Ithinkicahn (talk | contribs) →Incidents: Wording |
wp:or & pov the sources are quite clear, plz explain in talk page why they can be unreliable |
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|Image_Caption = Town map with significant locations. |
|Image_Caption = Town map with significant locations. |
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|AKA = |
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|Participants = <!-- The people or group of people who took place in the event. Try to be specific. -->( |
|Participants = <!-- The people or group of people who took place in the event. Try to be specific. -->(mainly) Turkish nationalist Army and irregulars,<ref name=Shkenk/><ref name="Reports11"/> on a minor scale: Greek army, (insubordinate role) Circassian mercenaries<ref name=ToynbeeWesternQuestion>{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=The Western question in Greece and Turkey|year=1922|publisher=Constable|isbn=9781152112612|pages=287–297–298–299|quote= |ol=1108521W}}</ref> |
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|Location = [[Izmit]] district, [[Turkey]] |
|Location = [[Izmit]] district, [[Turkey]] |
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|Date = June 1920 |
|Date = June 1920 - June 1921 |
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|Deaths = <!-- Deaths caused by the event--> |
|Deaths = <!-- Deaths caused by the event--><300 by the Greek Army<ref name=ToynbeeWesternQuestion /> 12,000 by the Turkish Army (+ 2,500 missing)<ref name=Shkenk/><ref name="Reports11"/> |
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|Result = |
|Result = |
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The '''Izmit massacre''' refers to atrocities committed in the region of [[Izmit]], [[Turkey]], during the [[Greco-Turkish War ( |
The '''Izmit massacre''' refers to atrocities committed in the region of [[Izmit]], [[Turkey]], during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]]. An Allied commission that investigated the incidents, submitted a report on the event, in June 1, 1921. In general it accepted the Greek claims that Turkish troops massacred more than 12,000 local civilians, while 2,500 were missing<ref name=Shkenk/><ref name="Reports11">Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula, p. 11</ref> and stated that the atrocities committed by the Turks in the Izmit peninsula "have been more considerable and ferocious than those on the part of the Greeks".<ref name=Shkenk>Shenk, 2012</ref><ref name="Ionian vision p.215">Ionian vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, Michael Llewellyn Smith, page 215, 1998</ref> The Greek claim that Turkish troops On the other hand Greek troops killed more than 300 local Turkish inhabitants.{{cn|date=July 2014}} |
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==Incidents== |
==Incidents== |
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A number of attacks of Turkish bands against the local Christian population was reported after the [[Armistice of Mudros]] (1918). |
A number of attacks of Turkish bands against the local Christian population was reported after the [[Armistice of Mudros]] (1918). This violence increased against the local Greek population, from March 1920 and especially during June-July 1920, when the advance of the Greek army in the region was imminent.<ref name="Reports11"/> These groups were operating as far as [[Üsküdar]], while some of them were organized by the Turkish National Movement of [[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk|Mustafa Kemal]].<ref name="Reports11"/> |
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As a result of this activity, several villages of the region were burnt and their population decimated, especially in the regions south, north and northeast of [[Adapazarı]], as well as south and southeast of [[Iznik]].<ref name="Reports11"/> |
As a result of this activity, several villages of the region were burnt and their population decimated, especially in the regions south, north and northeast of [[Adapazarı]], as well as south and southeast of [[Iznik]].<ref name="Reports11"/> |
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The presence of the Greek army in the region from July 1920, limited the activity of the Turkish bands, although in [[Karamürsel]], south of the Izmit gulf, some Turkish nationalists groups were still attacking surrounding villages inhabited by Greek populations.<ref name="Reports11"/> |
The presence of the Greek army in the region from July 1920, limited the activity of the Turkish bands, although in [[Karamürsel]], south of the Izmit gulf, some Turkish nationalists groups were still attacking surrounding villages inhabited by Greek populations.<ref name="Reports11"/> |
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Latter, the Greek army in the region, was accused for supporting attacks against some villages east of Beicos. Accusations included the killing of civilians and even the burning of small settlements.<ref name="Reports10"/> Accusations also included violence perpetrated by local Greek civilians that previously suffered from Turkish atrocities <ref name="Reports10">Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula, p. 10</ref> |
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On the other hand, Greek and Armenian violence against Turkish Muslims in the area was widespread; included was the violence perpetrated by local Greek civilians against Turkish villages and civilians.<ref name="Reports10">Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula, p. 10</ref> These Greek attacks on Turkish villages were part of the regional [[Yalova Peninsula Massacres (1920–21)|Yalova Peninsula Massacres]], in which Greek, Armenian, and sometimes Circassian gangs, as well as the Greek Army,<ref name="Reports10"/><ref name="Toynbee 1970 283-284">{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations|year=1970|publisher=H. Fertig, originally: University of California|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gTkbAAAAIAAJ&q=This+plan+is+being+carried+out+by+Greek+and+Armenian+bands,+++which+appear+to+operate+under+Greek+instructions+and+sometimes+++even+with+the+assistance+of+detachments+of+regular+troops.&dq=This+plan+is+being+carried+out+by+Greek+and+Armenian+bands,+++which+appear+to+operate+under+Greek+instructions+and+sometimes+++even+with+the+assistance+of+detachments+of+regular+troops.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WrCXUdrtMYTJOYa6gMgL&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw|quote=The full version can be found [http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/WesternQuestion.pdf here (Online reports of Arnold Toynbee)]|quote=‘The members of the Commission consider that, in the part of the kazas of Yalova and Guemlek occupied by the Greek army, there is a systematic plan of destruction of Turkish villages and extinction of the Moslem population. This plan is being carried out by Greek and Armenian bands, which appear to operate under Greek instructions and sometimes even with the assistance of detachments of regular troops|pages=283–284}}</ref> committed massacres and ethnic cleansing against the Turkish population of the peninsula. |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
Revision as of 19:03, 16 July 2014
Date | June 1920 - June 1921 |
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Location | Izmit district, Turkey |
Participants | (mainly) Turkish nationalist Army and irregulars,[1][2] on a minor scale: Greek army, (insubordinate role) Circassian mercenaries[3] |
Deaths | <300 by the Greek Army[3] 12,000 by the Turkish Army (+ 2,500 missing)[1][2] |
The Izmit massacre refers to atrocities committed in the region of Izmit, Turkey, during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). An Allied commission that investigated the incidents, submitted a report on the event, in June 1, 1921. In general it accepted the Greek claims that Turkish troops massacred more than 12,000 local civilians, while 2,500 were missing[1][2] and stated that the atrocities committed by the Turks in the Izmit peninsula "have been more considerable and ferocious than those on the part of the Greeks".[1][4] The Greek claim that Turkish troops On the other hand Greek troops killed more than 300 local Turkish inhabitants.[citation needed]
Incidents
A number of attacks of Turkish bands against the local Christian population was reported after the Armistice of Mudros (1918). This violence increased against the local Greek population, from March 1920 and especially during June-July 1920, when the advance of the Greek army in the region was imminent.[2] These groups were operating as far as Üsküdar, while some of them were organized by the Turkish National Movement of Mustafa Kemal.[2]
As a result of this activity, several villages of the region were burnt and their population decimated, especially in the regions south, north and northeast of Adapazarı, as well as south and southeast of Iznik.[2]
The presence of the Greek army in the region from July 1920, limited the activity of the Turkish bands, although in Karamürsel, south of the Izmit gulf, some Turkish nationalists groups were still attacking surrounding villages inhabited by Greek populations.[2]
Latter, the Greek army in the region, was accused for supporting attacks against some villages east of Beicos. Accusations included the killing of civilians and even the burning of small settlements.[5] Accusations also included violence perpetrated by local Greek civilians that previously suffered from Turkish atrocities [5]
Aftermath
An Allied commission that investigated the incidence in the region accepted the Greek claims that Turkish troops massacred more than 12,000 local civilians, while 2,500 were missing was accepted by the commission as fundamentally true, "not withstanding a certain amount of exaggeration in the figures".[1][2]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Shenk, 2012
- ^ a b c d e f g h Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula, p. 11
- ^ a b Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1922). The Western question in Greece and Turkey. Constable. pp. 287–297–298–299. ISBN 9781152112612. OL 1108521W.
- ^ Ionian vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, Michael Llewellyn Smith, page 215, 1998
- ^ a b Reports on atrocities in the districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula, p. 10
Sources
- Reports on Atrocities in the Districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula. 1921. pp. 9–11. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- Shenk, Robert (2012). America's Black Sea fleet the U.S. Navy amidst war and revolution, 1919-1923. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612513027.