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MichaelMaggs (talk | contribs) "invention" is a noun, not a verb! |
Northamerica1000 (talk | contribs) →As defined by patent law: WP:HNP: Moved hatnote top. Removed {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2012}}. Added: {{refimprove|section|date=June 2020}} |
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{{details|topic=inventions throughout history|Timeline of historic inventions}} |
{{details|topic=inventions throughout history|Timeline of historic inventions}} |
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[[File:Science and Invention Nov 1928 Cover 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Cover of Science and Invention Magazine|'BUILD YOUR OWN TELEVISION RECEIVER.' ''[[Electrical Experimenter|Science and Invention]]'' magazine cover, November 1928]] |
[[File:Science and Invention Nov 1928 Cover 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Cover of Science and Invention Magazine|'BUILD YOUR OWN TELEVISION RECEIVER.' ''[[Electrical Experimenter|Science and Invention]]'' magazine cover, November 1928]] |
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Some inventions can be patented. A [[patent]] legally protects the intellectual property rights of the inventor and legally recognizes that a claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive. |
Some inventions can be patented. A [[patent]] legally protects the intellectual property rights of the inventor and legally recognizes that a claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive. |
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Another meaning of invention is '''[[cultural invention]]''', which is an [[innovative]] set of useful [[social behaviour]]s adopted by people and passed on to others.<ref>Artificial Mythologies: |
Another meaning of invention is '''[[cultural invention]]''', which is an [[innovative]] set of useful [[social behaviour]]s adopted by people and passed on to others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saper, Craig J. |title=Artificial Mythologies : a Guide to Cultural Invention. |date=1997 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-8773-2 |oclc=437188488}}</ref> The [[Institute for Social Inventions]] collected many such ideas in magazines and books.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Albery |first=Nicholas. |title=Best ideas : a compendium of social innovations : the latest ideas and award-winning schemes from the Institute for Social Inventions |date=1995 |publisher=Institute for Social Inventions |isbn=0-948826-37-1 |oclc=36969054}}</ref> Invention is also an important component of artistic and design [[creativity]]. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability. |
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== Types== |
== Types== |
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Sociopolitical inventions comprise new laws, institutions, and procedures that change modes of social behavior and establish new forms of human interaction and organization. Examples include the British [[Parliament]], the US [[Constitution]], the Manchester (UK) General Union of Trades, the Boy Scouts, the [[Red Cross]], the [[Olympic Games]], the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], as well as movements such as [[socialism]], [[Zionism]], [[suffragism]], [[feminism]], and animal-rights veganism. |
Sociopolitical inventions comprise new laws, institutions, and procedures that change modes of social behavior and establish new forms of human interaction and organization. Examples include the British [[Parliament]], the US [[Constitution]], the Manchester (UK) General Union of Trades, the Boy Scouts, the [[Red Cross]], the [[Olympic Games]], the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], as well as movements such as [[socialism]], [[Zionism]], [[suffragism]], [[feminism]], and animal-rights veganism. |
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Humanistic inventions encompass culture in its entirety and are as transformative and important as any in the sciences, although people tend to take them for granted. In the domain of linguistics, for example, many alphabets have been inventions, as are all [[neologism]]s ([[Shakespeare]] invented about 1,700 words). Literary inventions include the epic, [[tragedy]], comedy, the [[novel]], the [[sonnet]], the [[Renaissance]], neoclassicism, [[Romanticism]], [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], Aestheticism, [[Socialist Realism]], [[Surrealism]], [[postmodernism]], and (according to Freud) [[psychoanalysis]]. Among the inventions of artists and musicians are oil painting, printmaking, [[photography]], [[Film|cinema]], musical tonality, atonality, [[jazz]], rock, [[opera]], and the symphony orchestra. Philosophers have invented logic (several times), [[dialectics]], idealism, materialism, [[utopia]], [[anarchism]], [[semiotics]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[behaviorism]], [[positivism]], [[pragmatism]], and [[deconstruction]]. Religious thinkers are responsible for such inventions as [[monotheism]], [[pantheism]], [[Methodism]], [[Mormonism]], iconoclasm, [[puritanism]], [[deism]], secularism, ecumenism, and [[Baha’i]]. Some of these disciplines, genres, and trends may seem to have existed eternally or to have emerged spontaneously of their own accord, but most of them have had inventors. |
Humanistic inventions encompass culture in its entirety and are as transformative and important as any in the sciences, although people tend to take them for granted. In the domain of linguistics, for example, many alphabets have been inventions, as are all [[neologism]]s ([[Shakespeare]] invented about 1,700 words). Literary inventions include the epic, [[tragedy]], comedy, the [[novel]], the [[sonnet]], the [[Renaissance]], neoclassicism, [[Romanticism]], [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], Aestheticism, [[Socialist Realism]], [[Surrealism]], [[postmodernism]], and (according to Freud) [[psychoanalysis]]. Among the inventions of artists and musicians are oil painting, printmaking, [[photography]], [[Film|cinema]], musical tonality, atonality, [[jazz]], rock, [[opera]], and the symphony orchestra. Philosophers have invented logic (several times), [[dialectics]], idealism, materialism, [[utopia]], [[anarchism]], [[semiotics]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[behaviorism]], [[positivism]], [[pragmatism]], and [[deconstruction]]. Religious thinkers are responsible for such inventions as [[monotheism]], [[pantheism]], [[Methodism]], [[Mormonism]], iconoclasm, [[puritanism]], [[deism]], secularism, ecumenism, and [[Baha’i]]. Some of these disciplines, genres, and trends may seem to have existed eternally or to have emerged spontaneously of their own accord, but most of them have had inventors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epstein |first=Mikhail |date=2016-12-20 |title={{title case|INVENTIVE THINKING IN THE HUMANITIES}} |journal=Common Knowledge |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1215/0961754x-3692079 |issn=0961-754X}}</ref> |
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<ref>Mikhail Epstein. Inventive Thinking in the Humanities. ''Common Knowledge'' (Duke UP), Winter 2017, Vol.23, No. 1: 1-18 |
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== Process == |
== Process == |
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=== Practical means |
=== Practical means === |
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[[File:Alessandro Volta.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Alessandro Volta]] with the first [[electrical battery]]. Volta is recognized as an influential inventor.]] |
[[File:Alessandro Volta.jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Alessandro Volta]] with the first [[electrical battery]]. Volta is recognized as an influential inventor.]] |
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Ideas for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by [[trial and error]], by making models, by [[experiment]]ing, by testing and/or by making the invention in its whole form. [[Brainstorming]] also can spark new ideas for an invention. Collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents. |
Ideas for an invention may be developed on paper or on a computer, by writing or drawing, by [[trial and error]], by making models, by [[experiment]]ing, by testing and/or by making the invention in its whole form. [[Brainstorming]] also can spark new ideas for an invention. Collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents. |
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In addition, many inventors keep [[inventor's notebook|records]] of their working process - [[inventor's notebook|notebooks]], photos, etc., including [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Evangelista Torricelli]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref> |
In addition, many inventors keep [[inventor's notebook|records]] of their working process - [[inventor's notebook|notebooks]], photos, etc., including [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Evangelista Torricelli]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grissom, Fred. |title=Inventor's Notebook, The. |date=2005 |publisher=Nolo |oclc=1007922528}}</ref><ref>''Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor'' by Simona Cremante (2005)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jefferson's Papers at the Library of Congress |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/ |publisher=Memory.loc.gov |access-date=2013-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=about Albert Einstein |url=http://www.alberteinstein.info/about/Information |access-date=Jun 1, 2020}}</ref> |
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In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even ''morph'' into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too.<ref>{{ |
In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even ''morph'' into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuation Patents at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offices |url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/0200_201_08.htm |publisher=Uspto.gov |access-date=2013-07-17}}</ref> |
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History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a working device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also become more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the [[parachute]] became more useful once powered [[flight]] was a reality.<ref>White, Lynn: The Invention of the Parachute, ''Technology and Culture'', Vol. 9, Nremante (2005)</ref> |
History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a working device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also become more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the [[parachute]] became more useful once powered [[flight]] was a reality.<ref>White, Lynn: The Invention of the Parachute, ''Technology and Culture'', Vol. 9, Nremante (2005)</ref> |
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==== Play ==== |
==== Play ==== |
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Play may lead to invention. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop one's play instinct. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations.<ref name="inventionatplay1">{{ |
Play may lead to invention. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop one's play instinct. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations.<ref name="inventionatplay1">{{Cite web |title=Lemelson Centers Invention at Play : Inventors Stories |url=http://www.inventionatplay.org/inventors_main.html |publisher=Inventionatplay.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073009/http://inventionatplay.org/inventors_main.html |archive-date=2013-10-20 |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>Juice: The Creative Fuel That Drives World-Class Inventors (2004), p.14-15 by Evan I. Schwartz.</ref> |
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Sometimes inventions and ideas may seem to arise spontaneously while [[daydreaming]], especially when the mind is free from its usual concerns.<ref>Claxton, Guy. "Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: Why intelligence increases when you think less". Fourth Estate, London, 1997.</ref> For example, both J. K. Rowling (the creator of [[Harry Potter]])<ref>Smith, Sean. "J. K. Rowling: A Biography." Michael O'Mara Books Limited, 2001.</ref> and Frank Hornby (the inventor of [[Meccano]])<ref>Jack, Ian. "Before the Oil Ran Out: Britain 1977-87". Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1987.</ref> first had their ideas while on [[train]] journeys. |
Sometimes inventions and ideas may seem to arise spontaneously while [[daydreaming]], especially when the mind is free from its usual concerns.<ref>Claxton, Guy. "Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind: Why intelligence increases when you think less". Fourth Estate, London, 1997.</ref> For example, both J. K. Rowling (the creator of [[Harry Potter]])<ref>Smith, Sean. "J. K. Rowling: A Biography." Michael O'Mara Books Limited, 2001.</ref> and Frank Hornby (the inventor of [[Meccano]])<ref>Jack, Ian. "Before the Oil Ran Out: Britain 1977-87". Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd, 1987.</ref> first had their ideas while on [[train]] journeys. |
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In contrast, the successful aerospace engineer [[Max Munk]] advocated "aimful thinking".<ref>{{ |
In contrast, the successful aerospace engineer [[Max Munk]] advocated "aimful thinking".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engines of our Ingenuity No. 1990: Max Munk |url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1990.htm |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> |
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==== Re- |
==== Re-envisioning ==== |
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To invent is to see anew. Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their [[mind's eye]]. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash—a [[Eureka effect|Eureka]]! moment. For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream "like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision".<ref>Einstein: A Life by Denis Brian p.159 (1996)</ref> Inventions can also be accidental, such as in the case of [[polytetrafluoroethylene]] (Teflon). |
To invent is to see anew. Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their [[mind's eye]]. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash—a [[Eureka effect|Eureka]]! moment. For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream "like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision".<ref>Einstein: A Life by Denis Brian p.159 (1996)</ref> Inventions can also be accidental, such as in the case of [[polytetrafluoroethylene]] (Teflon). |
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Inventors may, for example, try to improve something by making it more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serve more purposes, longer lasting, cheaper, more [[ecological]]ly friendly, or [[aesthetic]]ally different, lighter weight, more [[ergonomic]], structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc. |
Inventors may, for example, try to improve something by making it more effective, healthier, faster, more efficient, easier to use, serve more purposes, longer lasting, cheaper, more [[ecological]]ly friendly, or [[aesthetic]]ally different, lighter weight, more [[ergonomic]], structurally different, with new light or color properties, etc. |
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=== |
=== Implementation === |
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[[Image:Arabic Numerals.svg|thumb|left|400px|[[Western Arabic numerals]] - an example of non-material inventions.]] |
[[Image:Arabic Numerals.svg|thumb|left|400px|[[Western Arabic numerals]] - an example of non-material inventions.]] |
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[[Image:ZST Bratislava Petrzalka 3.jpg|thumb|Railways — probably the most important invention in [[land transport]]. (Railway station in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]])]] |
[[Image:ZST Bratislava Petrzalka 3.jpg|thumb|Railways — probably the most important invention in [[land transport]]. (Railway station in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]])]] |
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== Comparison with innovation == |
== Comparison with innovation == |
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{{Main|Innovation}} |
{{Main|Innovation}} |
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In the [[social sciences]], an innovation is something that is new and better, and has been adopted and proven to create positive value. This is a key distinction from an invention which may not create positive value but furthers progress in a given area of development. The theory for adoption of an innovation, called ''[[diffusion of innovations]]'', considers the likelihood that an innovation is adopted and the taxonomy of persons likely to adopt it or spur its adoption. This theory was first put forth by [[Everett Rogers]].<ref>Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition by Everett Rogers (2003)</ref><ref>{{ |
In the [[social sciences]], an innovation is something that is new and better, and has been adopted and proven to create positive value. This is a key distinction from an invention which may not create positive value but furthers progress in a given area of development. The theory for adoption of an innovation, called ''[[diffusion of innovations]]'', considers the likelihood that an innovation is adopted and the taxonomy of persons likely to adopt it or spur its adoption. This theory was first put forth by [[Everett Rogers]].<ref>Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition by Everett Rogers (2003)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ciadvertising.org |url=http://www.ciadvertising.org/studies/student/98_fall/theory/hornor/paper1.html |publisher=ciadvertising.org |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref> [[Gabriel Tarde]] also dealt with the adoption of innovations in his ''Laws of Imitation''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarde|first=Gabriel de|title=Lois de L'imitation|date=2004|publisher=J.M. Tremblay|isbn=978-1-55442-397-2|series=Classiques des sciences sociales|location=Chicoutimi|language=fr|doi=10.1522/cla.tag.loi1}}</ref> |
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== Purposes == |
== Purposes == |
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An invention can serve many purposes, and does not necessarily create positive value. These purposes might differ significantly and may change over time. An invention or its development may serve purposes never envisioned by its inventors. [[Plastic]] is a good example.<ref name="inventionatplay1"/><ref>{{ |
An invention can serve many purposes, and does not necessarily create positive value. These purposes might differ significantly and may change over time. An invention or its development may serve purposes never envisioned by its inventors. [[Plastic]] is a good example.<ref name="inventionatplay1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore invention at the Lemelson Center :: Smithsonian Lemelson Center |url=http://www.invention.smithsonian.org/home/ |publisher=Invention.smithsonian.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014353/http://www.invention.smithsonian.org/home/ |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring the Process of Inventing |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4244179 |last=Talk of the Nation |date=2004-12-24 |publisher=NPR |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.greenfieldpatents.com/inventitiveprocess.php ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105054635/http://www.greenfieldpatents.com/inventitiveprocess.php |date=January 5, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Patent and Trademark Office |url=http://www.uspto.gov |date=1994-12-01 |publisher=Uspto.gov |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary |url=http://www.uspto.gov/main/glossary/index.html#cip |date=2004-08-22 |publisher=Uspto.gov |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Did the Heroic Inventors Do It? |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1985/2/1985_2_18.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201145650/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1985/2/1985_2_18.shtml |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2008-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=at Directnic |url=http://www.packagingtoday.com/introplasticexplosion.htm |publisher=Packagingtoday.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410040158/http://www.packagingtoday.com/introplasticexplosion.htm |archive-date=2013-04-10 |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plastic Materials (Aar - ACN) |url=http://www.ides.com/plastics/A.htm |publisher=Ides.com |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plastipedia: The Plastics Encyclopedia - Plastics Processes |url=http://www.bpf.co.uk/bpfindustry/process_plastics.cfm |publisher=Bpf.co.uk |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Plastics Historical Society - Home |url=http://www.plastiquarian.com/ |publisher=Plastiquarian.com |access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.plasticsindustry.org/about-us |last=Admin |first=Client |date=Nov 11, 2016 |website=Plastics Industry Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914121330/http://www.plasticsindustry.org/industry/history.htm |archive-date=Sep 14, 2008 |access-date=Jun 1, 2020}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=June 2020}} |
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== As defined by patent law == |
== As defined by patent law == |
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⚫ | |||
{{see also|Patentability}} |
{{see also|Patentability}} |
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[[Image:US Patent cover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[United States patent law|U.S. patent]]]] |
[[Image:US Patent cover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[United States patent law|U.S. patent]]]] |
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The term ''invention'' is also an important legal concept and central to patent law systems worldwide. As is often the case for legal concepts, its legal meaning is slightly different from common usage of the word. Additionally, the ''legal'' concept of invention is quite different in American and European patent law. |
The term ''invention'' is also an important legal concept and central to patent law systems worldwide. As is often the case for legal concepts, its legal meaning is slightly different from common usage of the word. Additionally, the ''legal'' concept of invention is quite different in American and European patent law. |
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In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, "Is this an invention?" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter-intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries ''as such'' and software ''as such''. The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italian and German tradition. British courts don't agree with this interpretation. Following a 1959 Australian decision ("NRDC"), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule. A British court once stated that the technical character test implies a "restatement of the problem in more imprecise terminology." |
In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, "Is this an invention?" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter-intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries ''as such'' and software ''as such''. The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italian and German tradition. British courts don't agree with this interpretation. Following a 1959 Australian decision ("NRDC"), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule. A British court once stated that the technical character test implies a "restatement of the problem in more imprecise terminology." |
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In the United States, all patent applications are considered inventions. The statute explicitly says that the American invention concept includes discoveries (35 USC § 100(a)), contrary to the European invention concept. The European invention concept corresponds to the American "patentable subject matter" concept: the first test a patent application is submitted to. While the statute (35 USC § 101)<ref name="USPTO">{{ |
In the United States, all patent applications are considered inventions. The statute explicitly says that the American invention concept includes discoveries (35 USC § 100(a)), contrary to the European invention concept. The European invention concept corresponds to the American "patentable subject matter" concept: the first test a patent application is submitted to. While the statute (35 USC § 101)<ref name="USPTO">{{Cite web |title=35 U.S.C. 1 Establishment. |url=https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/mpep-9015-appx-l.html |website=United States Patent and Trademark Office |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark OFfice |access-date=1 August 2018 |ref=USPTO}}</ref> virtually poses no limits to patenting whatsoever, courts have decided in binding precedents that abstract ideas, natural phenomena and laws of nature are not patentable. Various attempts have been made to substantiate the "abstract idea" test, which suffers from abstractness itself, but none have succeeded. The last attempt so far was the "machine or transformation" test, but the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2010 that it is merely an indication at best. |
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In India, invention means a new product or process that involves an inventive step, and capable of being made or used in an industry. Whereas, "new invention" means any invention that has not been anticipated in any prior art or used in the country or any where in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/ev/sections/ps2.html |
In India, invention means a new product or process that involves an inventive step, and capable of being made or used in an industry. Whereas, "new invention" means any invention that has not been anticipated in any prior art or used in the country or any where in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Patent Act 1970-Sections |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/ev/sections/ps2.html |website=ipindia.nic.in |access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> |
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== In the arts == |
== In the arts == |
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Invention has a long and important history in [[the arts]]. Inventive thinking has always played a vital role in the [[creative process]].<ref> |
Invention has a long and important history in [[the arts]]. Inventive thinking has always played a vital role in the [[creative process]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Howard |title=Creating minds : an anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi |date=2011 |publisher=BasicBooks |isbn=978-0-465-02774-3 |oclc=809459661}}</ref> While some inventions in the arts are [[patentable]], others are not because they cannot fulfill the strict requirements governments have established for granting them. (see [[patent]]). |
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Some inventions in art include the: |
Some inventions in art include the: |
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* Combine invented by [[Robert Rauschenberg]] |
* Combine invented by [[Robert Rauschenberg]] |
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* Shaped painting invented by [[Frank Stella]] |
* Shaped painting invented by [[Frank Stella]] |
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* Motion picture, the invention of which is attributed to [[Eadweard Muybridge]]<ref> |
* Motion picture, the invention of which is attributed to [[Eadweard Muybridge]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eadweard Muybridge | Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/photography-biographies/eadweard-muybridge |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=Jun 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Eadweard Muybridge (British photographer) - Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399928/Eadweard-Muybridge |accessdate=2013-08-30 |date=1904-05-08}}</ref> |
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Likewise, [[Jackson Pollock]] invented an entirely new form of painting and a new kind of abstraction by dripping, pouring, splashing and splattering paint onto un-stretched canvas lying on the floor. |
Likewise, [[Jackson Pollock]] invented an entirely new form of painting and a new kind of abstraction by dripping, pouring, splashing and splattering paint onto un-stretched canvas lying on the floor. |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
{{Wikiquote}} |
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{{Wiktionary}} |
{{Wiktionary}} |
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* [http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/inventions/inventions.html List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Notable Inventions] at [[WIPO]] |
* [http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/inventions/inventions.html List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Notable Inventions] at [[WIPO]] |
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{{Inventions}} |
{{Inventions}} |
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{{Aspects of capitalism}} |
{{Aspects of capitalism}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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