CaliforniaAliBaba (talk | contribs) →Terminology: this information is not supported by the citation |
|||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
==Integration and community== |
==Integration and community== |
||
[[Image:Pejman12.jpg|thumb|right|200px|First Persian piano recital in Amsterdam, March 2008)]] |
|||
Iranians in the Netherlands have founded relatively few community organisations compared to [[Turkish-Dutch|Turkish]] or [[Moroccan-Dutch|Moroccan migrants]]; this may be due to the general atmosphere of distrust and divisiveness among Iranians abroad.<ref>{{harvnb|van den Bos|Achbari|2007|p=171}}</ref> In contrast to other migrant groups, there is little sense of community among them. Possibly as a result of this, many Iranians have redirected their ideological energies into participation in mainstream Dutch politics; prominent examples include politician [[Farah Karimi]] of the [[GreenLeft]] party or commentator and professor [[Afshin Ellian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghorashi|2003|p=147-148}}</ref> |
Iranians in the Netherlands have founded relatively few community organisations compared to [[Turkish-Dutch|Turkish]] or [[Moroccan-Dutch|Moroccan migrants]]; this may be due to the general atmosphere of distrust and divisiveness among Iranians abroad.<ref>{{harvnb|van den Bos|Achbari|2007|p=171}}</ref> In contrast to other migrant groups, there is little sense of community among them. Possibly as a result of this, many Iranians have redirected their ideological energies into participation in mainstream Dutch politics; prominent examples include politician [[Farah Karimi]] of the [[GreenLeft]] party or commentator and professor [[Afshin Ellian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghorashi|2003|p=147-148}}</ref> |
||
Revision as of 19:24, 3 January 2010
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and other urban areas[1] | |
Religion | |
Islam[2] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Iranian citizens abroad |
Iranians in the Netherlands form one of the newer and larger populations of Iranians in Europe.[4]
Terminology
Iranians/Persians in the Netherlands are sometimes referred to as "Dutch-Iranians", "Iranian-Dutch", "Dutch-Persian", or "Persian-Dutch".[5][6][7][8] Similar terms Iraanse Nederlanders, Nederlandse Iraniërs, Perzische-Nederlandse, and Perzen may be found in Dutch-language media.[9][10][11][12] However, one scholar who uses the term "Dutch-Iranians" also expresses reservations over such a "hyphenated notion of identity" in the Dutch context, in comparison to the less problematic term "Iranian American".[13]
Migration history
Though other European countries such as Germany and France have had Persian communities since the early 20th century, the Iranian population in the Netherlands is of relatively recent provenance; virtually all came to the country after the Iranian Revolution of 1979.[14] The overall migration was quite significant relative to the whole size of Iranian emigration to Europe; from 1990-1999, the Netherlands was Europe's second most-popular destination for Iranian asylum seekers, behind Germany.[15] However, from 1981 to 2001, only 1,292 were formally recognised as "invited refugees" (Uitgenodigde vluchtelingen), the vast majority in the period 1987-1990.[16]
The early migration of political activists and their applications for asylum in the Netherlands had a major effect on the development of the Iranian community; the suspected links between Iranian embassies and the murders of prominent exiles such as the France-based former prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar, as well as rumours of information leaks to the Iranian embassy from within the Dutch government, led to suspicion by Iranians both towards their fellow Iranians and towards the Dutch authorities.[17] In 1996, it was even revealed that one fairly prominent man in the Iranian community in Amsterdam, Mahmoed Jafhari, had been working for the Iranian intelligence service to gather information on exiles; he had recorded on tape every conversation held in his house with his fellow Iranians, a fact which was discovered only after his death. The social environment created by that event has resulted in numerous difficulties for later academic research.[18]
Demographic characteristics
As of 2009, statistics of the Dutch Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek showed:
- 24,535 Iranian-born persons (13,603 men, 10,932 women)
- 6,082 locally-born persons of Iranian background (3,159 men, 2,923 women), of which:
- 2,491 persons with one parent also born locally (1,321 men, 1,170 women)
- 3,591 persons with both parents born abroad (1,838 men, 1,753 women)
For a total of 30,617 persons (16,758 men, 13,855 women). This represented nearly double the 1996 total of 16,478 persons. Numerically, most of the growth was in the foreign-born segment of the population, whose numbers increased from 14,628 over the period in question; however, the rate of growth was fastest in the locally-born segment of the population, which almost tripled in size from 1,850 persons.[19]
Religion
Iran is a largely Muslim country, a fact reflected in the backgrounds of Iranian migrants to the Netherlands.[20] However, most migrants do not continue to practise their religion.[21] Those who do often find themselves viewed as threats and suffer exclusion from Dutch society; this trend strengthened with the growth of political Islam in the 1980s.[22]
Education
As a result of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737, which among other matters called on UN member states to prevent Iranian students from receiving specialised training which might be of use to the nuclear programme of Iran, the Dutch government implemented a variety of restrictions on Iranian students in the Netherlands. At the recommendation of the government, the University of Twente went so far as to halt its admissions of students from Iran entirely, stating that it could not ensure they would have no access to nuclear-related information.[23] However, the government later backed away from this policy.[24] In July, they announced that Iranian students could be admitted but would be restricted taking certain courses and visiting certain places starting. In response, a group of Iranian students filed suit against the government, alleging that the restrictions violated the prohibition against all forms of discrimination established by Article 1 of the Constitution of the Netherlands.[25]
Media
The Persian-language Radio Zamaneh began operating in Amsterdam in August 2006 with support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[26]
Integration and community
Iranians in the Netherlands have founded relatively few community organisations compared to Turkish or Moroccan migrants; this may be due to the general atmosphere of distrust and divisiveness among Iranians abroad.[27] In contrast to other migrant groups, there is little sense of community among them. Possibly as a result of this, many Iranians have redirected their ideological energies into participation in mainstream Dutch politics; prominent examples include politician Farah Karimi of the GreenLeft party or commentator and professor Afshin Ellian.[28]
Women tend to report far lower levels of discrimination than men.[29] However, they still often confront mainstream stereotypes of Muslim women, such as the idea that they are victims of domestic violence in need of emancipation from Muslim men.[30]
References
Notes
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 140
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 228
- ^ CBS 2009
- ^ Hessels 2002, p. 20
- ^ van den Bos & Achbari 2007, p. 171
- ^ Lindert et al. 2008, p. 581
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 141, 182
- ^ "First Documentary on "Hayedeh, Legendary Persian Diva"", Payvand News, 2009-01-05, retrieved 2009-08-20
- ^ "Nederlandse Iraniër zit gevangen in Syrië", de Volkskrant, 2006-05-20, retrieved 2009-06-01
- ^ "Executie verijdeld van Iraanse Nederlander", de Volkskrant, 2003-06-30, retrieved 2009-06-01
- ^ "Iraniërs debatteren in 'Tehrangeles' – daar wel"", Volkskrant, 2009-01-15, retrieved 2009-01-15
- ^ "Het Informatie centrum voor Perzische (Iraanse) gemeenschap in Nederland.", PersianDutch.com, 2009-12-25, retrieved 2009-12-25
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 227-233
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 140
- ^ Hessels 2002, p. 20
- ^ Hessels 2002, p. 19
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 141
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 12. The newspaper article cited there is available online: "Iraanse broers blijken spionnen voor Teheran", Trouw, 1996-07-27, retrieved 2009-06-01
- ^ CBS 2009
- ^ Hessels 2002, p. 10
- ^ Hessels 2004, p. 57
- ^ Ghorashi 2002, p. 228
- ^ Tenming, Ruben (2008-01-03), "Dutch university bans Iranian students", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, retrieved 2009-06-01
- ^ Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (2008), "News of the Week: Dutch Revise Policy Blocking Iranian Students", Science, vol. 319, no. 5863, p. 556, doi:10.1126/science.319.5863.556b
- ^ de Jong, Perro (2008-09-03), "Iranian students take Dutch state to court", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, retrieved 2009-06-01
- ^ About Us, Radio Zamaneh, 2009-10-27, retrieved 2009-12-18
- ^ van den Bos & Achbari 2007, p. 171
- ^ Ghorashi 2003, p. 147-148
- ^ Lindert et al. 2008, p. 578
- ^ Ghorashi 2003, p. 150
Sources
- Ghorashi, Halleh (2002), Ways to survive, battles to win: Iranian women exiles in the Netherlands and United States, Nova Publishers, ISBN 978-1590335529
- Hessels, Thomas (2002), Iraniërs in Nederland, een profiel (PDF), The Hague: Ministry of Justice, retrieved 2009-06-01
- Ghorashi, Halleh (2003), "Iraanse vrouwen, transnationaal of nationaal? Een (de)territoriale benadering van 'thuis' in Nederland en de Verenigde Staten", Migrantenstudies, 19 (3): 140–155, ISSN 0169-5169
- Hessels, Thomas (2004), "Iraniërs in Nederland", Bevolkingstrends, 52 (2): 54–58, ISSN 1571-0998
- van den Bos, Matthijs; Achbari, Wahideh (2007), "Cultural migration: Networks of Iranian Organizations in the Netherlands", Migration Letters, 4 (2): 171–181, ISSN 1741-8992
- Lindert, Annette; Korzilius, Hubert; van de Vijver, Fons J. R.; Kroon, Sjaak; Arends-Tóth, Judit (2008), "Perceived discrimination and acculturation among Iranian refugees in the Netherlands", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32 (6): 578–588, doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.09.003
- Population by origin and generation, 1 January, The Hague: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009-03-11, retrieved 2009-06-01
Further reading
- Koser, Khalid (1997), "Social Networks and the Asylum Cycle: The Case of Iranians in the Netherlands", International Migration Review, 31 (3): 591–611, JSTOR 2547287
- Verkuyten, M.; Nekuee, S. (1999), "Ingroup bias: the effect of self-stereotyping, identification and group threat", European Journal of Social Psychology, 29 (2–3): 411–418, ISSN 0046-2772. A study of self-stereotyping among Iranians living in the Netherlands.
- Verkuyten, Markel; Nekuee, Shervin (2004), "Subjective Well-Being, Discrimination and Cultural Conflict: Iranians Living in The Netherlands", Social Indicators Research, 47 (3): 281–306, doi:10.1023/A:1006970410593
- van den Bos, Matthijs (2005), "Relocating Dutch-Iranian Exile: On- And Off-line Dutch-Iranian Transnational Networks (And Their Comparison with Turkish-Kurdish Networks)", Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association, Washington, DC, retrieved 2009-06-01
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - van den Bos, Matthijs; Nell, Liza (2006), "Territorial bounds to virtual space: Transnational online and offline networks of Iranian and Turkish-Kurdish immigrants in the Netherlands", Global Networks, 6 (2): 201–220, doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00141.x
- van den Bos, Matthijs (2006), "Landmarks for 'Nowhereland': Scratching the surface of transnational Dutch-Iranian hyperlink networks", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 12 (3): 643–661, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00357.x
- van den Bos, Matthijs (2006), "Hyperlinked Dutch-Iranian Cyberspace", International Sociology, 21 (1): 83–99, doi:10.1177/0268580906059292
- Safdar, Saba; Struthers, Ward; van Oudenhoven, Jan Pieter (2009), "Acculturation of Iranians in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40 (3): 468–491, doi:10.1177/0022022108330990
External Links
- Effect of Theo Van Gogh's deth on Holland's Persian Communiy /تاثیر قتل تئو ونگوگ بر زندگی ایرانیان مقیم هلند (Radio Zamaneh, by Pejman Akbarzadeh, in Persian)
- The Information Center of Persian (Iranian) Community in the Netherlands (English & Dutch)
- Radio Zamaneh website (English and Persian]