-milei|url-status=dead|title=El amor, según el economista Javier Milei|work=La Nación|language=es|date=5 October 2017|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20171006041159/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2069706-el-amor-segun-el-economista-javier-milei|archive-date=6 October 2017|access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> On a local television program in June 2020, he disclosed his involvement in several threesomes and his role as a [[neotantra]] instructor, describing himself as a [[tantric sex]] instructor,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Stephen|date=17 August 2023|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/argentina-javier-milei-far-right-primary-election-2023-n86rvvrr2|url-status=live|title=Argentina's Trump, Javier Milei, takes surprise lead in race for power|work=The Times|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230815221523/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/argentina-javier-milei-far-right-primary-election-2023-n86rvvrr2|archive-date=15 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> claiming to be "capable of remaining three months without ejaculating".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=Javier Milei, experto en economía, tríos sexuales y sexo tántrico: 'Puedo estar sin eyacular tres meses' |url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/paso-en-la-tv/2018/06/24/javier-milei-experto-en-economia-trios-sexuales-y-sexo-tantrico-puedo-estar-sin-eyacular-tres-meses |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> In August 2023, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' characterized him as a "rock singer and tantric sex instructor",<ref name="Crisp 2023"/> while ''[[The Guardian]]'' referred to him as a "former tantric sex coach".<ref name="Goñi 2023"/> Milei has compared drug use to suicide. He said that he had smoked [[marijuana]] only once, and recalled: "I remember laughing a lot."<ref name="El Cronista 2023"/> |
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In July 2023, the journalist Juan Luis González released ''El Loco'', a biography of Milei, with whom he held a number of interviews.<ref name="iProfesional 2023"/><ref name="González 2023"/><ref name="El Doce 2023">{{cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Conan, el perro cordobés de Milei que murió y fue clonado por miles de dólares |url=https://eldoce.tv/curioso/conan-perro-cordobes-javier-milei-murio-fue-clonado-miles-dolares_153231 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=El Doce<!--ElDoce.tv--> |language=es}}</ref> The book sought to define the [[New Right]] in Argentina, and González said that he could not avoid discussing Milei, including his eccentric personal life, ranging from telepathy and [[esotericism]] to speaking with his dead dog to his "God-sent mission" to become Argentina's president.<ref name="iProfesional 2023"/><ref name="González 2023"/><ref name="El Doce 2023"/> In the book's preface, González wrote: "With the passing of the months, the interviews, the off-the-record meetings, following invoices, stamps, and paperwork, the work went from being a field one with almost academic edges to a tragicomic thriller, halfway between [[Raymond Chandler]]'s black noirs and [[John Kennedy Toole]]'s ''[[A Confederacy of Dunces]]''."<ref name="iProfesional 2023"/> |
In July 2023, the journalist Juan Luis González released ''El Loco'', a biography of Milei, with whom he held a number of interviews.<ref name="iProfesional 2023"/><ref name="González 2023"/><ref name="El Doce 2023">{{cite web |date=15 August 2023 |title=Conan, el perro cordobés de Milei que murió y fue clonado por miles de dólares |url=https://eldoce.tv/curioso/conan-perro-cordobes-javier-milei-murio-fue-clonado-miles-dolares_153231 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=El Doce<!--ElDoce.tv--> |language=es}}</ref> The book sought to define the [[New Right]] in Argentina, and González said that he could not avoid discussing Milei, including his eccentric personal life, ranging from telepathy and [[esotericism]] to speaking with his dead dog to his "God-sent mission" to become Argentina's president.<ref name="iProfesional 2023"/><ref name="González 2023"/><ref name="El Doce 2023"/> In the book's preface, González wrote: "With the passing of the months, the interviews, the off-the-record meetings, following invoices, stamps, and paperwork, the work went from being a field one with almost academic edges to a tragicomic thriller, halfway between [[Raymond Chandler]]'s black noirs and [[John Kennedy Toole]]'s ''[[A Confederacy of Dunces]]''."<ref name="iProfesional 2023"/> |
Revision as of 20:59, 3 September 2023
Javier Milei | |
---|---|
National Deputy | |
Assumed office 10 December 2021 | |
Constituency | City of Buenos Aires |
Personal details | |
Born | Javier Gerardo Milei 22 October 1970 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
Political party | Partido Libertario (since 2019) |
Other political affiliations | La Libertad Avanza (since 2021) Avanza Libertad (2020–2021) |
Alma mater | |
Field | Growth economics |
School or tradition | Austrian School |
Signature | |
Javier Gerardo Milei (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈβjeɾ miˈlej] ; born 22 October 1970) is an Argentine economist and politician. He has authored several books on politics and economics, and hosted the radio programs Demoliendo mitos and Cátedra libre. He achieved notoriety and public exposure through his debates and statements on the television programs of various channels in Argentina, which led him to pursue a political career in 2021.[1] Since December 2021, Milei has held the position of national deputy (a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies) in Buenos Aires, representing La Libertad Avanza, which he leads.[2]
Milei was a goalkeeper before studying economics at the University of Belgrano.[1] He also formed a cover band in his youth and has taught economics.[1] Milei's personal life attracted attention and has been described as eccentric,[3][4] and he garnered a significant following for his bombastic style, television appearances, and rock musician history; he appealed to the issues of corruption in Argentina, and railed against what he describes as Argentina's political caste.[1] During his 2021 election campaign as a national deputy, he pledged not to raise taxes and was known to raffle his salary.[5]
As a national deputy, in line with his opposition to the state, Milei had several absences and did not present any projects, was not a member of any of the 46 commissions of the lower house, and participated little in the debates that took place. He supported some bills and resolutions of his colleagues, made questions, and voted against; through his monthly salary raffle, he returned more than seven million Argentine pesos.[6] He is also a presidential candidate in the upcoming 2023 Argentine general election,[7] with Victoria Villarruel as his running mate.[8] Milei achieved a significant victory in the August 2023 Argentine primary elections,[9][10][11] emerging as the top-voted candidate in a major election upset.[12][13][14]
Politically, Milei has been variously described as far right,[15][16][17] ultraconservative,[18][19][20] and right-wing libertarian.[21][22][23] While he identifies as a minarchist or liberal-libertarian ,[24][25] he adheres to the philosophy of anarcho-capitalism.[26][27] Regarding economic matters, he is described as an ultraliberal,[28][29][30] aligns with the Austrian School, and contends that Argentina is a tax hell. He advocates for a swift reduction in government spending to achieve a balanced budget. He gained widespread recognition through regular television appearances where he criticized the administrations of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Mauricio Macri, and Alberto Fernández, citing what he saw as their rampant spending and a lack of fiscal adjustment as concerns.[31] His proposed abolition of the Central Bank of Argentina and dollarization have met criticism;[32][33] the Argentine peso plunged and interest rates were raised in the aftermath of his primaries win.[34] His foreign policy views have been described as radical as his economic views.[35]
On social issues, such as abortion, Milei expressed his moral opposition to it; he is characterized as a radical conservative.[36] He sees abortion as a property issue and argued that abortion is morally wrong even in cases of rape. He is opposed to the law that legalized it in 2020, and proposes to hold a referendum about the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill.[37] Additionally, he criticized comprehensive sex education in schools,[38] supports the education voucher system,[37] wants to reduce immigration,[39][40] criticized the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina,[41][42] and proposes to legalize the sale of human organs.[36]
Milei's political positions have sparked controversy and confusion.[36][43] Controversial were his opposition to abortion in rape cases,[44] his view of comprehensive sex education in schools as a form of brainwashing,[45] skepticism towards COVID-19 vaccines,[36] civilian firearm ownership support,[46][47] legalization of organ trade,[48] promotion of the far-right Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory,[49][50] and climate change denial.[51] Due to those controversies and his radical conservative social and economic policies,[36][52] his victory in the primaries was deemed an upset,[53] and led to his characterization as a far-right populist.[12][13][14]
Early life
Milei was born in Palermo, Buenos Aires, on 22 October 1970.[5] His mother Alicia was a housewife,[10] while his father Norberto was a bus driver who later became a businessman overseeing the bus driving sector.[54][55] His family is of Italian origin.[56] Milei grew up in the Villa Devoto neighborhood,[56] and attended Catholic schools and private universities.[5] He attended the Cardenal Copello high school, and later moved to Sáenz Peña, Buenos Aires. At school, he was nicknamed El Loco ("The Madman") due to his outbursts and aggressive rhetoric that later made him famous.[5] In late teens and early adulthood, he was a goalkeeper for Chacarita Juniors until 1989.[57]
Milei stated that he decided to quit association football and pursue a career in economics at the age of 18 after José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz's economic administration led the country to hyperinflation.[58] About his childhood, he said that his parents had beat and verbally abused him as a child,[59] which caused him to not speak to them for a decade;[10] he was supported by his younger sister Karina and his maternal grandmother.[5] He also sang in the cover band Everest, which mostly played Rolling Stones covers.[54]
Education and work
Milei obtained an economics degree from the private University of Belgrano (Licentiate) and received two master's degrees from the Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social and the private Torcuato di Tella University.[56] He became the chief economist at Máxima AFJP (a private pension company), a head economist at Estudio Broda (a financial advising company), and a government consultant at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. He was also a senior economist in HSBC Argentina.[60] He served as chief economist at several national and international government public bodies.[56]
Since 2012, Milei has led the division of Economic Studies at Fundación Acordar, a national think tank.[60] He is also a member of the B20, the Economic Policy Group of International Chamber of Commerce (an advisor to the G20), and the World Economic Forum. He is a specialist in economic growth and has taught several economic subjects in Argentine universities and abroad. He has authored several books,[61] including El camino del libertario,[62] and wrote over fifty academic papers.[60] In the past, he worked at the private company Corporación América, where he served for fifteen years as the chief economist and financial adviser to Eduardo Eurnekian.[63]
For over twenty-one years, Milei has been a professor of macroeconomics, economics of growth, microeconomics, and mathematics for economists.[56] Since 2016, he has been attempting to integrate concepts from the Austrian School with monetarism concepts, as he regards Ben Bernanke as the greatest president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.[64] Alongside his academic pursuits, he is considered a radio host, becoming a prominent and influential personality in the communication and media sector;[56] a 2018 ranking by Ejes showed that he was the most interviewed economist on TV, ahead of Fausto Spotorno and Damián Di Pace, with 235 interviews and 193,347 seconds in total.[65]
Demoliendo mitos and economist work
Milei hosts his own radio show called Demoliendo mitos ("Demolishing Myths"),[66] featuring regular appearances by the Alberdian economist and businessman Gustavo Lazzari and personalities like the Alberdian lawyer Pablo Torres Barthe and the right-libertarian political scientist María Zaldívar.[67][68] He has been described as a controversial and eccentric economist,[69][70] and ultralibertarian economist.[71] In 2021, he was accused of having plagiarized in his El Cronista and Infobae columns and works, from El camino del libertario to Pandenomics, the main authors of the Austrian School,[72] such as Henry Hazlitt, Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard, Friedrich Hayek, and Walter Block. He dismissed those allegations, saying: "It doesn't make sense."[73] He argued that, as they were disclosure notes, there was no need to name the authors for a practical issue. For Pandenomics, he was accused of having plagiarized the works of other academics, such as a mathematical model to study different epidemic outbreaks throughout history, among others.[74]
As an economist, like other libertarian economists, Milei's influences include Adam Smith, Rothbard, Hayek, Milton Friedman, Gary Becker,[72][75] and Jesús Huerta de Soto.[76] He frequently employs mathematical formulas and charts in his writings to illustrate his points; this approach has drawn criticism from some Austrian School economists, as the Austrian School, which is considered part of heterodox economics, considers economics a social science and generally holds skeptical views of using mathematics in economics.[77] Argentine mainstream economists also criticized Milei's economic work and his presentention, describing his concepts as confusing, and arguing that the formulas he uses are not correct; in particular, they criticized his Central Bank of Argentina abolition and dollarization proposals. Milei dismissed the critics of dollarization, saying that they do not understand "the condition of transversality".[32]
In March 2018, Andrés Aisian rejected Milei's dollarization proposal and his characterization of fiat currency as "counterfeiting money". Aisian argued that Milei conflated the morality of fiat currency with the morality of its original discovery, and described Milei's proposal of a return to the gold standard and metallism as "economic nonsense".[78] In April 2023, Torcuato di Tella University economist Constantino Hevia wrote that "if you scratch it a bit, you realize that Milei knows much less economics than people ... Milei overwhelms with shouts and technical terms that he doesn't quite understand. So, by trying to make everyone ignorant and using a pseudoscientific discourse, he confuses the public and his figure as a technician or mathematical economist, as he likes to call himself, grows. The truth is that Milei is technically weak. The example of his notes is very clear."[32] He concluded that "Milei's insufficient mathematical preparation and his huge ego lead him to say nonsense that is technically wrong."[32] Milei's dollarized economy proposal for the 2023 Argentine presidential election is based on advices from economists Emilio Ocampo and Nicolás Cachanosky, both of whom had approached Milei to determine the best path to dollarization.[79]
Political career
Rise to prominence
During the 2010s, Milei achieved significant notoriety and public exposure in debates developed on television programs on various channels in Argentina, which characterized by insults to his rivals,[80][81] his foul language,[82][83] and aggressive rethoric when expressing and debating his ideals and beliefs,[84][85] such as with the Buenos Aires chief of government Horacio Rodríguez Larreta.[86][87] This led many commentators to label him antipolitical or disruptive.[88] The New York Times journalist Benny Johnson released a clipping subtitled in English of an interview by Viviana Canosa with Milei, whom she referred to as the "Argentine Trump".[89]
Before and during his political career, Milei has been entangled in various controversies. In November 2017, he caused a stir by declaring controversially that "the main producer of Argentina's economists is a Marxist indoctrination center", in reference to the Economics School of University of Buenos Aires, leading to what he called "the ubiquitous proliferation of Keynesian brutes".[90] In February 2017, he generated further controversy by naming Domingo Cavallo as the country's best economy minister, a choice that remains contentious due to Cavallo's unfavorable image in Argentine society.[91]
On 26 June 2018, during a conference in San José de Metán, in the Salta Province, Milei referred to journalist Teresita Frías as "a donkey" after she criticized his ideological views as totalitarian.[92][93] As he refused to apologize, he was accused of exerting gender violence, and a local court mandated a psychological examination. Family and Gender judge Carmelo Paz forbade him from participating in public gatherings as a panelist or lecturer within the boundaries of the city of Metan, under the threat of legal action.[94][95] In 2018, he made his acting debut in his play El consultorio de Milei, with Claudio Rico and Diego Sucalesca. In 2019, Noticias named him one of the most influential people in Argentina. In 2020, he spoke in favor of protests against the government led by Alberto Fernández.[56]
Avanza Libertad and La Libertad Avanza
In 2020, Milei joined Avanza Libertad (Freedom Forward), which describes itself as "a government alliance, which brings together, convenes, and addresses men and women of all social conditions, made up of different political parties, and created to promote liberal policies that contribute to the economic, political, cultural, and social takeoff that we Argentines need to return to being the thriving country that we were at the beginning of the year 1900."[96] Avanza Libertad was criticized for including among his candidates neo-Nazis and apologists of the last Argentine military dictatorship.[3] During his political career, Milei has also been accused of having a violent attitude towards journalists and critics, and of misogynistic behavior, including towards women in journalism.[97]
Milei's 2021 election campaign to become a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies was concentrated on Buenos Aires neighborhoods, and included walking around three isolates to say hello to the neighbor and the shopkeeper, give hugs and kisses, and take selfies and videos, and the use of social networks.[98][99] By May 2022, he was growing in the polls.[100] His rhetoric was attractive to the under-30 voters who lived through the 1998–2002 Argentine great depression and 2001 hyperinflationary crisis as a child and into the 2020s face economic stagnation. By March 2023, polls showed that 17% of Argentines would vote for him as president, and that his political coalition would become the third parliamentary force in the Argentine Congress. His supporters include those who voted for Kirchnerism but would now vote for Milei as a protest even if they may not support his economic ideas.[101]
During his successful election campaign in July 2021, Milei pledged not to support any tax increases or new taxes.[102] He established the coalition La Libertad Avanza (Freedom Moves Forward),[103][104] which secured the third place in the primary elections in Argentina with 13.66% of the vote. In the 2021 Argentine legislative election, with 17% of the votes, it confirmed the third place,[105] and Milei's far-right coalition entered the Argentine Congress.[106][107][108] They performed the best in Cordoba and Santa Fe, the second and third most populous districts in the country; they also performed well in Peronist strongholds in North Tucuman, Salta, La Rioja, and San Juan, and in Santa Cruz in Patagonia, which is considered the cradle of Kirchnerism.[56]
Running under the slogan "I didn't come here to lead lambs but to awaken lions", Milei denounced what he saw as a political caste,[109][110][111] which he described as being composed of "useless, parasitic politicians who have never worked".[112] He said phrases like "I'm here to kick these criminals out",[5][113] and was particularly supported by the youth for his ways of communication, which included the promotion of his political views on TV, radio, and YouTube.[56] In September 2021, Milei said: "The first thing I am going to say to the shitty, silly, parasitic and useless political caste is what I am not going to do. I will never go against private property, I will never go against freedom, I will never raise a tax, I will never create new taxes."[114] Upon assuming office as deputy, Milei fulfilled one of his campaign promises by raffling his salary to a random person each month, aiming to "return money to the citizens". He described this monthly raffle, which is open to anyone,[115][116] as a way to get rid of what he considers to be dirty money, and said: "The state is a criminal organization that finances itself through taxes levied on people by force. We are returning the money that the political caste stole."[5]
National deputy
As a national deputy, Milei has been present in Parliament 52% of the times as of April 2023.[117] As of October 2022, he did not propose laws and did not join any parliamentary commissions.[118] This remained true by August 2023.[6] One of his absences was particularly criticized by the Juntos por el Cambio opposition because it allowed the national government to raise taxes on plane tickets by a single vote.[119][120][121] At the same time, his promised monthly raffle for the salary he receives as a national deputy gave away more than seven million pesos since his election to Parliament.[6]
In July 2023, Milei faced an investigation into alleged selling of candidacies within La Libertad Avanza.[122][123] The businessman Juan Carlos Blumberg said that La Libertad Avanza "made politics a business", which prompted Milei to respond and deny that there were paid candidates. Milei was also accused of having been funded and supported by Peronism. Juan Luis González criticized that Milei "allowed himself to be financed by provincial governments, received technical, logistical, and monetary aid from the Peronism that he claims to fight, threatened all those who wanted to open their mouths, as happened to one of his own legislators who had to live for half a year with police custody, and that, mounted on the illusion of a 'new politics' that gave hope to young people who had lost hope, hides the oldest way of making money and business in Argentina. Wealthiest people in the country came up with the idea of creating and financing, to take care of their own interests, a media phenomenon that was later called Milei."[3] The statements made by the prosecutor Ramiro González did not provide concrete data about the allegations. While the investigation was still progressing as of July 2023, Milei dismissed it as a political operation to discredit him,[124] and demanded that González be investigated, accusing him of damaging his image.[125]
2023 presidential campaign
A member of the Libertarian Party, Milei is a candidate for president of Argentina as part of La Libertad Avanza. His running mate is Victoria Villarruel.[126][nb 1] As inflation rose above 100% in May 2023,[130] his position in the polls increased.[131] During the campaign for the 2023 Argentine primary elections, Milei generated controversy after he suggested that he would allow the free sale of firearms and human organs, as well as criticism for his comments deemed to be mysoginistic. Furthermore, he intends to revoke the law (Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill) that legalized abortion in Argentina,[56] which was approved in 2020,[132] and is against its decriminalization.[56] In an August 2023 interview with Alejandro Fantino, he suggested holding a referendum to do so,[37][133] saying: "Just because something is legal, it does not mean that it is legitimate. I am against it (the Voluntary and Legal Interruption of Pregnancy Bill) because it is against the right to life. ... At least I would hold a referendum. And, if the result is in my favor, the law is eliminated. But let the Argentines choose. Let's see if the Argentines believe in the murder of a defenseless human in the womb of the mother."[134][135] Gun laws in Argentina are restrictive. According to his party's electoral platform, Milei proposes the "deregulation of the legal market" for weapons and "the protection of its legitimate and responsible use by the citizens".[34]
Milei's rise has been described within the context of the last two presidencies. Analysts described a win for Milei as a more dramatic version of the pro-business government of former president Mauricio Macri, who tried to introduce market reforms after taking office in 2015 only to clash to the political opposition and plunge headlong into a financial crisis that ended with the country asking the International Monetary Fund for another rescue package. Alberto Fernández, Macri's successor, has struggled to fix the economy amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina and a severe shortage of foreign currency, leaving the country vulnerable to another debt default. Fernández is so unpopular that he decided not to run for re-election. In August 2023, Milei stated that he would not end social programs, which support millions of people in a country where almost 40% of the population is impoverished; he described them as "victims, not victimizers". He added that ending this type of social assistance would take up to fifteen years.[136]
2023 primary elections
In the August 2023 primary elections, which are seen as an indication of how citizens are likely to vote in October 2023 Argentine general election,[137] Milei emerged as the leading presidential candidate,[12][13][14] with 30% of the votes, ahead of the traditional Peronism–Kircherism and Macrism that dominated the country in the 2010s.[56] Opinion polling for the 2023 Argentine general election had predicted that the economy minister Sergio Massa of the Union for the Homeland would secure the most votes as a candidate in the primaries, with Juntos por el Cambio expected to be the most voted coalition overall;[47] Milei was polled at about 20% but achieved 30%,[56] and was seen as an outsider candidate.[138][139] In June 2023, the markets welcomed Massa's presidential candidacy, as it polarized the election between the ruling party and Juntos por el Cambio, reducing what was called the "Milei factor". Javier Timerman, Managing Partner of Adcap Grupo Financiero, said on CCN Radio that "Javier Milei has always been a source of fear and uncertainty for foreign investors, both financial and investor in the real economy."[140]
Milei's win marked the first time a far-right candidate won the primary elections since the 1916 Argentine general election.[12][13][141] Initially, for the first round of the general election in October 2023, with the possibility of a run-off election in November 2023,[142] Peronists saw Milei as a possible ally who would divide the votes of the centre-right coalition.[143] During the night of celebration, Milei danced rock and roll with his family, choosing the song "Se viene", one of Argentine rock's greatest hits that at the end of the 1990s became a challenge to the neoliberal government of Carlos Menem and was a premonition of the Corralito crisis in 2001; the song's chorus says: "The explosion is coming."[56] Milei looks to Menem as an example and the band, Bersuit Vergarabat, had forbidden him to use the song. Despite this, the hall of celebrations sang it without fear of contradictions.[56] He said: "This election will not only put an end to Kirchnerism, but also to the parasitic, larcenous, useless caste that is sinking the country."[14] His win was celebrated by far-right figures including Jair Bolsonaro,[14] José Antonio Kast,[14] Ted Cruz,[89] and Vox.[17]
For political analyst Facundo Cruz of the Research Center for Democratic Quality, this was a result of the protest vote. He said that the vote for Milei "channeled the citizen discontent of the last two governments, past and present".[56] According to Clarín, "Milei's victory speaks to us above all of the extent of despondency and anger that hovers in Argentine society, which wanted to express this profound unease with the primary vote."[5] According to Página12, he "arises from a bad economic situation, from the critical situations experienced during the months of isolation due to the pandemic, added to the exasperating and permanent blow of inflation."[5] Página12 sees a similarity with the scenarios before the military coups in Argentina and other Latin American countries, saying that the military coups "have dismantled the democratic system, but they have never solved anything and, in exchange rate, have worsened the lives of Argentines: poverty, debts, unemployment and so on. Milei looks like a child of that story. He embodies the same illusions of a sector of society that promoted dictatorships and then regretted it."[5]
2023 general election
Due to his radical economic policies, the Argentine peso plunged as a result of his primaries win,[34] while the official dollar exchange rate rose by 20%, and the Central Bank of Argentina raised interest rates.[144] As a result of his strong performance in the primaries, Milei is considered the frontrunner for the general election. Analysts say that this could lead to higher inflationary and foreign exchange pressures. According to the Eurasia Group analyst and Latin American researcher Luciano Sigalov, if Milei wins the presidency, he would face governability issues due to a lack of parliamentary majority to pass the radical pro-market reforms he advocates, and may result in street resistance and protest from Peronist and social movements.[145] Sigalov said: "The likely prospect of a Milei victory and the risks from his radical policy program will generate more pressures on inflation and exchange rates. The worsening economic conditions will benefit Milei as he blames [rival] politicians for the spiraling crisis."[146]
According to JPMorgan, Milei's win is not certain and predicts a chaotic outcome, citing the historically low turnout of the primaries and that a higher-than-average turnout for the general election would benefit the traditional parties of Massa's Union for the Homeland and Patricia Bullrich's Juntos por el Cambio.[147][148] Jared Lou, a portfolio manager at William Blair Investment Management, commented: "One factor that may help Milei in the presidential elections is that he's an outsider and voters are frustrated." At the same time, Lou stated that Milei's views on promoting gun ownership, anti-abortion policies, and a dollarized economy could put off voters, as he says most Argentinians oppose those policies. He added: "Many of the policies he has campaigned on are viewed as fairly radical by the electorate."[149]
Political views
Milei identifies with anarcho-capitalism and paleolibertarianism,[150][151] while being for practical reasons a minarchist; he describes himself as a liberal-libertarian .[24][25] Political commentators categorize his ideological views as a blend of populist, right-wing libertarian, and conservative strands,[62][152][153] along with ultraliberal economics,[113] right-wing populist, ultraconservative, and far-right politics,[12][13][14] and representing anti-politics.[154] He has also been variously described as a far-right populist,[12][13][14] far-right outsider,[155] far-right libertarian,[156] and libertarian populist,[130][144] and labelled far right or radical right by international news agencies like Al Jazeera,[13] the BBC,[157][158] and Reuters,[12] newspapers including The Economist,[159] The Daily Telegraph,[160] the Financial Times,[161] Le Monde,[11] The New York Times,[162] and The Wall Street Journal,[155] news magazines like Time,[34] and several Argentine and Spanish-language publications including among the others El Diario,[107] elDiario.es,[163] El Mundo,[164] El País,[165] Perfil,[166] Télam,[167] and Tiempo Argentino .[168] Milei rejected the use of the far-right label to describe his views, and said: "I'm a liberal and libertarian, these positions are things of the left, because for the left, everything that is not on their side is on the right."[169]
Milei supports former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and former United States president Donald Trump, especially their anti-communism and criticism of socialism,[170][171] and he has been compared to them for sharing an anti-leftist and anti-social justice platform.[34] When asked about Trump and Bolsonaro, he said: "I have a clear agenda, which goes against everything that is socialism or communism. Everyone who is against socialism or communism is on the side I am on. This is my guiding principle, then we can have all the differences you want. In that group we have liberals, libertarians, people from the center, conservatives, from the center-right, but the limit is that no one crosses the limit of social democracy and all expressions further to the left. My alignment with Trump and Bolsonaro is almost natural."[169][172]
During his 2023 presidential campaign and August 2023 primaries win, the international press who reported on Milei used a range of labels to describe him. Due to his primaries upset win, he was described as a far-right popoulist or outsider.[12][13][14] Reuters reported that Milei is a "radical right-wing candidate", Time called him a populist, El País described him as an "ultra-right libertarian and 'anarcho-capitalist' who represents angry Argentina",[10] CNN characterized him as an outsider, The Economist headlined that "Argentina could get its first libertarian president", CBC News described him as a "libertarian firebrand",[173] and the BBC described him as a "Trump admirer".[158] He has also been compared to American conservative Tucker Carlson,[158] and to Marine Le Pen of France's National Rally.[174] He maintains close ties with the Spanish far-right party Vox,[175][176] from which he borrowed the anti-caste rhetoric,[22] as well as the former far-right conservative Chilean presidential candidate José Antonio Kast.[177] Milei said: "People realize that we're getting poorer and that the only ones making progress are the politicians, the parasites."[101]
Academic analysis
While in the words of Cristóbal Rovira, a professor of political science at the Catholic University of Chile, "Milei has a libertarian component that makes him a rare creature compared to the ultra-right of Latin America", he is placed within the context of the global far right. He said: "There is a fairly global wave of the extreme right. They start in Western Europe, where the emblematic case of Jean-Marie Le Pen is in France in the 1980s, they expand to Eastern Europe and today we see that they are beginning to gain territory in other places: Trump, Bolsonaro."[53] According to Rovira, "Milei would fit into the prototype of what these ultra-rights are."[53] He said: "At an academic level we define them by two important criteria. First, they are to the right of the mainstream right and profess much more radical ideas. In the case of Argentina, Milei is positioned to the right of Macrismo. Second, they maintain an ambivalent relationship with the democratic system and sometimes profess authoritarian ideas. That differentiates them from the traditional right, which act within the rules of the democratic game."[53] According to Rovira, "Milei's case fits very well into this double classification."[53]
Andrés Malamud, a researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon, argued that Milei's speech is anarcho-capitalist because "it's limited to interests and incentives: lowering taxes, reducing state intervention, liberalizing even organ trafficking. Technically, he's also a minarchist. A doctrinaire ultraliberal would be the most understandable.[101] About Milei's appeal, Malamud said: "The political secret is to appeal to the basic instincts, under simple banners: liberty, life and property. That's why Milei loves television sets, where he yells, insults and crushes anyone who criticizes him. His curly black hair is the icon of his campaign. On stage, he wears black leather – fire is lit at the climax of his speeches."[101] Malamud added that "Milei is a vitalist: he's not here 'to guide lambs but to wake up lions,' as he himself says. This is where he gets his conservative values, such as nationalism and anti-abortionism."[101] Pablo Touzón, a political scientist and director of the consulting firm Escenarios, said that "Milei is a war machine against [the political class], a brick thrown against the window of a jewellery store."[101] Touzón added: "He combines a kind of ultraliberal orthodoxy, from [Milton] Friedman and [Friedrich] Von Hayek... he sees himself as a warrior against the state. But he combines that hyperliberal ideology and freedom with elements of the extreme-right."[101] About his comparisons with Trump, Touzón stated that Milei represents a local version of Trumpism that does not defend protectionism.[101] About his rise on the polls, Touzón said: "If he has so many voters, it's not because he's liberal – it's because he represents the anti-establishment, as Podemos did in Spain from the left. Here, [in Argentina], it's done from the right."[101]
International news media reactions
Milei's August 2023 primaries win achieved international recognition and headlines, from The New York Times to El País and Latin American media and Asian news agencies, which reported on his surprise win and the uncertain electoral scenario in Argentina for the 2023 October general election.[166] Analysts saw his win a result of voters being frustrated by both Peronist and non-Peronist governments.[178] Much of the international press described him as ultraright and ultraliberal, compared him to Trump and Bolsonaro,[179] mentioned dollarization, and highlighted his controversies, such as the sale of organs and the free bearing of arms. They also cited the escalation of the dollar and the rise in interest rates of the country's central bank, and placed it within the context of a scenario of extreme volatility and uncertainty.[166]
In Britain, BBC News headlined: "The anti-establishment Javier Milei surprises by winning the primaries in Argentina."[166] The Daily Mail headlined: "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's far-right populist politician?"[166] The Financial Times highlighted the political significance of the upset win of Milei, whom they described as a radical right-winger who they say shocked the political scene in Argentina and revolutionized the presidential race with his primaries win.[166] Reuters headlined: "Argentine far-right outsider Javier Milei posts shock win in primary election."[166] They described Milei's win as a punishment vote by Argentines for the two main political forces in the country.[166] In this way, voters pushed "a rock-singing libertarian outsider candidate into first place in a huge shake-up in the race towards presidential elections in October", and gave "a stinging rebuke to the center-left Peronist coalition and the main Together for Change conservative opposition bloc with inflation at 116% and a cost-of-living crisis leaving four in 10 people in poverty."[166]
In France, Le Figaro described the Milei phenomenon as "the new sensation of Argentine politics", and characterized him as a far-right anti-establishment liberal with "rockstar airs".[166] Le Monde highlighted that Milei "disrupts the Argentine political landscap" in favor of "a state reduced to its minimum expression, he defends the freedom to bear arms and sell organs. He is resolutely climate skeptic and rejects legal abortion, [which was] approved in 2020 in Argentina. It shows its affinities with former presidents Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro."[166] In Spain, El Mundo emphashized Milei's win over Peronism, headlining: "Argentina. Peronism suffers the worst defeat in its history and Milei's libertarian ultra-right wins the primaries."[166] El País headlined: "The ultra Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins the primary elections in Argentina."[166]
In the United States, the Associated Press emphasized Milei's controversial statements and said he could be Argentina's next president. They wrote: "He believes selling human organs should be legal, climate change is a 'socialist lie,' sex education is a ploy to destroy the family and that the Central Bank should be abolished."[166] They described him as "the latest example of how right-wing populists are making inroads in Latin America, appealing to a citizenry angry with politics as usual and eager for outsiders to shake up the system."[166] The New York Times highlighted the dollarization proposal of Milei, whom they described as a far-right libertarian.[166] They wrote: "Javier Milei, who wants to abolish the central bank and adopt the U.S. dollar as Argentina's currency, is now the front-runner in the fall general election."[166]
In Brazil, Folha de São Paulo described Milei as a right-wing radical whose proposals included the "sale of organs, liberalization of weapons, dollarization of the economy, and an end to of the Central Bank".[166] O Globo launched a series of op-eds about Milei winning the October 2023 elections, and said that the incumbent president of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, must be ready for what they described as "the arrival of Javier Milei", whom they characterized as "ally of Jair Bolsonaro" and "adverse to the Workers' Party (PT)" founded by Lula.[166] In Chile, La Tercera wrote: "Milei hits hard and is the most voted, Bullrich surpasses Larreta, and Kirchnerism is third."[166] In Peru, La República described Milei's victory as a surprise and said that the markets in Argentina collapsed after the 2023 August results.[166] In Uruguay, El País headlined: "Milei's batacazo in the PASO elections in Argentina: he surpasses Macri's sector and Kirchnerism."[166]
In China, the state agency Xinhua appealed to a definition by analyst Rosendo Fraga to describe Milei as "a representative of the Western extreme right who adopts rockstar attitudes" and "found an echo especially among young libertarians".[166] In Russia, the state network RT called Milei "controversial and denier", and highlighted the changes that Milei's win would cause to Argentine politics as becoming marked by "tripartism and new leadership",[166] while the state agency Sputnik called him an "outsider candidate" and a "black swan".[166]
Political positions
Economic views
While theoretically an anarcho-capitalist,[180] Milei identifies in the short term as a minarchist, liberal-libertarian,[24][25] or classical liberal.[181] He explained that he is an "anarcho-capitalist, because the state is the enemy. But you live in the real world and you have to have your feet on the ground. In this context, I am a minarchist – that is, someone who believes that the state should only be in charge of security and justice."[101] He said that the state should be concerned only with administering justice and guaranteeing security.[5] Milei aligns with economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism, often referencing the economic policies of Carlos Menem, who served as Argentina's president from 1989 to 1999, and his economy minister Domingo Cavallo;[182] he described them as the "best economic government in Argentine history".[72] Additionally, he upholds the ideals of Juan Bautista Alberdi and his constitution,[183] and defended Alberto Benegas Lynch as "the greatest hero of the ideas of freedom",[184][185][186] and the Generation of '80.[187] Milei envisions eventually dismantling the state and the Central Bank of Argentina,[19][188] which he described as "one of the greatest thieves in the history of mankind",[189] allowing citizens to freely select their monetary system, including the potential adoption of a dollarized economy,[190] to combat the country's inflationary issues;[19][191] he says they are made worse by the Central Bank of Argentina, which he accuses of stealing money from Argentines through inflation.[5] About the convertibility plan of the 1990s, Milei said: "Convertibility was launched on [1 April] 1991. By January of 1993, we were the country with the lowest inflation in the world. I propose the free competition of currencies, full reform of the financial system. Thus, the most probable thing is that Argentines choose the dollar."[101]
Milei pledged to a sharp cut in government spending;[192] he proposes a sharp economic shock to reduce inflation and the Argentine economy's issues,[193] and to pay the country's debt. He said: "Central banks are divided in four categories: the bad ones, like the Federal Reserve, the very bad ones, like the ones in Latin America, the horribly bad ones, and the Central Bank of Argentina."[189] Milei supports privatizing state-owned enterprises,[194] including shale driller YPF, public services like health care and education,[56] and roads,[21] and pledged to scrap soy taxes and ditch electric-vehicle battery bid as part of his deregulation program.[195] He also articulated his intention to either shut down, privatize, or redefine the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, while shutting down or merging most governmental ministries, including the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Social Development, and the Ministry of Health,[56] and reduce them from 18 to 8.[196][197] A video of him tearing cards from a wallboard with the names of ministries that he wants to abolish and tossing them into the air went viral. In the video, he says: "The state is not the solution. It is the problem."[198] He is opposed to trade unions, and described the Article 14 of the Argentine Constitution, which guarantees labor rights, pensions, and the entire social security system, as the country's cancer; he pledged to repeal it as president.[199]
Milei promises to balance the budget. Argentina has failed to meet targets on cutting its fiscal deficit and building up foreign reserves under its $44 billion arrangement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which approved a $7.5 billion loan disbursement. In a July 2023 interview with the Financial Times about this, Milei said that if is elected president of Argentina, he would "overshoot all the targets" in the IMF deal, calling the required spending cuts as small compared with what he says the country needs.[200] About the IMF, which provided Argentina with twenty-two bailouts, Milei said that it "doesn't care" about what he described as the country's deep-rooted challenges. He said: "The IMF are just a bunch of bureaucrats who know that a bank's business is to charge interest. If I'm elected it will be to solve Argentina's problems."[161] According to his adviser Darío Epstein, Milei pledges to balance the budget within three months. Epstein said: "The first thing we have to do is to lower the fiscal deficit by 5 percentage points, which is not at all easy. As Argentina is in a very critical situation, with 40 to 45 per cent poverty, what we can't do is to fire people from the public sector or lower social spending. That is very important."[201]
Capitalism, communism, and socialism
Milei promotes capitalism, and strongly opposes communism and socialism. In a TEDx presentation that went viral on social media in February 2019, Milei presented what he described as "a love story" about capitalism, arguing how capitalism and the free market have lifted people out of poverty. He then cited what he describes as myths regarding capitalism, rejecting the idea that the Nordic model is socialist, and saying that the Nordic countries are "more pro-market than people think". He labelled the problem of social inequality as a "lying hoax", and said that "social justice is unfair". He concluded that this was a debate about values, where socialism embodies envy, resentment, and coercion, while capitalism or liberalism stands for the unrestricted respect for the life project of fellow individuals.[202] More than Karl Marx, Milei's greatest enemy is John Maynard Keynes,[72] whom he accuses of being the main culprit for all of Argentina's ills.[101]
Many of the people drawn in by Milei are right-wingers who are attracted to his anti-leftist and opposition to government policies, including legalizing abortion and creating a quota for trans people in government jobs. In an interview in October 2020, Milei said: "I hate communists, shitty left-wingers, because they hate life." He called it a "filthy system, which fails everywhere. In every place where it was applied, it generated misery and hunger." He further stated that there are only two systems, liberalism or communism, as he believes that any intermediate solution would result in a drift towards communism.[203] In 2021, he signed a letter sponsored by Vox that railed against "the advance of communism" in the Spanish-speaking world, and was endorsed by Eduardo Bolsonaro and José Antonio Kast. In October 2021, he reiterated his anti-leftist views, saying: "I will ally with all those who believe that the left is the enemy."[204]
Libertarianism
In 2021, Milei defined himself thusly: "I am a libertarian liberal. Philosophically, I am a market anarchist."[113] His libertarianism is distinct from classical libertarianism or left-libertarianism, which originated from the French libertaire , or libertario in Spanish, which is used as a synonym for anarchism, libertarian socialism, and other left-wing philosophies, and is closer to modern libertarianism in the United States, or right-libertarianism, although those libertarians reject the left–right political spectrum.[113] According to David Boaz, former vice president of the Cato Institute, modern libertarianism is a philosophical current within politics that places "individual freedom as the supreme political value".[113] He wrote: "A libertarian admits that people can justifiably be forced to do certain things, the most obvious being refraining from infringing on the freedom of others. However, a libertarian considers it unacceptable that anyone can be forced to serve others, even if it is for their own good."[113] Because those libertarians promotes the free market, defends private property, and support a small and limited state, they have been placed on the right-wing of the political spectrum. Boaz said that those libertarians "have attempted to define the proper scope of individual liberty in terms of the notion of personal ownership, or self-ownership, which implies that each individual is entitled to exclusive control of his choices, actions, and body."[113]
Milei's stances on social issues, such as abortion,[205] are the main reason why political commentators and other libertarians do not consider him truly a libertarian.[113] Among libertarians, some described him as a libertarian for his overall economic libertarian or neoliberal stances,[206] and rejected comparisons to Trump and Bolsonaro,[96][181] while others cited the issue of abortion as a reason not to call him a libertarian. Milei said: "I am against abortion because I believe in the life project of others. The woman can choose about her body, but what she has inside her womb is not her body, it is another individual."[113] In response, Carmen Beatriz Fernández, an expert in political communication, stated that Milei is not libertarian but a "neopopulist or right-wing authoritarian".[113] Guillermo Tell Aveledo, a political scientist and dean of the Faculty of Legal and Political Studies of the Metropolitan University of Caracas, said: "His criticisms on issues such as budgets and specific policies, both in his time as a commentator on television programs and now as a congressman, have been directed at the size and action of the state, so he fits the profile of a libertarian."[113] At the same time, he agreed that Milei's conservative positions and other contradictions prevented him from being considered a "genuine libertarian".[113] As a result, he argued that "paleolibertarian (conservative libertarian)" or "anarcho-capitalist", namely someone who believes in a form of stateless free-market capitalism, or that society can be organized and function only with the market without the need for the state, are more appropriate labels to describe Milei's politics.[113]
The main sources of this modern type of libertarianism are Montesquieu, John Locke, Adam Smith, and the Founding Fathers of the United States, among other figures the Age of Enlightenment and part of what those libertarians consider to be classical liberalism. In addition to those historical figures questioning the role of monarchs and clergy, this current also sought to limit the powers of democratic and representative governments.[113] About the state, which he considers an enemy, Milei promised a total reform, and stated: "The state is the greatest enemy of wealth. If the increase in its size is financed with taxes, the real wage falls. If it is with debt, they are future taxes. And if that debt is external, it raises the equilibrium exchange rate with respect to wages and makes food more expensive, creating more poor people."[207] About taxes and liberalism, he said: "I consider the state as an enemy; taxes are a hindrance to slavery. Liberalism was created to free people from the oppression of monarchs; in this case, it would be the state."[113] Due to his economic views, he has been described as an ultraliberal. Among his many phrases are "The state is the problem, not the solution", or that the state is "the source of Argentina's decline". He also defined taxes as "a hindrance of slavery", affirmed that only liberalism would be able to free Argentines from what he describes as the oppression of the state, compared this to the end of absolutism in European history, and reduced the basic rights to those of "Life, liberty, and property".[208] After winning the 2023 primaries, Milei announced what he called a "new liberal revolution" and "the end of the caste model, that atrocity that says that where there is a need, a right is born, but it is forgotten that someone has to pay for that right."[209][210]
Social issues
Milei opposes abortion rights,[211] and has publicly affirmed a staunch anti-abortion stance,[14][19] saying that abortion violates the non-aggression principle; he sees it as a property conflict or issue of ownership,[212] and drew comparisons between abortion and theft.[213][214] When questioned in September 2021 by a O Globo journalist about an abortion case involving the rape of a 10-year-old girl, Milei asserted that an abortion in such circumstances would still constitute murder.[215] In October 2021, he said: "Why is one crime compensated with another crime?"[44] He stated his support for abortion only when the mother's life is at risk.[216] If he is elected president, he proposes to hold a referendum about the law that legalized abortion in 2020, and in such a case he said that he would support its repeal.[37] He said: "When you construct on the basis of an incorrect moral principle, the result is filth. How can being able to kill other human beings be a right gained? As a liberal, I believe in the unrestricted right to life based on the defence of life, liberty and property. I defend life, biology says that life begins with conception."[217] Due to his views about abortion,[218] alongside a crack down on crime and prohibition of the use of inclusive language, he has been characterized as socially conservative.[36][53][59]
Milei spoke in favor of a legal organ trade,[219][220][221] seeing as a way to reduce waiting lists for organ transplants, and said that there could be market mechanisms to encourage organ donors.[222][223] He said: "If women can have control over their bodies, why not everybody else?"[14] In a June 2022 interview, when asked about his stance on the sale of children, Milei initially said that "it depends".[224] In the same interview, he said: "If I had a child, I wouldn't sell them, but that's not the current topic of discussion in Argentine society. Maybe it will be in 200 years, I don't know."[225] Due to the ensuing controversy, he later clarified his position and expressed his opposition to it. He explained his opposition in clearer terms, while separating it from the organ trade legalization as "a different discussion", stating: "Obviously, I do not agree with the sale of children."[226] Milei supports drug legalization within the context of what he calls a free society but once warned: "If you want to commit suicide, I don't have any problem. Drugging is committing suicide in rates. If you want to get high, do whatever you want, but don't ask me to pay the bill. Because if you are not going to take charge of your decisions... well, that seems unfair to me."[227] About prostitution in Argentina that legalized it but organized activities remain illegal, he said: "I don't see anything wrong with paying for sex. It's a free transaction."[228]
Milei said that he has no issues with same-sex marriage and is indifferent to it; he sees marriage as a contract and is opposed to it as an institution.[227] On homosexuality more generally, he stated: "If you decide to be homosexual, how does that affect my life? In nothing. My liberty? In nothing. My property? In nothing. Therefore, I have nothing to say."[181] He said that the way in which sexuality is lived "is a personal choice", and added: "I don't agree at all that homosexuality is a disease."[101] On transgender rights, Milei said that he "does not care" about gender identification, which he compared to identifying as a cougar, "as long as you do not make me pay the bill", in reference to public funding for gender-affirming care and public education. He said: "I have no problem, but don't impose it on me by the state. Don't steal money from people to impose someone else's ideas on them. That is violent."[229][230] Milei's comments and stances about transgender rights caused criticism among Argentine LGBTQ activists.[231] In June 2022, two Avanza Libertad members of the legislative assembly of Buenos Aires Province proposed a bill to ban inclusive language at schools. According to Sonia Corrêa, co-coordinator of Sexuality and Policy Watch, these bills are not rooted in an ideological belief but are an effort to "lure the constituency of [far-right politician] Javier Milei".[232]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Milei expressed skepticism about COVID-19 vaccines.[36] He questioned the national government COVID-19 vaccination policy, and opposed mandatory vaccination.[41] In November 2021, Milei vaccinated himself for COVID-19, citing economic reasons based on a risk–benefit analysis that he made, and rejected the anti-vaccination label that was used to describe his views on the issue;[42] he dismissed the negative impact his COVID-19 vaccine statements could have had on the campaign against COVID-19.[41] Before his vaccination, he had said that due to an evaluated "income-risk" and the claim that not all vaccines were "well tested". He said: "Pharmacological products require ten years of empirical testing and this product is a year and a half old."[41] The World Health Organization stated that "the safety and efficacy required by vaccines are not in question" despite the fact that they were developed "at an unprecedented speed".[41] About his decision to get vaccinated, he said: "Now I am entering Congress, I am going to give up my diet, on 10 December I am leaving my job, I have to go to give talks in Uruguay, the United States, Chile, and Spain, and I cannot enter without the vaccine. What do I do? Do I run out of income? What do I live on?"[41] He chose the Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine because it is an inactivated virus vaccine.[41]
A climate change denier,[161] Milei rejects the existence of global warming, contradicting the scientific consensus on climate change, and attributes it to a socialist invention;[233][234][235] he said that concerns about climate change are nothing more than "deceptions promoted by the neo-Marxists".[171] Milei promotes the far-right Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory. He uses Cultural Marxism as a label to accuse left-wing politics and progressives of enforcing political correctness.[49] This includes usage of Cultural Marxism in reference to an alleged gender ideology,[49] feminism,[50] LGBTQ movements,[160] minority rights,[50] and public education and comprehensive sex education (ESI) in schools,[45] which he has linked to brainwashing;[236] he said that students are "hostages of a system of state indoctrination".[14] He intends to eliminate the law that makes ESI in schools mandatory,[237] saying its naive to think it would not be used for what he sees as indoctrination,[45] and he wants to implement an education voucher system to decentralize education by "giving the budget to parents".[37] Additionally, Milei linked Cultural Marxism to the Ministry of Women, Genders, and Diversity,[236] and expressed his intent to close that ministry if he is elected president.[238] Milei's criticism of ESI, which he defined as part of a "post-Marxist agenda" and a ploy leading to the "destruction of the most important social nucleus, the family", prompted a response from Amnesty International, which warned about its possible removal, said that ESI is important to the prevention of child sexual abuse, and dismissed allegations that it is used to promote being transgender or crossdressing.[38]
Immigration
Argentina is one of the few countries whose constitution establishes the promotion of immigration as one of the duties of the state; together with the United States, Argentina was that had more immigrants between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.[40] On immigration issues, Milei's 2023 presidential platform includes restrictions.[39] Milei stated that he would prohibit the entry into the country of migrants with a criminal record and said that he want to expel those who commit crimes.[5]
Argentine politics
Milei praised some measures of the first government of Carlos Menem, whom he considers the "best president of all history", and his economy minister Domingo Cavallo.[239] In addition to that, he honored Juan Bautista Alberdi,[240] and the Argentine historic presidencies era of Bartolomé Mitre, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Nicolás Avellaneda.[241] For their government efforts as part of the Conservative Republic , he also praised the Generation of '80, including Justo José de Urquiza, Julio Argentino Roca, and Carlos Pellegrini.[187] Milei criticized the judiciary for allegedly persecuting opponents and favoring friends, and his proposed judicial reform include the appointment of a supreme court judge who is says would be a "feral defender" of the ideas of Alberdi.[242] He questions the governments and policies applied by the Radical Civic Union, the Justicialist Party, and military coups in Argentina. While Milei publicily expressed that he is not a defender of the last Argentine military dictatorship (the National Reorganization Process) and the Dirty War, he has questioned the Dirty War's 30,000 disappeared toll.[5] In September 2022, he again questioned the toll.[243] He asked: "Where are they? Show me the list."[129] He described the military dictatorship of Jorge Videla as the leader of "one of the darkest periods of Argentine history" but that "it was also something that was quite complicated".[244] His view is that the guerrilla terrorists of the 1970s should be condemned like the Argentine military dictatorship, seeing that period as a war between the state and terrorism.[245]
Milei argues that "the only time that pure liberalism was applied was in 1860 and we were a prosperous country."[72] He criticized the governments of Hipólito Yrigoyen,[246] Juan Domingo Perón,[244] Raúl Alfonsín,Cite error: A <ref>
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(see the help page). Capital |language=es}}</ref> Cristina Fernández de Kirchner,[247] and Alberto Fernández.[248] Milei characterized 1930s Argentina as a fascist regime that led to Peronism and Perón's "three-legged fascism" rather than a return to liberal policies.[244] Despite his anti-Peronism and criticism of Peronism, some commentators cited similarities and contradictions between Milei and Peronism,[249] and argued that he remains a representative of Peronism, where Peronism is not only an ideology but is considered a way to govern,[250] citing examples of left-leaning Peronism (Kirchnerism) and right-wing Peronism, such as that of Menem, who privatized and engaged in neoliberal reforms.[251][252] Others agreed that Milei is a populist but argued that he is using populism for liberal ends.[253] Milei also criticized individual politicians of the Juntos por el Cambio centre-right coalition, which he was able to push to the right since 2015.[72] Milei excluded the Juntos por el Cambio leader and former prime minister Mauricio Macri from the political caste he denounce for what he regards as their collectivist policies but criticized Juntos por el Cambio member María Eugenia Vidal, who had said that "we share the same values",[72] as governor of the Buenos Aires Province for not keeping her campaign promises of lower taxes.[254] Milei described Patricia Bullrich, the 2023 Juntos por el Cambio leader, as "part of the Argentine failure".[199]
In a debate prior to the 2021 primary elections, Milei was asked by the Frente de Todos candidate Leandro Santoro if he had ever worked for the public sector, since Milei advocates for the state's abolition.[255] Milei had criticized him as "a state parasite", and said: "I understand that you are 45 years old and you have been involved in politics since you were 14. Have you ever worked in the private sector in your life?" Santoro affirmed that Milei was "an employee of the National Congress in 1994 and reported for the former genocidal general Antonio Domingo Bussi", who at the time was a national deputy. In response, Milei acknowledged having worked for Bussi through his Twitter account.[256][257][258] In a September 2022 speech to Argentina's Chamber of Deputies, Milei criticized Macri for his proposal not to put a dollar into the Aerolíneas Argentinas, wondering why he did not do that when he was president, and questioned the government 2023 budget.[259] He also referred to the attempted assassination of Fernández de Kirchner as "not an assassination attempt". In his speech, he stated: "The first thing I want to take out of the discussion is the [attempted] assassination issue. I understand that we are all equal before the law and that those of us who represent the people are no more. If we put that title on it, you are acknowledging that we are more. I will not accept caste terms. Whatever it was, but it's not an assassination attempt."[260]
Foreign policy
Milei's foreign policy proposals have been described as radical. In August 2023, he dismissed the possible participation of Argentina to BRICS, said he would freeze relations with China, and have Argentina, South America's second-biggest economy, pull out of the Mercosur trade bloc with Brazil.[35] Additionally, he scorned socialists in Latin America and abroad. Analysts stated that a breakdown of Argentina–China relations could harm the Argentine economy. About China, Milei said: "People are not free in China, they can't do what they want and when they do it, they get killed. Would you trade with an assassin?"[35]
Milei endorses the Madrid Charter, a document drafted by Vox that characterizes left-wing groups, such as the São Paulo Forum and the Puebla Group, as enemies of Ibero-America and accuses them of engaging in "a criminal project under the umbrella of the Cuban regime" that "seeks to destabilize liberal democracies and the state of law".[261][262][263] He signed the document alongside other far-right politicians across the region, including Eduardo Bolsonaro from Brazil, Rafael López Aliaga from Peru, and José Antonio Kast from Chile.[263] On foreign policy, he stated that the United States and Israel would be his primary allies if elected president. He also expressed his intention to relocate the Argentine embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[264][265]
At the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, Milei entered the Palace of the Argentine National Congress with a Ukrainian flag, showing his position towards the conflict.[266] A supporter of law-and-order politics, Milei endorses the unrestricted ownership of firearms,[267] saying that Argentina needs the forces "to have authority again".[101] He is supportive of the heavy-handed policy undertaken by Nayib Bukele in El Salvador. While taking a prudent approach, without ruling the model outright, he stated: "In principle, we say that we have to study it and what Nahuel [Sotelo, deputy] did was go to study it [in El Salvador]. We are studying it because it was extremely successful."[101] In August 2023, Milei said that he would consider appointing former president Mauricio Macri as Argentina's overseas ambassador if he wins the October 2023 general election.[268]
As a proponent of non-interventionism in foreign politics, Milei criticized the Falklands War.[113] About this, he said that a government led by him would advocate for dialogue; at the same time, he admitted that this task "is complicated".[113] He added: "If you want [the islands] to become part of Argentina one day again, it will involve a very, very long negotiation and where Argentina will have to be able to propose something interesting ... You will have to sit down and talk to the United Kingdom and discuss this situation with those who live on the islands."[113]
Personal life
Milei has earned the nickname of el Peluca ("The Wig") due to his eccentric hairstyle.[269][270] He has consistently stated that he does not comb his hair, leading to significant press attention;[271] only Lilia Lemoine, vice president of his party and a cosplayer, is able to style his hair.[272] In May 2022, he stated: "I will not be apologizing for having a penis. I don't have to feel ashamed of being a man, white, blond with light blue eyes."[236] In 2018, Milei revealed that he was previously estranged from his parents and regarded them as dead.[273] During his 2021 political campaign, he reconciled with both his father and mother.[274] He always had a close bond with his younger sister, Karina Milei,[275] who managed his election campaigns.[56] Regarding his romantic life, Milei is not married, and said that if elected president, he would have his sister take the role of first lady;[1] previously, he dated the singer Daniela Mori.[276] In August 2023, he announced that he is dating actress Fátima Flórez.[277]
Milei indicated in an October 2017 interview with La Nación that he champions free love.[278] On a local television program in June 2020, he disclosed his involvement in several threesomes and his role as a neotantra instructor, describing himself as a tantric sex instructor,[279] claiming to be "capable of remaining three months without ejaculating".[280] In August 2023, The Daily Telegraph characterized him as a "rock singer and tantric sex instructor",[160] while The Guardian referred to him as a "former tantric sex coach".[14] Milei has compared drug use to suicide. He said that he had smoked marijuana only once, and recalled: "I remember laughing a lot."[227]
In July 2023, the journalist Juan Luis González released El Loco, a biography of Milei, with whom he held a number of interviews.[3][4][281] The book sought to define the New Right in Argentina, and González said that he could not avoid discussing Milei, including his eccentric personal life, ranging from telepathy and esotericism to speaking with his dead dog to his "God-sent mission" to become Argentina's president.[3][4][281] In the book's preface, González wrote: "With the passing of the months, the interviews, the off-the-record meetings, following invoices, stamps, and paperwork, the work went from being a field one with almost academic edges to a tragicomic thriller, halfway between Raymond Chandler's black noirs and John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces."[3]
Religious views
While Milei identifies as Catholic,[282] he has been critical of the Catholic Church under Pope Francis,[283] whom on different occasions he called a "Jesuit who promotes communism", "an unpresentable and disastrous character", and "the representative of the evil one on Earth",[101] as well as "a fucking communist", a "communist turd", and a "piece of shit", and accused him of "preaching communism to the world" and being "the representative of the evil one on Earth" for promoting the option for the poor, a social justice Catholic doctrine of aid to the underprivileged. As a result, the highest authorities of the Argentine Episcopal Conference and other Catholics criticized him.[284][285] Catholic social teaching is considered theft by La Libertad Avanza because it relies on tax revenues, with Milei stating: "Jesus didn't pay taxes." In response, about the upcoming 2023 elections, Pope Francis said: "The extreme right always reconstructs itself, it is the triumph of selfishness over communitarianism. ... I am terrified of saviours of the nation without a political party history."[286]
Milei cites Biblical passages to criticize the state, which he describes as "an invention of the evil one",[72] and his disdain for the state is such that he puts himself in a radical dilemma: "If I had to choose between the state and the mafia, I would choose the mafia. Because the mafia has codes, the mafia adapts, the mafia doesn't lie. And above all, the mafia competes."[180] He also reads the Torah daily and has visited the grave of Orthodox rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Milei expressed contemplation about converting to Judaism but said that observing the Jewish Sabbath could pose challenges if he were to become president.[272] In a 2018 Radio El Mundo interview, Milei expressed his belief in the existence of God.[4] He reiterated this belief in 2022 to the journalist Luis Novaresio, who retorted: "How can a guy as pragmatic as you believe in something unverifiable?"[4] Milei responded: "That is your case. Very strong things have happened to me, which exceed any scientific explanation."[4] According to Milei, he had conversations with God, whom he refers to as "the number 1", akin that of Moses, and that led him to enter politics and try to become president.[287]
Dogs
Milei is the owner of five English Mastiffs, with Conan serving as the progenitor; Conan died in 2017 after suffering from spinal cancer.[3][4][281] He considers Conan his son and has named four of Conan's six clones, including one named after the original and another named Angelito,[288] Milton (in honor of Milton Friedman), Murray (in honor of Murray Rothbard), Robert, and Lucas (both named after Robert Lucas).[289][290] To do this, he went to clinic in the United States; the clonation costed him about $50,000.[281] He described them as four-legged children and thanked them after his 2023 primaries win.[56]
Milei said that he cloned Conan because he understands cloning as "a way of approaching eternity".[281] He also stated that he communicates with the dogs through a mystic.[5] For example, he commented that the new Conan provides ideas on general strategy, Robert is the one who makes him "see the future and learn from mistakes", Milton is in charge of political analysis, and Murray of the economy.[291] When asked about this by El País journalist Martín Sivak and Nicolás Lucca of Radio Rivadavia, Milei did not deny it, and said: "What I do with my spiritual life and in my house is my business. If Conan advises me on politics, it means that he is the best consultant of humanity."[4]
Milei said he had dialogues with the likes of Rothbard and Ayn Rand. In 2015, he cited Conan as a source of inspiration for his writing.[4] About Conan's death in 2017, Milei said that Conan had not really died (he described it as "his physical disappearance" and continued to refer to Conan in the present tense) but had gone to sit next to God to protect him, and that it was thanks to this that he had begun to have talks with God himself.[292] According to González, Milei wrote to a friend in a chat: "I saw the resurrection of Christ three times, but I can't count it. They would say I'm crazy."[3] According to various sources consulted by La Nación, Milei maintains that he and Conan have a mission that was assigned to them by God, and has a mystical story with Conan. He said that he met Conan, who was a lion, as a gladiator in the Roman Colosseum about 2,000 years earlier.[76]
Electoral history
Legislative
Election | Office | List | No. | District | Votes | Result | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % | P. | ||||||||
2021 | National Deputy | La Libertad Avanza | 1 | City of Buenos Aires | 313,808 | 17.04% | 3rd[a] | Elected | [293] |
- ^ Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represent the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.
Radio
Year | Program | Radio |
---|---|---|
2017–present | Demoliendo mitos (Demolishing Myths) | Conexión Abierta |
Books
- — (2014). Lecturas de Economía en tiempos de Kirchnerismo [Economic Readings in Times of Kirchnerism] (in Spanish). Grupo Unión. ISBN 978-987-3773-00-6.
- — (2014). Política Económica Contrarreloj [Economic Politics Against the Clock] (in Spanish). Ediciones Barbarroja. ISBN 978-987-45133-2-8.
- — (2015). El retorno al sendero de la decadencia Argentina [The Return to the Road of Argentine Decadence] (in Spanish). Grupo Unión. ISBN 978-987-3677-18-2.
- —; Giacomini, Diego (2016). Maquinita, Infleta y Devaluta [Money Printer, Inflation and Devaluation] (in Spanish). Grupo Unión. ISBN 978-987-3677-44-1.
- — (2017). Otra vez sopa: maquinita, infleta y devaluta: ensayos de economía monetaria para el caso argentino [Soup Again: Money Printer, Inflation, and Devaluation. Monetary Economy Essays for the Argentine Case] (in Spanish). ISBN 978-987-627-814-0.
- — (2018). Desenmascarando la mentira Keynesiana. Keynes, Friedman y el triunfo de la Escuela Austriaca [Unmasking the Keynesian Lie: Keynes, Friedman, and the Triumph of the Austrian School] (in Spanish). Grupo Unión. ISBN 978-84-7209-727-8.
- —; Giacomini, Diego (2019). Libertad, libertad, libertad [Liberty, Liberty, Liberty] (in Spanish). Galerna. ISBN 978-950-556-739-3.
- — (2020). Pandenomics. La economía que viene en tiempos de megarrecesión, inflación y crisis global [Pandenomics: The Coming Economy in Times of Mega Recession, Inflation, and Global Crisis] (in Spanish). Galerna. ISBN 978-950-556-779-9.
- — (2022). El camino del libertario [The Path of the Libertarian] (in Spanish). Planeta Argentina. ISBN 978-950-49-7456-7.
- — (2023). El fin de la inflación. Eliminar el Banco Central, terminar con la estafa del impuesto inflacionario y volver a ser un país en serio [The End of Inflation: Eliminate the Central Bank, End the Inflation Tax Scam, and Return to Being a Serious Country] (in Spanish). Planeta Argentina. ISBN 978-950-498-171-8.
Selected academic articles
- — (January 2004). "Real Exchange Rate Targeting. ¿Trilema monetario o control de capitales? La política fiscal" [Real Exchange Rate Targeting: Monetary Trilemma or Capital Control? Tax Policy]. Revista de Economía y Estadística (in Spanish) (2). National University of Córdoba, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Institute of Economics and Finance: 63–87.
- — (2014). "De los picapiedras a los supersónicos. Maravillas del progreso tecnológico con convergencia" [From the Flintstones to the Jetsons: Wonders of Technological Progress with Convergence]. Revista Actualidad Económica (in Spanish) (83). National University of Córdoba, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Institute of Economics and Finance: 5–18.
- —; with Diego Giacomini (2017). "Ensayos monetarios para economías Abiertas. El caso argentino" [Monetary Essays for Open Economies: The Argentine Case]. Revista Actualidad Económica (in Spanish) (91). National University of Córdoba, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Institute of Economics and Finance: 5–24.
Notes
- ^ Commentators observed that Milei and his running mate, Victoria Villarruel, held differences on certain issues. Milei is fine with the 2010 law that legalized same-sex marriage in Argentina, while Villarruel supports civil unions but is opposed to egalitarian marriage, and disagrees with him on questions like organ trade legalization, on the grounds that the human body is not a good; their differences of views have been explained as philosophical issues due to Milei's economist background.[127] They also held different views on the last Argentine military dictatorship and the Dirty War. Villarruel is the daughter of a military personnel and engages in historical revisionist accounts of the military dictatorship,[97] and has been accused of Argentine state terrorism denial .[128] While Milei publicily expressed that he is not a defender of it, he has questioned the 30,000 disappeared toll.[129]
References
- ^ a b c d e Dadouch, Sarah (14 August 2023). "Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's right-wing presidential front-runner". The Washington Post. ISSN 2641-9599. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "Argentina: Populist Javier Milei gets most votes in primary election". Euronews. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Su perro muerto, esoterismo y la 'misión' de Dios: los secretos de Javier Milei". iProfesional (in Spanish). 6 July 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i González, Juan Luis (9 August 2023). "Milei y su perro muerto: quién es la fuente secreta de 'El Loco', el libro sobre él". Revista Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina". Il Post (in Italian). 14 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Nunes, Sofía (18 August 2023). "Javier Milei y su rol en el Congreso: el desempeño del diputado desde que asumió". iProfesional (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ Paladini, Eduardo (11 April 2022). "Javier Milei decidió que será candidato a presidente: qué tiene, cuánto mide y a quiénes quiere sumar". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ "Javier Milei confirmó que Victoria Villarruel será su compañera de fórmula: 'Trabajamos muy bien'". Infobae (in Spanish). 15 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "Uncertainty mounts in Argentina as far-right wins in primary vote". Reuters. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d Criales, José Pablo (14 August 2023). "Javier Milei: The ultra-right libertarian and 'anarcho-capitalist' who represents angry Argentina". El País English. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
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- ^ "Elecciones 2021". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional Electoral. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
Further reading
- Ravecca, Paulo; Schenck, Marcela; Forteza, Diego; Fonseca, Bruno (2022). "Interseccionalidad de derecha e ideología de género en América Latina". Analecta política (in Spanish). 12 (22): 1–29. doi:10.18566/apolit.v12n22.a07.
External links
Spanish Wikiquote has quotations related to: Javier Milei