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{{Short description|State whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or a part of an island}} |
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[[Image:Island nations.png|thumb|right|250px|Island countries in the world]] |
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{{Redirect|Island nation|the Taiwanese TV series|Island Nation{{!}}''Island Nation''}} |
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An '''island country''' is a [[country]] that is wholly confined to an [[island]] or [[island group]], and has no territory on the [[mainland]] of a [[continent]]. Forty-seven of the world's countries are island countries, including most of the smallest ones. |
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{{For|a more comprehensive list|List of island countries}} |
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{{Distinguish|Iceland}} |
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[[Image:Island nations.svg|thumb|350px|[[Sovereign state]]s and a de facto state ([[Taiwan]]) fully on islands: those with land borders shaded green, and those without shaded dark blue ([[Bahrain]] (bh) should be shaded green as it shares a small land border with [[Saudi Arabia]] on [[Passport Island]]).<br /><br />Countries/territories not shown on the map: [[Antarctica]] (aq) ([[continent]]al [[territorial dispute|disputed territory]]), [[Australia]] (au) ([[continent]]al country), the [[Cook Islands]] (ck) ([[Associated state |free association]] with [[New Zealand]]), [[Greenland]] (gl) ([[constituent country]] of the [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]]), [[Niue]] (nu) ([[Associated state |free association]] with [[New Zealand]]), and [[Puerto Rico]] (pr) ([[Territories of the United States |unincorporated U.S. territory]]).]] |
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Island countries can be divided in two approximate groups. One group comprises those that are large, relatively populous, and usually close to a [[continent]]. These include [[Japan]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Philippines]], [[Cuba]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Madagascar]]. The largest member of this group, and the world's largest island country, is [[Indonesia]]. These countries typically share cultural and political similarities with their continental neighbours. Their island status has sometimes been an important advantage that has isolated them from invasion and made them important in regional trade because of their locations and the maritime abilities of the population. [[Australia]] can be considered this category of country taken to an extreme: an island country so large it is considered by some to be a [[continent]], although in reality it only forms 90% of the continent of [[Australasia]]. |
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An '''island country''', '''island state,''' or '''island nation''' is a [[country]] whose primary territory consists of one or more [[island]]s or parts of islands. Approximately 25% of all independent countries are island countries.<ref name="Small is Democratic">{{cite book | last = Ott| first = Dan | title = Small is Democratic| publisher = Routledge | date = 1996| page = 128| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqZ9eOeRXoC&pg=PA128| isbn = 0-8153-3910-0| access-date = March 23, 2019}}</ref> Island countries are historically more stable<ref name="Small is Democratic"/> than many continental states but are vulnerable to conquest by [[Command of the sea|naval superpowers]]. [[Indonesia]] is the largest and most populated island country in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html |title=Which Are The Island Countries Of The World? |publisher=WorldAtlas.com |date=April 25, 2017 |first1=Joyce |last1=Chepkemoi |access-date=2019-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207094959/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html | archive-date=2017-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2019&name_desc=false&start=2015&view=chart |title=Population, total 2015-2019 |publisher=World Bank Open Data |access-date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> |
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There are great variations between island country economies: they may rely mainly on extractive industries, such as mining, fishing and agriculture, and/or on services such as transit hubs, [[tourism]], and financial services. Many islands have low-lying geographies and their economies and population centers develop along coast plains and [[port]]s; such states may be [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to the effects of climate change]], especially [[sea level rise]]. |
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The other group comprises smaller island countries such as [[Malta]], [[Cyprus]], the [[Comoros]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Tonga]], and the [[Maldives]]. These countries tend to be very different from continental countries. Their small size usually means there is little agricultural land and rarely many [[natural resource]]s. However, in modern times, smaller island countries around the world have become centres for [[tourism]], which in many is the dominant industry. |
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Remote or significant islands and [[archipelago]]s that are not themselves sovereign are often known as [[dependent territory|dependencies]] or [[Territory#Overseas territory|overseas territories]]. |
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Some island countries are centered on one or two major islands, such as the [[United Kingdom]]. Others are spread out over hundreds or thousands of smaller islands, such as [[Indonesia]] or the [[Maldives]]. Some island countries share their islands with other countries; these include the [[Republic of Ireland]], Hispaniola ( [[Haiti]] and [[Dominican Republic]] ), [[Saint Martin]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. |
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==History== |
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{{Expand section|date=March 2024}} |
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==Politics== |
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Historically, island countries have tended to be less prone to political instability than their continental counterparts. The percentage of island countries that are [[democracy|democratic]] is higher than that of [[wikt:continental#Adjective|continental]] countries.<ref name="Small is Democratic" /> |
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===Island territories=== |
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While island countries by definition are [[sovereign state]]s, there are also several islands and [[archipelago]]s around the world that operate [[Autonomy#Semi-autonomy|semi-autonomously]] from their official sovereign states. These are often known as dependencies or overseas territories and can be similar in nature to proper island countries. |
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==War== |
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Island countries have often been the basis of maritime conquest and historical rivalry between other countries.<ref name="The quest for identity">{{cite news |
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| last = Chasle |
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| first = Raymond |
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| title = The quest for identity. (island countries) |
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| publisher = UNESCO Courier |
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| date = 1 Oct 1986 |
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| url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9197350_ITM |
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|url-access=subscription |
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| access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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| archive-date = 22 May 2015 |
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| archive-url = https://archive.today/20150522073653/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-4589195/the-quest-for-identity |
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| url-status = dead |
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}}</ref> |
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Island countries are more susceptible to attack by large, continental countries due to their size and dependence on [[sea lines of communication|sea]] and [[Line of communication|air lines of communication]].<ref name="Measures of Effectiveness">{{cite book |
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| last = Perry |
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| first = Walt L. |
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| author2 = Robert W. Button |
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| author3 = Jerome Bracken |
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| author4 = Thomas Sullivan |
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| author5 = Rand Corporation |
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| author6 = United States Navy |
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| author7 = Jonathan Mitchell |
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| title = Measures of Effectiveness for the Information-age Navy |
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| publisher = Rand Corporation |
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| year = 2002 |
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| pages = 7 |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VwI0WLby3WoC&q=%22island+country%22&pg=PA7 |
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| isbn = 0-8330-3139-2 |
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| access-date = 2020-11-01 |
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| archive-date = 2023-03-30 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230330142730/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwI0WLby3WoC&q=%22island+country%22&pg=PA7 |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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Many island countries are also vulnerable to predation by mercenaries and other foreign invaders,<ref name="Mercenary Holding Island Nation">{{cite news |
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| last = WREN |
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| first = CHRISTOPHER S. |
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| title = Mercenary Holding Island Nation Seeks Deal |
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| work = [[The New York Times]] |
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| date = December 9, 1989 |
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| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DB173CF93AA35751C1A96F948260 |
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| access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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| archive-date = 2020-01-22 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200122144302/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/09/world/mercenary-holding-island-nation-seeks-deal.html |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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although their isolation also makes them a difficult target. |
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==Natural resources== |
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Many developing small island countries rely heavily on [[Fish as food|fish]] for their main supply of food.<ref>{{cite web |title=Many of the world's poorest people depend on fish |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=2005-06-07 |url=http://www.fao.org/Newsroom/en/news/2005/102911/index.html |access-date=2017-09-30 |archive-date=2019-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826005044/http://www.fao.org/NEWSROOM/en/news/2005/102911/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Some are turning to [[renewable energy]]—such as [[wind power]], [[hydropower]], [[geothermal power]] and [[biodiesel]] from [[Coconut oil|copra oil]]—to defend against potential rises in [[oil prices]].<ref name="renewable energy">{{cite web |
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|last = Xingwei |
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|first = Huang |
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|title = Pacific Islands countries switch to renewable energy source due to increasing fuel prices |
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|date = 2008-10-17 |
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|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/17/content_10210370.htm |
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|access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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|url-status = dead |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144005/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/17/content_10210370.htm |
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|archive-date = 2015-04-02 |
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}}</ref> |
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==Geography== |
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Some island countries are more affected than other countries by [[climate change]], which produces problems such as reduced [[land use]], [[water scarcity]], and sometimes even resettlement issues. Some low-lying island countries are slowly being submerged by the rising water levels of the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="Leader of disappearing island nation">{{cite web |
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| title = Leader of disappearing island nation says climate change an issue of survival, not economics |
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| date = June 5, 2008 |
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| url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/05/asia/AS-GEN-New-Zealand-World-Environment-Day.php |
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| access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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| archive-date = 2008-06-05 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605183737/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/05/asia/AS-GEN-New-Zealand-World-Environment-Day.php |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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Climate change also impacts island countries by causing natural disasters such as [[tropical cyclone]]s, hurricanes, [[flash flood]]s and [[drought|droughts]].<ref name="Climate change threatens food security">{{cite web |
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| title = FAO: Climate change threatens food security of Pacific island countries |
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| date = December 2, 2008 |
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| url = http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90856/6544815.html |
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| access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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| archive-date = 2008-12-07 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054509/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90856/6544815.html |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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===Climate change=== |
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{{Excerpt|Effects of climate change on island nations}} |
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==Economics== |
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[[File:Colorful neon street signs in Kabukichō, Shinjuku, Tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Japan]] is an archipelago in [[Asia]] that constitutes one of the richest and most populated nations on [[Earth]].]] |
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[[File:Singapore, Downtown Core (II).jpg|thumb|left|[[Singapore]], an affluent and highly-developed sovereign island country by which its territories consists of a [[List of islands of Singapore|main island and other smaller islands]]]] |
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Many island countries rely heavily on [[imports]] and are greatly affected by changes in the [[global economy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/03/27/hardship-and-vulnerability-in-the-pacific-island-countries |title=Hardship and Vulnerability in the Pacific Island Countries |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 March 2014 |website= |publisher= The World Bank Group|access-date= 15 November 2023|quote=}}</ref> Due to the nature of island countries their economies are often characterised by being smaller, relatively isolated from world trade and economy, more vulnerable to shipping costs, and more likely to suffer environmental damage to infrastructure; exceptions include Japan, Taiwan{{cn|date=March 2024}} and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Trade Policy Course">{{cite web |
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| title = WTO/FORSEC Trade Policy Course for Pacific island countries |
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| date = 9 March 2001 |
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| url = http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news01_e/fiji_e.htm |
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| access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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| archive-date = 2013-10-02 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002022946/http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news01_e/fiji_e.htm |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref><ref name="NZ calls for global solutions">{{cite web |
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|title = NZ calls for global solutions to problems faced by small island nations |
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|date = 2005-01-18 |
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|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-01/18/content_2475179.htm |
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|access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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|url-status = dead |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121024065854/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-01/18/content_2475179.htm |
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|archive-date = 2012-10-24 |
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}}</ref><ref name="U.N. ambassador gives keynote">{{cite web |
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| last = Garg |
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| first = Sarika |
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| title = U.N. ambassador gives keynote |
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| url = http://www.thedp.com/article/1994/04/u.n._ambassador_gives_keynote |
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| access-date = 2017-09-05 |
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| archive-date = 2019-10-29 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191029012326/https://www.thedp.com/article/1994/04/u.n._ambassador_gives_keynote |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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The dominant industry for many island countries is [[tourism]].<ref name="tourist destinations">{{cite news |
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| title = China enlists Pacific island countries as tourist destinations, XINHUA. |
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| date = 10 August 2004 |
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| url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12915601_ITM |
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| access-date = 1 February 2009 |
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| work = The America's Intelligence Wire |
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| archive-date = 2 January 2013 |
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| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130102012504/www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-12915601_ITM |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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==Composition== |
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Island countries are typically small with low populations, although some, like [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], and the [[Philippines]] are notable exceptions.<ref name="Wen pledges new aid to Pacific countries">{{cite web |
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| title = Wen pledges new aid to Pacific countries |
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| publisher = International Herald Tribune |
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| date = April 5, 2006 |
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| url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/05/news/pacific.php |
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| access-date = 2013-08-21 |
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| archive-date = 2007-02-17 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070217163901/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/05/news/pacific.php |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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Some island countries are centred on one or two major islands, such as the [[United Kingdom]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[New Zealand]], [[Cuba]], [[Bahrain]], [[Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Iceland]], [[Malta]], and [[Taiwan]]. Others are spread out over hundreds or thousands of smaller islands, such as [[Japan]], Indonesia, the [[Philippines]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Seychelles]], and the [[Maldives]]. Some island countries share one or more of their islands with other countries, such as the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]; [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]; and Indonesia, which shares islands with [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Brunei]], [[East Timor]], and [[Malaysia]]. Bahrain, Singapore, and the United Kingdom have [[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links|fixed links]] such as bridges and tunnels to the continental landmass: Bahrain is linked to Saudi Arabia by the [[King Fahd Causeway]], Singapore to Malaysia by the [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] and [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link|Second Link]], and the United Kingdom has a railway connection to France through the [[Channel Tunnel]]. |
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Geographically, the country of [[Australia]] is considered a [[continent]]al landmass rather than an island, covering the largest landmass of the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]]. In the past, however, it was considered an island country for tourism purposes<ref name="nla.gov.au">{{cite web |
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| title = Australian Naval Defence |
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| publisher = The Brisbane Courier |
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| date = 24 July 1897 |
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| url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3655029 |
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| access-date = 2009-01-31 |
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| archive-date = 2017-12-06 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171206195502/http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3655029 |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> (among others) and is sometimes referred to as such.<ref name="China, Pacific island countries">{{cite web |
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| title = China, Pacific island countries discuss cooperation at forum meeting |
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| url = http://english.people.com.cn/200604/05/eng20060405_256086.html |
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| access-date = 2009-02-01 |
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| archive-date = 2012-10-13 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121013002802/http://english.people.com.cn/200604/05/eng20060405_256086.html |
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| url-status = live |
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}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Countries|Islands}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[[Archipelagic state]] |
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*[[Effects of climate change on island nations]] |
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*[[Landlocked country]] |
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*[[List of Caribbean island countries by population]] |
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*[[List of island countries]] |
*[[List of island countries]] |
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*[[List of islands |
*[[List of islands by area]] |
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*[[List of islands#Islands by country|List of islands by country]] |
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*[[List of countries]] |
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*[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania]] |
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*[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean]] |
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*[[Microstate]] |
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*[[City state]] |
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*[[Pacific Islands Forum]] |
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*[[Small Island Developing States]] |
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*[[Thalassocracy]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|39em}} |
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==External links== |
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*[https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/island-countries.htm Island countris] – NationsOnline.org |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Lists of countries and territories by continent}} |
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[[Category:Island countries| ]] |
[[Category:Island countries| ]] |
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[[Category:Political geography|Island nation]] |
[[Category:Political geography|Island nation]] |
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[[Category:Types of countries]] |
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[[ |
[[is:Eyríki]] |
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[[bg:Островна държава]] |
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[[de:Inselstaat]] |
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[[fr:État insulaire]] |
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[[zh-classical:島國]] |
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[[ko:섬나라]] |
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[[hr:Otočna država]] |
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[[he:מדינת אי]] |
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[[sw:Nchi za visiwa]] |
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[[ku:Dewleta Giravî]] |
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[[lv:Salu valsts]] |
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[[mk:Островска држава]] |
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Latest revision as of 03:44, 10 May 2024
An island country, island state, or island nation is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. Approximately 25% of all independent countries are island countries.[1] Island countries are historically more stable[1] than many continental states but are vulnerable to conquest by naval superpowers. Indonesia is the largest and most populated island country in the world.[2][3]
There are great variations between island country economies: they may rely mainly on extractive industries, such as mining, fishing and agriculture, and/or on services such as transit hubs, tourism, and financial services. Many islands have low-lying geographies and their economies and population centers develop along coast plains and ports; such states may be vulnerable to the effects of climate change, especially sea level rise.
Remote or significant islands and archipelagos that are not themselves sovereign are often known as dependencies or overseas territories.
History
Politics
Historically, island countries have tended to be less prone to political instability than their continental counterparts. The percentage of island countries that are democratic is higher than that of continental countries.[1]
Island territories
While island countries by definition are sovereign states, there are also several islands and archipelagos around the world that operate semi-autonomously from their official sovereign states. These are often known as dependencies or overseas territories and can be similar in nature to proper island countries.
War
Island countries have often been the basis of maritime conquest and historical rivalry between other countries.[4] Island countries are more susceptible to attack by large, continental countries due to their size and dependence on sea and air lines of communication.[5] Many island countries are also vulnerable to predation by mercenaries and other foreign invaders,[6] although their isolation also makes them a difficult target.
Natural resources
Many developing small island countries rely heavily on fish for their main supply of food.[7] Some are turning to renewable energy—such as wind power, hydropower, geothermal power and biodiesel from copra oil—to defend against potential rises in oil prices.[8]
Geography
Some island countries are more affected than other countries by climate change, which produces problems such as reduced land use, water scarcity, and sometimes even resettlement issues. Some low-lying island countries are slowly being submerged by the rising water levels of the Pacific Ocean.[9] Climate change also impacts island countries by causing natural disasters such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, flash floods and droughts.[10]
Climate change
Some small and low population islands do not have the resources to protect their islands and natural resources. They experience climate hazards which impact on human health, livelihoods, and inhabitable space. This can lead to pressure to leave these islands but resources to do so are often lacking as well.
Efforts to combat these challenges are ongoing and multinational. Many of the small island developing countries have a high vulnerability to climate change, whilst having contributed very little to global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, some small island countries have made advocacy for global cooperation on climate change mitigation a key aspect of their foreign policy.Economics
Many island countries rely heavily on imports and are greatly affected by changes in the global economy.[14] Due to the nature of island countries their economies are often characterised by being smaller, relatively isolated from world trade and economy, more vulnerable to shipping costs, and more likely to suffer environmental damage to infrastructure; exceptions include Japan, Taiwan[citation needed] and the United Kingdom.[15][16][17] The dominant industry for many island countries is tourism.[18]
Composition
Island countries are typically small with low populations, although some, like Indonesia, Japan, and the Philippines are notable exceptions.[19]
Some island countries are centred on one or two major islands, such as the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago, New Zealand, Cuba, Bahrain, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Iceland, Malta, and Taiwan. Others are spread out over hundreds or thousands of smaller islands, such as Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, The Bahamas, Seychelles, and the Maldives. Some island countries share one or more of their islands with other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Ireland; Haiti and the Dominican Republic; and Indonesia, which shares islands with Papua New Guinea, Brunei, East Timor, and Malaysia. Bahrain, Singapore, and the United Kingdom have fixed links such as bridges and tunnels to the continental landmass: Bahrain is linked to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway, Singapore to Malaysia by the Johor–Singapore Causeway and Second Link, and the United Kingdom has a railway connection to France through the Channel Tunnel.
Geographically, the country of Australia is considered a continental landmass rather than an island, covering the largest landmass of the Australian continent. In the past, however, it was considered an island country for tourism purposes[20] (among others) and is sometimes referred to as such.[21]
See also
- Archipelagic state
- Effects of climate change on island nations
- Landlocked country
- List of Caribbean island countries by population
- List of island countries
- List of islands by area
- List of islands by country
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean
- Microstate
- City state
- Pacific Islands Forum
- Small Island Developing States
- Thalassocracy
References
- ^ a b c Ott, Dan (1996). Small is Democratic. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 0-8153-3910-0. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- ^ Chepkemoi, Joyce (April 25, 2017). "Which Are The Island Countries Of The World?". WorldAtlas.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
- ^ "Population, total 2015-2019". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Chasle, Raymond (1 Oct 1986). "The quest for identity. (island countries)". UNESCO Courier. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- ^ Perry, Walt L.; Robert W. Button; Jerome Bracken; Thomas Sullivan; Rand Corporation; United States Navy; Jonathan Mitchell (2002). Measures of Effectiveness for the Information-age Navy. Rand Corporation. p. 7. ISBN 0-8330-3139-2. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
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External links
- Island countris – NationsOnline.org