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'''Involuntary celibacy'''<ref name="Ltd2004">{{cite book|author=Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd|title=ThirdWay|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cvMPLigHaBMC&pg=PA7|date=October 2004|publisher=Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd|pages=7–}}</ref><ref name="Publishing2001">{{cite book|author=Here Publishing|title=The Advocate|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3mIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59|date=11 September 2001|publisher=Here Publishing|pages=59–|id={{ISSN|00018996}}}}</ref> or '''involuntary sexual abstinence'''<ref name="Spooner1916">{{cite book|author=Henry G. Spooner|title=The American Journal of Urology and Sexology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gjxYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA249|year=1916|publisher=Grafton Press|pages=249–}}</ref><ref name="Meadows1973">{{cite book|author=Denis L Meadows|title=The dynamics of growth in a finite world: A technical report on the global simulation model World 3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=twwcAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Thayer School of Engineering, Darmouth College}}</ref><ref name="Meerloo1946">{{cite book|author=Joost Abraham Maurits Meerloo|title=Aftermath of Peace: Psychological Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tTUNAAAAIAAJ|year=1946|publisher=International Universities Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilmartin|first=Brian G.|title=Some Family Antecedents of Severe Shyness|journal=Family Relations|year=1985|volume=34|issue=3|pages=429-438|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/583584|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref> is [[sexual abstinence]] by people who are routinely celibate for involuntary reasons as opposed to doing so voluntarily.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1=Elizabeth|title=A History of Celibacy|date=2001|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|isbn=9780306810411|pages=20, 294, 303, 309-312|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D1_SNxYovocC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+history+of+celibacy+Elizabeth+Abbott&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VvF_VLXGFcWnNqG_gYgD&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=involuntary%20celibacy&f=false|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SEX AND SOCIETY (Abstinence- Gender Identity, Volume 1)|date=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761479062|page=309|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aVDZchwkIMEC&pg=PA113&dq=%22+involuntary+celibacy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cIl5U-6GMonNsQSBn4KIDw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20involuntary%20celibacy%22&f=false}}</ref> The term has gained popularity in recent years but has been utilized in the past by persons such as [[Theodore Parker]] and [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Reformed churches|Reformed]] [[theology|theologian]] [[Karl Barth]], as it applied to unmarried persons and [[Christianity]].<ref name=parker>{{cite book|last=Brooks Frothingham|first=Octavius|title=Theodore Parker: A Biography|date=1874|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons/J. R. Osgood and Company|pages=362, 369|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0nsCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA367&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sqt9U6G3NMPIsASomILoCQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Involuntary%20celibacy%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name= Barth>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=Celibacy and Religious Traditions|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198041818|page=127|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=apq1G-o2OzoC&pg=PA127&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZK19U4vUJYKlsASokYGoCg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Involuntary%20celibacy%22&f=false}}</ref> |
'''Involuntary celibacy'''<ref name="Ltd2004">{{cite book|author=Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd|title=ThirdWay|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cvMPLigHaBMC&pg=PA7|date=October 2004|publisher=Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd|pages=7–}}</ref><ref name="Publishing2001">{{cite book|author=Here Publishing|title=The Advocate|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3mIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59|date=11 September 2001|publisher=Here Publishing|pages=59–|id={{ISSN|00018996}}}}</ref> or '''involuntary sexual abstinence'''<ref name="Spooner1916">{{cite book|author=Henry G. Spooner|title=The American Journal of Urology and Sexology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gjxYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA249|year=1916|publisher=Grafton Press|pages=249–}}</ref><ref name="Meadows1973">{{cite book|author=Denis L Meadows|title=The dynamics of growth in a finite world: A technical report on the global simulation model World 3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=twwcAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Thayer School of Engineering, Darmouth College}}</ref><ref name="Meerloo1946">{{cite book|author=Joost Abraham Maurits Meerloo|title=Aftermath of Peace: Psychological Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tTUNAAAAIAAJ|year=1946|publisher=International Universities Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilmartin|first=Brian G.|title=Some Family Antecedents of Severe Shyness|journal=Family Relations|year=1985|volume=34|issue=3|pages=429-438|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/583584|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref> is [[sexual abstinence]] by people who are routinely celibate for involuntary reasons as opposed to doing so voluntarily.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1=Elizabeth|title=A History of Celibacy|date=2001|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|isbn=9780306810411|pages=20, 294, 303, 309-312|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D1_SNxYovocC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+history+of+celibacy+Elizabeth+Abbott&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VvF_VLXGFcWnNqG_gYgD&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=involuntary%20celibacy&f=false|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SEX AND SOCIETY (Abstinence- Gender Identity, Volume 1)|date=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761479062|page=309|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aVDZchwkIMEC&pg=PA113&dq=%22+involuntary+celibacy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cIl5U-6GMonNsQSBn4KIDw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20involuntary%20celibacy%22&f=false}}</ref> The term has gained popularity in recent years but has been utilized in the past by persons such as [[Theodore Parker]] and [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Reformed churches|Reformed]] [[theology|theologian]] [[Karl Barth]], as it applied to unmarried persons and [[Christianity]].<ref name=parker>{{cite book|last=Brooks Frothingham|first=Octavius|title=Theodore Parker: A Biography|date=1874|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons/J. R. Osgood and Company|pages=362, 369|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0nsCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA367&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sqt9U6G3NMPIsASomILoCQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Involuntary%20celibacy%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name= Barth>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=Celibacy and Religious Traditions|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198041818|page=127|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=apq1G-o2OzoC&pg=PA127&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZK19U4vUJYKlsASokYGoCg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Involuntary%20celibacy%22&f=false}}</ref> |
Revision as of 11:19, 29 December 2015
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Involuntary celibacy[1][2] or involuntary sexual abstinence[3][4][5][6] is sexual abstinence by people who are routinely celibate for involuntary reasons as opposed to doing so voluntarily.[7][8] The term has gained popularity in recent years but has been utilized in the past by persons such as Theodore Parker and Swiss Reformed theologian Karl Barth, as it applied to unmarried persons and Christianity.[9][10]
Definition and reasons
The common definition of involuntary celibacy is routinely used to describe instances where someone has not engaged in sexual activity with anyone for a certain amount of time, despite the individual desiring sexual activity with other people.[11] Reasons for involuntary celibacy can differ from person to person or community to community. Involuntary celibacy can occur within marriages and has been frequently under-reported due to stigmas attached to sexually inactive marriages.[12]
Reasons for involuntary celibacy can often overlap with reasons for traditional celibacy, which can sometimes make it difficult to discern between voluntary or involuntary celibacy, as some feel pressured to state that the celibacy is voluntary out of fear of severe social repercussions or violence.[13] Reasons for involuntary celibacy can often include reasons such as the individual's personal or mental health, a limited access to sexual partners, or because of institutional restrictions in the instance of people in restrictive nursing homes or prisons.[14][15][16] Other reasons for involuntary celibacy can include societal pressure, as in the case of strict cultural taboos or moral standards that the individual feels pressured to follow, as in the case of some religious factions that mandate that gay or lesbian people should remain celibate as opposed to engaging in sexual activity with other gay or lesbian people.[16][16][12][17]
Historical usage
Historical examples of involuntary celibacy can be seen in China during the Ming Dynasty. Men with a low social and economic status that could not afford to marry or keep a spouse could claim that they were celibate voluntarily despite the choice of celibacy being involuntary.[18] As celibacy was held as an ideal during this time, the men could use their state to gain a certain level of respectability that their low status would not ordinarily give them.[18]
The term involuntary celibacy itself has been used in reference to eunuchs, Catholic nuns, and priests,[19] as some groups believed that the chastity required of the Catholic nuns and priests was involuntary (due to the religious restrictions) and that societal upheavals would enable the men and women to seek their own freedoms via marriage and child rearing.[20][21]
References
- ^ Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd (October 2004). ThirdWay. Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd. pp. 7–.
- ^ Here Publishing (11 September 2001). The Advocate. Here Publishing. pp. 59–. ISSN 00018996 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN..
- ^ Henry G. Spooner (1916). The American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Grafton Press. pp. 249–.
- ^ Denis L Meadows (1973). The dynamics of growth in a finite world: A technical report on the global simulation model World 3. Thayer School of Engineering, Darmouth College.
- ^ Joost Abraham Maurits Meerloo (1946). Aftermath of Peace: Psychological Essays. International Universities Press.
- ^ Gilmartin, Brian G. (1985). "Some Family Antecedents of Severe Shyness". Family Relations. 34 (3): 429–438. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2001). A History of Celibacy. Da Capo Press. pp. 20, 294, 303, 309–312. ISBN 9780306810411. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ SEX AND SOCIETY (Abstinence- Gender Identity, Volume 1). Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 309. ISBN 9780761479062.
- ^ Brooks Frothingham, Octavius (1874). Theodore Parker: A Biography. G.P. Putnam's Sons/J. R. Osgood and Company. pp. 362, 369.
- ^ Olson, Carl (2007). Celibacy and Religious Traditions. Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780198041818.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
dd journal
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Hawes, Joseph M. (2002). The Family in America: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 131–132. ISBN 9781576072325.
- ^ O'Brien (editor), Jodi (2008). Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 1. SAGE. p. 120. ISBN 1412909163.
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ Lehmiller, Justin J. (2014). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 232. ISBN 1118351215.
- ^ Dirk van Zyl Smit, Sonja Snacken (2009). Principles of European Prison Law and Policy: Penology and Human Rights. Oxford University Press. p. xliii. ISBN 9780191018824.
- ^ a b c Abbott, Elizabeth (2001). A History of Celibacy. Da Capo Press. pp. 303–304. ISBN 0306810417.
- ^ Vines, Matthew (2014). God and the Gay Christian. Convergent Books. ISBN 9781601425171.
- ^ a b Hinsch, Bret (2013). Masculinities in Chinese History. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. ISBN 1442222336.
- ^ Kahan, Benjamin (2013). Celibacies: American Modernism and Sexual Life. Duke University Press Books. p. 34. ISBN 9780822355687.
- ^ Ozment, Steven (1983). When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0674951204.
- ^ Blum, Carol (2002). Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France. JHU Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780801868108.
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External links
<----> Category:Human sexuality Category:Sexology Category:Social psychology Category:Non-sexuality Category:Celibacy