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Jahangir's dob is 31 August 1569 according to Brittanica and TheFamousPeople |
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{{other uses|Jahangir (name)}} |
{{other uses|Jahangir (name)}} |
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{{TAFI}} |
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{{short description|4th Mughal Emperor (1569–1627)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim<br/>Jahangir<br/> نور الدین محمد سلیم جہانگیر |
| name = Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim<br />Jahangir<br /> نور الدین محمد سلیم جہانگیر |
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| title = [[Mughal emperors|Padishah of the Mughal Empire]]<br>Jahangir |
| title = [[Mughal emperors|Padishah of the Mughal Empire]]<br />Jahangir |
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| image = Indian - Single Leaf of a Portrait of the Emperor Jahangir - Walters W705 - Detail.jpg |
| image = Indian - Single Leaf of a Portrait of the Emperor Jahangir - Walters W705 - Detail.jpg |
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| caption = Emperor Jahangir was the 4th Mughal king |
| caption = Emperor Jahangir was the 4th Mughal king |
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| succession = 4th [[Mughal Emperor]] |
| succession = 4th [[Mughal Emperor]] |
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| reign = 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 |
| reign = 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 |
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| coronation = 24 November 1605 |
| coronation = 24 November 1605 |
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| predecessor = [[Akbar]] |
| predecessor = [[Akbar]] |
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| successor = [[Shahryar (Mughal prince)|Shahryar Mirza]]<br />[[Shah Jahan]] |
| successor = [[Shahryar (Mughal prince)|Shahryar Mirza]]<br />[[Shah Jahan]] |
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| birth_name = Salim |
| birth_name = Salim |
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| birth_date = |
| birth_date = 31 August 1569 |
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| birth_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Mughal Empire]] |
| birth_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Mughal Empire]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1627|10|28|1569|8|31|df=yes}} |
| death_date = {{death date and age|1627|10|28|1569|8|31|df=yes}} |
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| death_place = [[Rajauri]], [[Rajouri district]], [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire]], now [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] |
| death_place = [[Rajauri]], [[Rajouri district]], [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire]], now [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] |
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| burial_place = [[Tomb of Jahangir]], [[Lahore]] |
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Jahangir]], [[Lahore]] |
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| spouse = [[Nur Jahan]] |
| spouse = [[Nur Jahan]] |
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| spouse-type = Consort |
| spouse-type = Consort |
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| issue = [[Khusrau Mirza]]<br />[[Parviz Mirza]]<br />[[Shah Jahan|Khurram Mirza]]<br />[[Shahryar Mirza]]<br />Jahandar Mirza<br />Sultan-un-Nissa Begum<br />Daulat-un-Nissa Begum<br />[[Bahar Banu Begum]]<br />Begum Sultan Begum<br />Iffat Banu Begum<br />Five other daughters |
| issue = [[Khusrau Mirza]]<br />[[Parviz Mirza]]<br />[[Shah Jahan|Khurram Mirza]]<br />[[Shahryar Mirza]]<br />Jahandar Mirza<br />Sultan-un-Nissa Begum<br />Daulat-un-Nissa Begum<br />[[Bahar Banu Begum]]<br />Begum Sultan Begum<br />Iffat Banu Begum<br />Five other daughters |
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| full name = Mirza Nur-ud-din Baig Mohammad Khan Salim Jahangir |
| full name = Mirza Nur-ud-din Baig Mohammad Khan Salim Jahangir |
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| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] |
| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] |
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| father = [[Akbar]] |
| father = [[Akbar]] |
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| mother = [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] |
| mother = [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] |
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| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Andrew J. Newman, ''Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam 632 to 1722'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), online version: p. 48: "Jahangir [was] ... a Sunni."</ref><ref>John F. Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 103</ref> |
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Andrew J. Newman, ''Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam 632 to 1722'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), online version: p. 48: "Jahangir [was] ... a Sunni."</ref><ref>John F. Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 103</ref> |
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| spouses = [[Nur Jahan]] <br />[[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]]<br />[[Jagat Gosain]] <br /> [[Sahib Jamal]] <br /> [[Malika Jahan]] <br /> [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nisa Begum]] <br /> [[Khas Mahal]] <br /> Karamsi <br /> [[Saliha Banu Begum]] |
| spouses = [[Nur Jahan]] <br />[[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]]<br />[[Jagat Gosain]] <br /> [[Sahib Jamal]] <br /> [[Malika Jahan]] <br /> [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nisa Begum]] <br /> [[Khas Mahal]] <br /> Karamsi <br /> [[Saliha Banu Begum]] |
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| spouses-type = Wives |
| spouses-type = Wives |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Mughal}} |
{{Mughal}} |
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'''Mirza Nur-ud-din Beig Mohammad Khan Salim مرزا نور الدین محمد خان سلیم''', known by his imperial name (جہانگیر) '''[[Jahangir (name)|Jahangir]]''' (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),<ref name=Brit>{{cite web | |
'''Mirza Nur-ud-din Beig Mohammad Khan Salim مرزا نور الدین محمد خان سلیم''', known by his imperial name (جہانگیر) '''[[Jahangir (name)|Jahangir]]''' (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),<ref name=Brit>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |title=Jahāngīr |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |archive-date=24 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all}}</ref> was the fourth [[Mughal Emperor]] who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. His imperial name (in [[Persian language|Persian]], means 'conqueror of the world', 'world-conqueror' or 'world-seizer' (''Jahan'': world; ''gir'': the root of the Persian verb ''gereftan'': to seize, to grab). The tale of his relationship with the Mughal courtesan, [[Anarkali]], has been widely adapted into the [[Indian literature|literature]], [[Indian art|art]] and [[cinema of India]]. |
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==Early life== |
== Early life == |
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[[File:Prince Salim, the future Jahangir.jpg|thumb|Prince Salim, the future Jahangir]] |
[[File:Prince Salim, the future Jahangir.jpg|thumb|Prince Salim, the future Jahangir]] |
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Prince Salim, later Jahangir, was born on 31 August 1569, in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], to [[Akbar]] and [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]].<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri>{{cite book|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0|title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr|author=Jahangir|translator1=Alexander Rogers|translator2=Henry Beveridge|access-date= |
Prince Salim, later Jahangir, was born on 31 August 1569, in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], to [[Akbar]] and [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]].<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri>{{cite book |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr |author=Jahangir |translator1=Alexander Rogers |translator2=Henry Beveridge |access-date=19 November 2017 |page=1 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |date=1909-1914 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012916/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/jahangir-6991.php |access-date=19 November 2017 |title=Jahangir Biography |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6v6GkpgEt?url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/jahangir-6991.php |archive-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=thefamouspeople.com |dead-url=no}}</ref> Akbar's previous children had died in infancy and he had sought the help of holy men to produce a son. Salim was named for one such man, [[Salim Chishti|Sheikh Salim]], though Akbar always called him Sheikhu Baba.<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri /> |
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Prince Salim forcefully succeeded to the throne on Thursday, 3 November 1605, eight days after his father's death emerging victorious in the vicious struggle for succession between the five prominent and legitimate sons. Salim ascended to the throne with the title of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi and thus began his 22-year reign at the age of 36. Jahangir soon after had to fend off his own son, Prince [[Khusrau Mirza]], when the latter attempted to claim the throne based on Akbar's will to become his next heirs. Khusrau Mirza was defeated in 1606 and confined in the fort of [[Agra]]. As punishment Khusrau Mirza was handed over to his younger brother and was partially blinded and killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html|title=The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography|website= |
Prince Salim forcefully succeeded to the throne on Thursday, 3 November 1605, eight days after his father's death emerging victorious in the vicious struggle for succession between the five prominent and legitimate sons. Salim ascended to the throne with the title of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi and thus began his 22-year reign at the age of 36. Jahangir soon after had to fend off his own son, Prince [[Khusrau Mirza]], when the latter attempted to claim the throne based on Akbar's will to become his next heirs. Khusrau Mirza was defeated in 1606 and confined in the fort of [[Agra]]. As punishment Khusrau Mirza was handed over to his younger brother and was partially blinded and killed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |title=The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography |website=brown.edu |access-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514034521/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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Jahangir considered his third son Prince [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] (future [[Shah Jahan]]), his favourite. In 1622, Khurram murdered his blinded elder brother [[Khusrau Mirza]] in order to smooth his own path to the throne.<ref name="Findly1993">{{cite book|author=Ellison Banks Findly|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA171|date=25 March 1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536060-8|pages=170–172}}</ref> |
Jahangir considered his third son Prince [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] (future [[Shah Jahan]]), his favourite. In 1622, Khurram murdered his blinded elder brother [[Khusrau Mirza]] in order to smooth his own path to the throne.<ref name="Findly1993">{{cite book |author=Ellison Banks Findly |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA171 |date=25 March 1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |pages=170–172}}</ref> |
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Rana of Mewar and Prince Khurram had a standoff that resulted in a treaty acceptable to both parties. Khurram was kept busy with several campaigns in [[Bengal]] and [[Kashmir]]. Jahangir claimed the victories of Khurram – Shah Jahan as his own. |
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[[File:Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir.jpg|thumb|Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir in 1600, when [[Akbar]] was away from the capital on an expedition, Salim organised a coup and declared himself Emperor. Akbar had to hastily return to [[Agra]] and restore order.]] |
[[File:Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir.jpg|thumb|Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir in 1600, when [[Akbar]] was away from the capital on an expedition, Salim organised a coup and declared himself Emperor. Akbar had to hastily return to [[Agra]] and restore order.]] |
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In 1622, Jahangir sent his son [[Prince Khurram]] against the combined forces of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bijapur]] and [[Golconda]]. After his victory Khurram turned against his father and make a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son [Khusrau Mirza], Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power.<ref name=Brit /> |
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Jahangir promised to protect Islam and granted general amnesty to his opponents. He was also notable for his patronage of the arts, especially of painting. During his reign the distinctive style of Mughal painting expanded and blossomed. Jahangir supported a flourishing culture of court painters. |
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Furthermore, Jahangir preserved the Mughal tradition of a highly centralised form of government. Jahangir made the precepts of [[Sunni Islam]] the cornerstone of his state policies. A faithful Muslim, as evidenced by his memoirs, he expressed his gratitude to Allah for his many victories. Jahangir, as a devout Muslim, did not let his personal beliefs dictate his state policies. Sovereignty, according to Jahangir, was a "gift of God" not necessarily given to enforce God's law but rather to "ensure the contentment of the world." In civil cases, Islamic law applied to Muslims, Hindu law applied to Hindus, while criminal law was the same for both Muslims and Hindus. In matters like marriage and inheritance, both communities had their own laws that Jahangir respected. Thus Jahangir was able to deliver justice to people in accordance of their beliefs and also keep his hold on empire by unified criminal law. In the Mughal state, therefore, defiance of imperial authority, whether coming from a prince or anyone else aspiring to political power, or a Muslim or a Hindu, was crushed in the name of law and order. |
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===Foreign relations=== |
=== Foreign relations === |
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[[File:Shah ʿAbbas I receiving Khan ʿÁlam, ambassador from Jahángír in 1617.jpg|thumb|Shah Abbas I receiving Khan Alam, ambassador from Jahangir in 1617]] |
[[File:Shah ʿAbbas I receiving Khan ʿÁlam, ambassador from Jahángír in 1617.jpg|thumb|Shah Abbas I receiving Khan Alam, ambassador from Jahangir in 1617]] |
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In 1626, Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the [[Ottomans]], [[Mughals]] and [[Uzbeks]] against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at Kandahar. He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman [[Sultan]] [[Murad IV]]. Jahangir's ambition did not materialise, however, due to his death in 1627. |
In 1626, Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the [[Ottomans]], [[Mughals]] and [[Uzbeks]] against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at Kandahar. He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman [[Sultan]] [[Murad IV]]. Jahangir's ambition did not materialise, however, due to his death in 1627. |
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==Marriage== |
== Marriage == |
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{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
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[[File:Jahangir's Genealogical Order.jpg|left|thumb|Jahangir's Genealogical Order up to Timur]] |
[[File:Jahangir's Genealogical Order.jpg|left|thumb|Jahangir's Genealogical Order up to Timur]] |
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Salim was made a [[Mansabdar]] of ten thousand (Das-Hazari), the highest military rank of the empire, after the emperor. He independently commanded a regiment in the Kabul campaign of 1581, when he was barely twelve. His Mansab was raised to Twelve Thousand, in 1585, at the time of his betrothal to his cousin Rajkumari [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Man Bai]], daughter of [[Bhagwant Das]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]]. Bhagwant Das, was the son of Raja [[Bhar Mal]] and the brother of Akbar's Hindu wife and Salim's mother |
Salim was made a [[Mansabdar]] of ten thousand (Das-Hazari), the highest military rank of the empire, after the emperor. He independently commanded a regiment in the Kabul campaign of 1581, when he was barely twelve. His Mansab was raised to Twelve Thousand, in 1585, at the time of his betrothal to his cousin Rajkumari [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Man Bai]], daughter of [[Bhagwant Das]] of [[Amer, India|Amer]]. Bhagwant Das, was the son of Raja [[Bhar Mal]] and the brother of Akbar's Hindu wife and Salim's mother – Jodha Bai]]. |
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[[File:Manohar. Emperor Jahangir Weighs Prince Khurram. Page from Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. 1610-1615, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|left|Emperor Jahangir weighing his son [[Prince Khurram]](the future Shah Jahan) on a weighing scale by artist [[Manohar Das|Manohar]](AD 1615)]] |
[[File:Manohar. Emperor Jahangir Weighs Prince Khurram. Page from Tuzuk-i Jahangiri. 1610-1615, British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|left|Emperor Jahangir weighing his son [[Prince Khurram]](the future Shah Jahan) on a weighing scale by artist [[Manohar Das|Manohar]](AD 1615)]] |
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Jahangir married the extremely beautiful and intelligent Mehr-un-Nisaa (better known by her subsequent title of [[Nur Jahan]]) on 25 May 1611. She was the widow of [[Sher Afgan]]. Mehr-un-Nisaa became his indisputable chief consort and favourite wife immediately after their marriage. She was witty, intelligent and beautiful, which was what attracted Jahangir to her. Before being awarded the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World'), she was called Nur Mahal('Light of the Palace'). Her abilities are said to range from fashion designing to hunting. There is also a myth that she had once killed four tigers with six bullets. |
Jahangir married the extremely beautiful and intelligent Mehr-un-Nisaa (better known by her subsequent title of [[Nur Jahan]]) on 25 May 1611. She was the widow of [[Sher Afgan]]. Mehr-un-Nisaa became his indisputable chief consort and favourite wife immediately after their marriage. She was witty, intelligent and beautiful, which was what attracted Jahangir to her. Before being awarded the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World'), she was called Nur Mahal('Light of the Palace'). Her abilities are said to range from fashion designing to hunting. There is also a myth that she had once killed four tigers with six bullets. |
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===Nur Jahan=== |
=== Nur Jahan === |
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{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
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[[File:Noorjahan & Jahangir.jpg|thumb|[[Nur Jahan]] and Jahangir]] |
[[File:Noorjahan & Jahangir.jpg|thumb|[[Nur Jahan]] and Jahangir]] |
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Mehr-Un-Nisa, or [[Nur Jahan]], occupies an important place in the history of Jahangir. She was the widow of a rebel officer, Sher Afgan, whose actual name was Ali Quli Beg Ist'ajlu. He had earned the title "Sher Afgan" (Tiger tosser) from Emperor Akbar after throwing off a tiger that had leaped to attack Akbar on the top of an elephant in a royal hunt at Bengal and then stabbing the fallen tiger to death. Akbar was greatly affected by the bravery of the young Turkish bodyguard accompanying him and awarded him the captaincy of the Imperial Guard at Bengal. |
Mehr-Un-Nisa, or [[Nur Jahan]], occupies an important place in the history of Jahangir. She was the widow of a rebel officer, Sher Afgan, whose actual name was Ali Quli Beg Ist'ajlu. He had earned the title "Sher Afgan" (Tiger tosser) from Emperor Akbar after throwing off a tiger that had leaped to attack Akbar on the top of an elephant in a royal hunt at Bengal and then stabbing the fallen tiger to death. Akbar was greatly affected by the bravery of the young Turkish bodyguard accompanying him and awarded him the captaincy of the Imperial Guard at [[Burdwan]], [[Bengal]]. Sher Afgan had killed in rebellion (after having learned of Jahangir's orders to have him slain to possess his beautiful wife Mehr Un Nisaa as Jahangir yearned for her much earlier than her wedding to Sher Afgan), the governor of [[Bengal]] [[Qutubuddin Koka]] who was instructed secretly by Jahangir in his quest and who also was the emperor's foster brother and Sheikh [[Salim Chishti]]'s grandson and consequently had been slain by the guards of the Governor. The widowed Mehr-Un-Nisaa was brought to Agra along with her nine-year-old daughter and placed in—or refused to be placed in—the Royal harem in 1607. Jahangir married her in 1611 and gave her the title of Nur Jahan or "Light of the World". It was rumoured that Jahangir had a hand in the death of her first husband Sher Afghan, albeit there is no recorded evidence to prove that he was guilty of that crime; in fact most travellers' reports say that he met her after Sher Afgan's death. (See Ellison Banks Findly's scholarly biography for a full discussion.) |
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[[File:Silver rupee coin of Jahangir, Ahmedabad mint.jpg|thumb|left|Heavy rupee of Jahangir]] |
[[File:Silver rupee coin of Jahangir, Ahmedabad mint.jpg|thumb|left|Heavy rupee of Jahangir]] |
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The loss of Kandahar was due to Prince Khurram's refusal to obey her orders. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, but the latter refused to do so. There is no doubt that the refusal of the prince was due to her behaviour towards him, as she was favouring her son-in-law, Shahryar, at the expense of Khurram. Khurram suspected that in his absence, Shahryar might be given promotion and that he might die on the battlefield. This fear forced Khurram to rebel against his father rather than fight against the [[Safavid dynasty|Persians]], and thereby Kandahar was lost. |
The loss of Kandahar was due to Prince Khurram's refusal to obey her orders. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of affairs. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, but the latter refused to do so. There is no doubt that the refusal of the prince was due to her behaviour towards him, as she was favouring her son-in-law, Shahryar, at the expense of Khurram. Khurram suspected that in his absence, Shahryar might be given promotion and that he might die on the battlefield. This fear forced Khurram to rebel against his father rather than fight against the [[Safavid dynasty|Persians]], and thereby Kandahar was lost to the Persians. Nur Jahan struck coins in her own name during the last years of Jahangir's reign when he was taken ill. |
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Under Jahangir, the empire continued to be a war state attuned to conquest and expansion. Jahangir's most irksome foe was the Rana of Mewar, Amar Singh, who finally surrendered in 1613 to Khurram's forces. In the northeast, the Mughals clashed with the Ahoms of Assam, whose guerilla tactics gave the Mughals a hard time. In Northern India, Jahangir's forces under Khurram defeated their other principal adversary, the Raja of Kangra, in 1615; in the Deccan, his victories further consolidated the empire. But in 1620, Jahangir fell sick, and so ensued the familiar quest for power. Nur Jahan married her daughter to Shahryar, Jahangir's youngest son from his other queen, in the hope of having a living male heir to the throne when Jahangir died. |
Under Jahangir, the empire continued to be a war state attuned to conquest and expansion. Jahangir's most irksome foe was the Rana of Mewar, Amar Singh, who finally surrendered in 1613 to Khurram's forces. In the northeast, the Mughals clashed with the Ahoms of Assam, whose guerilla tactics gave the Mughals a hard time. In Northern India, Jahangir's forces under Khurram defeated their other principal adversary, the Raja of Kangra, in 1615; in the Deccan, his victories further consolidated the empire. But in 1620, Jahangir fell sick, and so ensued the familiar quest for power. Nur Jahan married her daughter to Shahryar, Jahangir's youngest son from his other queen, in the hope of having a living male heir to the throne when Jahangir died. |
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==Conquests== |
== Conquests == |
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In the year 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]], alongside [[Abul Hasan Asaf Khan]], also known as Mirza Jaafar Beg son of Mirza Ghias Beg Isfahani and brother of Nur Jehan, and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], to defeat the renegade [[Vir Singh Deo]] of [[Bundela]] and capture the city of [[Orchha]], which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]] a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory. |
In the year 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]], alongside [[Abul Hasan Asaf Khan]], also known as Mirza Jaafar Beg son of Mirza Ghias Beg Isfahani and brother of Nur Jehan, and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], to defeat the renegade [[Vir Singh Deo]] of [[Bundela]] and capture the city of [[Orchha]], which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]] a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory. |
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Jahangir then gathered his forces under the command of Ali Kuli Khan and fought Lakshmi Narayan of [[Koch Bihar]]. Lakshmi Narayan then accepted the Mughals as his suzerains he was given the title ''Nazir'' and later established a garrison at Atharokotha. |
Jahangir then gathered his forces under the command of Ali Kuli Khan and fought Lakshmi Narayan of [[Koch Bihar]]. Lakshmi Narayan then accepted the Mughals as his suzerains he was given the title ''Nazir'' and later established a garrison at Atharokotha. |
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In 1613,<ref>''From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India'', p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA37 37], Orient Blackswan, Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa</ref> |
In 1613,<ref>''From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India'', p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA37 37], Orient Blackswan, Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa</ref> the Portuguese seized the Mughal ship ''Rahimi'', which had set out from [[Surat]] on its way with a large cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims, who were on their way to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in order to attend the annual [[Hajj]]. The ''Rahimi'' was owned by [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], mother of Jahangir and Akbar's Rajput wife. She was referred to as Queen mother of [[Hindustan]] during his reign. ''Rahimi'' was the largest Indian ship sailing in the [[Red Sea]] and was known to the Europeans as the "great pilgrimage ship". When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe. The outrage was compounded by the fact that the owner and the patron of the ship was none other than the revered mother of the current emperor. Jahangir himself was outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town Daman. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches that belonged to the [[Jesuit]]s. This episode is considered to be an example of the struggle for wealth that would later ensue and lead to colonisation of the Indian sub-continent. |
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Jahangir was responsible for ending a century long struggle with the state of [[Mewar]]. The campaign against the [[Rajput]]s was pushed so extensively that they were made to submit with great loss of life and property. |
Jahangir was responsible for ending a century long struggle with the state of [[Mewar]]. The campaign against the [[Rajput]]s was pushed so extensively that they were made to submit with great loss of life and property. |
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Jahangir posted [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], an Afghan rebel in Bengal, in 1608. Jahangir also thought of capturing [[Kangra Fort]], which Akbar had failed to do in 1615. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was taken in 1620, which "resulted in the submission of the Raja of Chamba who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region." The district of Kistwar, in the state of Kashmir, was also conquered. |
Jahangir posted [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], an Afghan rebel in Bengal, in 1608. Jahangir also thought of capturing [[Kangra Fort]], which Akbar had failed to do in 1615. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was taken in 1620, which "resulted in the submission of the Raja of Chamba who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region." The district of Kistwar, in the state of Kashmir, was also conquered. |
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==Death== |
== Death == |
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[[File:Jehangir Tomb3.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Tomb of Jahangir]] in Shahdara, [[Lahore]]]] |
[[File:Jehangir Tomb3.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Tomb of Jahangir]] in Shahdara, [[Lahore]]]] |
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Jahangir was trying to restore his health by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. He went from Kabul to Kashmir but decided to return to [[Lahore]] on account of a severe cold. |
Jahangir was trying to restore his health by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. He went from Kabul to Kashmir but decided to return to [[Lahore]] on account of a severe cold. |
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Jahangir died on the way back from Kashmir near Sarai Saadabad in [[Bhimber]] in 1627. To preserve his body, the entrails were removed and buried in the [[Baghsar Fort]], Kashmir. The body was then transferred to Lahore to be buried in [[Shahdara Bagh]], a suburb of Lahore, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. He was succeeded by his third son, Prince Khurram, who took the title of Shah Jahan. Jahangir's elegant [[Tomb of Jahangir|mausoleum]] is located in the Shahdara locale of Lahore and is a popular tourist attraction. |
Jahangir died on the way back from Kashmir near Sarai Saadabad in [[Bhimber]] in 1627.<ref name="Allan 1958 p. 311">{{cite book |last=Allan |first=J. |title=Muslim India |publisher=S. Chand |series=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |year=1958 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyAhAAAAMAAJ |language=de |access-date=3 September 2018 |page=311}}</ref> To preserve his body, the entrails were removed and buried in the [[Baghsar Fort]], Kashmir. The body was then transferred to Lahore to be buried in [[Shahdara Bagh]], a suburb of Lahore, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. He was succeeded by his third son, Prince Khurram, who took the title of Shah Jahan. Jahangir's elegant [[Tomb of Jahangir|mausoleum]] is located in the Shahdara locale of Lahore and is a popular tourist attraction. |
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==Religion== |
== Religion == |
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{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
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[[File:Jahangir & Abbas I.jpg|thumb|A manuscript depicting the [[Mughal Emperor]] Jahangir and the [[Safavid]] [[Shah]] [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]], and the qualities of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-[[Safavid]] relations.]] |
[[File:Jahangir & Abbas I.jpg|thumb|A manuscript depicting the [[Mughal Emperor]] Jahangir and the [[Safavid]] [[Shah]] [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]], and the qualities of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-[[Safavid]] relations.]] |
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Most notorious was [[Guru Arjan Dev#Martyrdom|the execution]] of the Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev]] Ji, whom Jahangir had |
Most notorious was [[Guru Arjan Dev#Martyrdom|the execution]] of the Sikh [[Guru Arjan Dev]] Ji, whom Jahangir had had killed in prison. His lands were confiscated and his sons imprisoned as Jahangir suspected him of helping Khusrau's rebellion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |date=2009 |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=83–84 |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6}}</ref> It is unclear whether Jahangir even understood what a Sikh was, referring to Guru Arjan as a Hindu, who had "captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners... for three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm." The trigger for Guru Arjan's execution was his support for Jahangir's rebel son Khusrau Mirza, yet it is clear from Jahangir's own memoirs that he disliked Guru Arjan before then: "many times it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam." The Mughal rulers of the Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth. In 1605 Jahangir made an entry in ''Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī'' concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son Khusro. "Too many people," he wrote, "were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim the Panth had to be extinguished." Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint, and that for a long time he had been thinking of forcing Arjan to convert to Islam or his "false trade" should be eliminated. Mughal authorities seem plainly to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Arjan is the first martyr Guru.<ref name="McLeodp20">{{cite book |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |author=[[W.H. McLeod]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=20 (Arjan's Death) |quote=}}</ref> |
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Muqarrab Khan sent to Jahangir "a European curtain (tapestry) the like of which in beauty no other work of the Frank [European] painters has ever been seen." One of his audience halls was "adorned with European screens." Christian themes attracted Jahangir, and even merited a mention in the Tuzuk. One of his slaves gave him a piece of ivory into which had been carved four scenes. In the last scene "there is a tree, below which the figure of the revered (hazrat) Jesus is shown. One person has placed his head at Jesus' feet, and an old man is conversing with Jesus and four others are standing by." Though Jahangir believed it to be the work of the slave who presented it to him, Sayyid Ahmad and Henry Beveridge suggest that it was of European origin and possibly showed the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]. Wherever it came from, and whatever it represented, it was clear that a European style had come to influence Mughal art, otherwise the slave would not have claimed it as his own design, nor would he have been believed by Jahangir. |
Muqarrab Khan sent to Jahangir "a European curtain (tapestry) the like of which in beauty no other work of the Frank [European] painters has ever been seen." One of his audience halls was "adorned with European screens." Christian themes attracted Jahangir, and even merited a mention in the Tuzuk. One of his slaves gave him a piece of ivory into which had been carved four scenes. In the last scene "there is a tree, below which the figure of the revered (hazrat) Jesus is shown. One person has placed his head at Jesus' feet, and an old man is conversing with Jesus and four others are standing by." Though Jahangir believed it to be the work of the slave who presented it to him, Sayyid Ahmad and Henry Beveridge suggest that it was of European origin and possibly showed the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]. Wherever it came from, and whatever it represented, it was clear that a European style had come to influence Mughal art, otherwise the slave would not have claimed it as his own design, nor would he have been believed by Jahangir. |
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==Art== |
== Art == |
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{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} |
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Jahangir was also revolutionary in his adaptation of European styles. A collection at the [[British Museum]] in London contains seventy-four drawings of Indian portraits dating from the time of Jahangir, including a portrait of the emperor himself. These portraits are a unique example of art during Jahangir's reign because before and for sometime after, faces were not drawn full, head-on and including the shoulders as well as the head as these drawings are. |
Jahangir was also revolutionary in his adaptation of European styles. A collection at the [[British Museum]] in London contains seventy-four drawings of Indian portraits dating from the time of Jahangir, including a portrait of the emperor himself. These portraits are a unique example of art during Jahangir's reign because before and for sometime after, faces were not drawn full, head-on and including the shoulders as well as the head as these drawings are. |
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==Criticism== |
== Criticism == |
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Jahangir is widely considered to have been a weak and incapable ruler.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1=Donald F.|last2=Kley|first2=Edwin J. Van|title=Asia in the Making of Europe Vol. III, Bk. 2: A Century of Advance, South Asia|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn= |
Jahangir is widely considered to have been a weak and incapable ruler.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |title=Asia in the Making of Europe Vol. III, Bk. 2: A Century of Advance, South Asia |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-46767-2 |page=629 |edition=Pbk.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flores |first1=Jorge |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004307537 |page=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Annemarie Schimmel ; translated by Corinne Attwood ; edited by Burzine K. Waghmar ; with a foreword by Francis |title=The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture |date=2005 |publisher=Sang-E-Meel Pub. |location=Lahore |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=45 |edition=Revised}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Valerie |last2=Curtis |first2=Ken |title=Voyages in World History, Volume 1 to 1600 |date=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-41512-3 |page=446 |language=en}}</ref> Orientalist [[Henry Beveridge]] (editor of the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'') compares Jahangir to the Roman emperor [[Claudius]], for both were "weak men... in their wrong places as rulers... [and had] Jahangir been head of a Natural History Museum,... [he] would have been [a] better and happier man."<ref name="Findly pg 311">{{cite book |last1=Findly |first1=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=311}}</ref> [[Sir William Hawkins]] who visited Jahangir's court in 1609, said: "In such short that what this man's father, called Ecber Padasha [Padshah Akbar], got of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccans]], this king, Selim Sha [Jahangir] beginneth to lose."<ref name="Findly pg 311" /> Italian writer and traveller, [[Niccolao Manucci]], who worked under Jahangir's grandson, [[Dara Shikoh]], began his discussion about Jahangir by saying: "It is a truth tested by experience that sons dissipate what their fathers gained in the sweat of their brow."<ref name="Findly pg 311" /> |
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According to [[John F. Richards]], Jahangir's frequent withdrawal to a private sphere of life was partly reflective of his indolence, brought on by his addiction to a considerable daily dosage of wine and opium.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=John F|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Mughal Empire|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-85618-49-4|page=102}}</ref> |
According to [[John F. Richards]], Jahangir's frequent withdrawal to a private sphere of life was partly reflective of his indolence, brought on by his addiction to a considerable daily dosage of wine and opium.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Mughal Empire |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-85618-49-4 |page=102}}</ref> |
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==In media== |
== In media == |
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[[File:Prince Salim (the future Jahangir) and his legendary illicit love.jpg|thumb|250px|Jahangir and [[Anarkali]]]] |
[[File:Prince Salim (the future Jahangir) and his legendary illicit love.jpg|thumb|250px|Jahangir and [[Anarkali]]]] |
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* In the 1939 Hindi film ''[[Pukar (1939 film)|Pukar]]'', Jehangir was portrayed by [[Chandra Mohan (1905–1949)|Chandra Mohan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bajaj |first=J. K. |date=2014 |title=On & Behind the Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |page=2020 |isbn=9789350836217}}</ref> |
* In the 1939 Hindi film ''[[Pukar (1939 film)|Pukar]]'', Jehangir was portrayed by [[Chandra Mohan (1905–1949)|Chandra Mohan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bajaj |first=J. K. |date=2014 |title=On & Behind the Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |page=2020 |isbn=9789350836217}}</ref> |
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* In the 1953 Hindi film ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Pradeep Kumar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=U |first=Saiam Z. |date=2012 |title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSVCCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=9789380070254}}</ref> |
* In the 1953 Hindi film ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Pradeep Kumar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=U |first=Saiam Z. |date=2012 |title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSVCCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=9789380070254}}</ref> |
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* In the 1955 Telugu film ''[[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]]'',he was portrayed by [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]] |
* In the 1955 Telugu film ''[[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]]'',he was portrayed by [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]] |
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* In the 1960 Hindi film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', he was portrayed by [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Mughal-E-Azam: Lesser known facts |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo-features/Mughal-E-Azam-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/47653911.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date= |
* In the 1960 Hindi film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', he was portrayed by [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Mughal-E-Azam: Lesser known facts |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo-features/Mughal-E-Azam-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/47653911.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> [[Jalal Agha]] also played the younger Jahangir at the start of the film.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* In the 1966 Malyalam film ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)]]'', he was portrayed by [[Prem Nazir]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vijaykumar |first=B. |title=Anarkali 1966 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anarkali-1966/article788581.ece |date= |
* In the 1966 Malyalam film ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Prem Nazir]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vijaykumar |first=B. |title=Anarkali 1966 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anarkali-1966/article788581.ece |date=31 May 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> |
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* In the 1979 Telugu film ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'',he was portrayed by [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] |
* In the 1979 Telugu film ''[[Akbar Salim Anarkali]]'',he was portrayed by [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] |
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* In the 1988 [[Shyam Benegal]]'s TV Series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', he was portrayed by [[Vijay Arora]] |
* In the 1988 [[Shyam Benegal]]'s TV Series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', he was portrayed by [[Vijay Arora]] |
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* In the 2000 TV series [[Noorjahan (TV Series)|''Noorjahan'']], he was portrayed by [[Milind Soman|Milnd Soman]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |date=27 September 1999 |title=Model Milind Soman to play Salim in serial Noorjahan on DD1 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd1/1/255257.html |magazine=India Today |access-date=2016- |
* In the 2000 TV series [[Noorjahan (TV Series)|''Noorjahan'']], he was portrayed by [[Milind Soman|Milnd Soman]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |date=27 September 1999 |title=Model Milind Soman to play Salim in serial Noorjahan on DD1 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd1/1/255257.html |magazine=India Today |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815223107/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd1/1/255257.html |archive-date=15 August 2016 |dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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* In the 2013 [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s TV Series ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'', he was portrayed by [[Ravi Bhatia]]. Ayaan Zubair Rahmani also played young Salim initially. |
* In the 2013 [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s TV Series ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'', he was portrayed by [[Ravi Bhatia]]. Ayaan Zubair Rahmani also played young Salim initially. |
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* In the 2014 [[Indu Sudaresan]]'s TV Series ''[[Siyaasat]]'', he was portrayed by [[Karanvir Sharma]] and Later [[Sudhanshu Pandey]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=20 March 2015 |title=Sudhanshu Pandey replaces Karanvir Sharma in Siyaasat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sudhanshu-Pandey-replaces-Karanvir-Sharma-in-Siyaasat/articleshow/46632331.cms |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=2016- |
* In the 2014 [[Indu Sudaresan]]'s TV Series ''[[Siyaasat]]'', he was portrayed by [[Karanvir Sharma]] and Later [[Sudhanshu Pandey]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=20 March 2015 |title=Sudhanshu Pandey replaces Karanvir Sharma in Siyaasat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sudhanshu-Pandey-replaces-Karanvir-Sharma-in-Siyaasat/articleshow/46632331.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sudhanshu-Pandey-replaces-Karanvir-Sharma-in-Siyaasat/articleshow/46632331.cms |archive-date=4 March 2016 |dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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==Ancestry== |
== Ancestry == |
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{{ahnentafel |
{{ahnentafel |
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|1= 1. '''Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor''' |
| 1= 1. '''Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor''' |
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|2= 2. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]] |
| 2= 2. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]] |
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|3= 3. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] |
| 3= 3. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] |
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|4= 4. [[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun, Mughal Emperor |
| 4= 4. [[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun, Mughal Emperor]] |
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|5= 5. [[Hamida Banu Begum]] |
| 5= 5. [[Hamida Banu Begum]] |
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|6= 6. [[Bihari Mal|Bhar Mal]], Raja of [[Amer, India|Amber]] |
| 6= 6. [[Bihari Mal|Bhar Mal]], Raja of [[Amer, India|Amber]] |
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|7= |
| 7= |
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|8= 8. [[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur, Mughal Emperor]] |
| 8= 8. [[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur, Mughal Emperor]] |
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|9= 9. [[Maham Begum]] |
| 9= 9. [[Maham Begum]] |
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|10= 10. Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami |
| 10= 10. Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami |
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|11= 11. Mah Afroz Begum |
| 11= 11. Mah Afroz Begum |
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|12= 12. Prithviraj I, Raja of [[Amer, India|Amber]] |
| 12= 12. Prithviraj I, Raja of [[Amer, India|Amber]] |
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|13= 13. Apurva Devi of [[Bikaner]] |
| 13= 13. Apurva Devi of [[Bikaner]] |
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|14= |
| 14= |
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|15= }} |
| 15= }} |
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==Works online== |
== Works online == |
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* {{cite book |last=Emperor of Hindustan |first=Jahangir |translator-last=Price |translator-first=David |date=1829 |title=Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofemperor00jaharich#page/n5/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=J. Murray}} |
* {{cite book |last=Emperor of Hindustan |first=Jahangir |translator-last=Price |translator-first=David |date=1829 |title=Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir |url=https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofemperor00jaharich#page/n5/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=J. Murray}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |authorlink=Henry Miers Elliot |date=1875 |title=Wakiʼat-i Jahangiri |url=https://archive.org/stream/wakiatijahangiri00jaha#page/n5/mode/2up |location=Lahore |publisher=Sheikh Mubarak Ali}} |
* {{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |authorlink=Henry Miers Elliot |date=1875 |title=Wakiʼat-i Jahangiri |url=https://archive.org/stream/wakiatijahangiri00jaha#page/n5/mode/2up |location=Lahore |publisher=Sheikh Mubarak Ali}} |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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* [[Jahangirnama]] |
* [[Jahangirnama]] |
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* [[Hiran Minar]] |
* [[Hiran Minar]] |
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* [[Shahjahan]] |
* [[Shahjahan]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
== Further reading == |
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* {{cite book |title=The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500 |last=Andrea |first=Alfred J. |authorlink= |author2=Overfield, James H. |edition=Fifth |year=2005 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-618-37041-2 |pages= |url= |
* {{cite book |title=The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500 |last=Andrea |first=Alfred J. |authorlink= |author2=Overfield, James H. |edition=Fifth |year=2005 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-618-37041-2 |pages= |url=}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Alvi |first=Sajida S. |authorlink=Sajida Alvi | |
* {{cite journal |last=Alvi |first=Sajida S. |authorlink=Sajida Alvi |year=1989 |title=Religion and State during the Reign of Mughal Emperor Jahǎngǐr (1605–27): Nonjuristical Perspectives |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=9 |pages=95–119 |doi=10.2307/1596069 |jstor=1596069 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=April–June 1987 |title=Jahāngīr's Vow of Non-Violence |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/602833 |jstor=602833 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=April–June 1987 |title=Jahāngīr's Vow of Non-Violence |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=245–256 |doi=10.2307/602833 |jstor=602833 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Lefèvre |first=Corinne |year=2007 |title=Recovering a Missing Voice from Mughal India: The Imperial Discourse of Jahāngīr (R. 1605–1627) in his Memoirs |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=50 |issue= |
* {{cite journal |last=Lefèvre |first=Corinne |year=2007 |title=Recovering a Missing Voice from Mughal India: The Imperial Discourse of Jahāngīr (R. 1605–1627) in his Memoirs |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=452–489 |doi=10.1163/156852007783245034}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* [http://www.kforknowledge.com/2011/09/jehangir-and-shah-jehan.html Jehangir and Shah Jehan] |
* [http://www.kforknowledge.com/2011/09/jehangir-and-shah-jehan.html Jehangir and Shah Jehan] |
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* [http://www.boloji.com/history/012.htm The World Conqueror: Jahangir] |
* [http://www.boloji.com/history/012.htm The World Conqueror: Jahangir] |
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