grammar |
m restore current knowledge of inaccuracies |
||
Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
The resolution cited many factors to justify action: |
The resolution cited many factors to justify action: |
||
* Iraq's noncompliance with the conditions of the 1991 cease fire, including interference with weapons inspectors. |
* Iraq's noncompliance with the conditions of the 1991 cease fire, including interference with weapons inspectors. ''Despite this statement, and subsequent comments by the Bush administration, at the time weapon inspectors were given access to the alleged weapon factories and it was the [[invasion of Iraq]] by the US that forced them out.'' |
||
⚫ | |||
* Iraq's "brutal repression of its civilian population." ''whether this is a casus belli is debatable with the [[jus ad bellum|laws of war]] in mind.'' |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
* Iraq's "brutal repression of its civilian population." |
|||
⚫ | |||
* Iraq's hostility towards the United States as demonstrated by the 1993 assassination attempt of former President [[George H. W. Bush]], and firing on coalition aircraft enforcing the no-fly zones following the 1991 Gulf War |
* Iraq's hostility towards the United States as demonstrated by the 1993 assassination attempt of former President [[George H. W. Bush]], and firing on coalition aircraft enforcing the no-fly zones following the 1991 Gulf War |
||
* Members of al-Qaeda were "known to be in Iraq." |
* Members of al-Qaeda were "known to be in Iraq." ''A statement we now know was not supported by the available evidence.'' |
||
* Iraq's "continu[ing] to aid and harbor other international terrorist organizations," including anti-United States terrorist organizations. ''A statement we now know was not supported by the available evidence.'' |
|||
* The efforts by the Congress and the President to fight the 9/11 terrorists and those who aided or harbored them. |
* The efforts by the Congress and the President to fight the 9/11 terrorists and those who aided or harbored them. ''We now that the available evidence showed no "working relationship" between Iraq and the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]'' |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | * Citing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, the resolution reiterated that it should be the policy of the United States to remove the Hussein regime and promote a democratic replacement. ''This is under [[jus ad bellum|international law]] not a valid [[casus belli]], and as such attacking Iraq would constitute a [[war of aggression]].'' |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
The Resolution required President Bush's diplomatic efforts at the UN Security Council to "obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions." It authorized the United States to use military force to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq." |
The Resolution required President Bush's diplomatic efforts at the UN Security Council to "obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions." It authorized the United States to use military force to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq." |
Revision as of 10:05, 30 May 2007
"Iraq Resolution" and "Iraq War Resolution" are popular names for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public law 107-243, 116 Stat. 1497-1502), a law passed by the United States Congress authorizing what was soon to become the Iraq War. The authorization was sought by President George W. Bush. Introduced as H.J.Res. 114, it passed the House on October 10, 2002 by a vote of 296-133, and the Senate on October 11 by a vote of 77-23. It was signed into law by President Bush on October 16.
The resolution cited many factors to justify action:
- Iraq's noncompliance with the conditions of the 1991 cease fire, including interference with weapons inspectors. Despite this statement, and subsequent comments by the Bush administration, at the time weapon inspectors were given access to the alleged weapon factories and it was the invasion of Iraq by the US that forced them out.
- Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction, and programs to develop such weapons, posed a "threat to the national security of the United States and international peace and security in the Persian Gulf region." A statement we now know was not supported by the available evidence.
- Iraq's "brutal repression of its civilian population." whether this is a casus belli is debatable with the laws of war in mind.
- Iraq's "capability and willingness to use weapons of mass destruction against other nations and its own people" We now know that the available evidence at the time showed there probably were no WMD's in Iraq.
- Iraq's hostility towards the United States as demonstrated by the 1993 assassination attempt of former President George H. W. Bush, and firing on coalition aircraft enforcing the no-fly zones following the 1991 Gulf War
- Members of al-Qaeda were "known to be in Iraq." A statement we now know was not supported by the available evidence.
- Iraq's "continu[ing] to aid and harbor other international terrorist organizations," including anti-United States terrorist organizations. A statement we now know was not supported by the available evidence.
- The efforts by the Congress and the President to fight the 9/11 terrorists and those who aided or harbored them. We now that the available evidence showed no "working relationship" between Iraq and the September 11, 2001 attacks
- The authorization by the Constitution and the Congress for the President to fight anti-United States terrorism
- Citing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, the resolution reiterated that it should be the policy of the United States to remove the Hussein regime and promote a democratic replacement. This is under international law not a valid casus belli, and as such attacking Iraq would constitute a war of aggression.
The Resolution required President Bush's diplomatic efforts at the UN Security Council to "obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions." It authorized the United States to use military force to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq."
House vote
The House of Representatives adopted the resolution on October 10, 2002, by a vote of 296-133.
Voted in favor
296 Representatives voted in favor of the resolution, 215 of the votes cast were from Republican members, and 81 of members were Democrats.
Voted against
133 voted against the resolution, 126 of the votes cast were from Democrats, 6 from Republicans, and 1 from the sole independent.
Not voting
|
Senate vote
The Senate adopted the resolution on October 11, 2002, by a vote of 77-23.
Voted in favor
77 Senators voted in favor of the resolution, 48 of the votes cast were from Republican members, and 29 of the members were Democrats.
Voted against
23 Senators voted against the resolution: 21 Democrats, 1 Republican, and 1 Independent.
|
|
See also
- Command responsibility
- United Nations Charter
- 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Jus ad bellum
- Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- War of aggression
- War on Terrorism
External links
- Text of Joint Resolution (gpo.gov)
- Bill status and summary (thomas.loc.gov)
- Roll call of votes by members of the House of Representatives (clerk.house.gov)
- Roll call of votes by members of the Senate (www.senate.gov)
- Statement by President George W. Bush on his signing the resolution into law (www.whitehouse.gov)
- Floor speeches
- Floor Speech of Sen Hillary Clinton (clinton.senate.gov)
- Floor Speech of Sen Russ Feingold (feingold.senate.gov)
- Floor Speech of Sen Jay Rockefeller (rockefeller.senate.gov)
- Floor Speech of Rep Ron Paul (www.house.gov/paul)
- Floor Speech of Rep Pete Stark