An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers arriving from other countries.[1] International airports are typically larger than domestic airports and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also host domestic flights.[2] Some, such as Frankfurt Airport in Germany are very large; others such as Fa'a'ā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small.
Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, there were over 1,200 international airports and almost two billion international passengers along with 50 million metric tonnes of cargo were passing through them annually.[3]
History
The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was in August 1919 at Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England. It was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920.[4][5] In the United States, Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona became was the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.[6]
The precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".[7] Four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the Kangaroo Route), on-water landing areas were found in places such as Surabaya and in the open sea off Koepang. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the airport landing area. In 1938, the journey from Sydney to Southampton, took 8-9 days and the flying boat service operated for 13 months until the outbreak of World War II.[7]
Design and construction
The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.[8][9][10][11] Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.[12][13] Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.[14]
Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site.
In terms of building design, arrival terminals are constructed at ground level and departures at an upper level. Aerobridges deliver passengers from waiting areas to where the appropriate aeroplane is parked.[15][16]
Some international airports require construction of additional infrastructure outside of the airport, such as at the Hong Kong International Airport, which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile expressway to connect the airport to greater Hong Kong.[17] Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges.[17] Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.[17]
Operations and management
International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.[18]
Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.[19]
Standards
Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) formed in 1945 is the association of the airline companies. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate. This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics. Consequentially representatives of airports organized themselves under Airport Operators Council, later Airports Council International, to apply for observer status in these organizations.[20]
Flight logistics
International airports have extensive operations in managing flight logistics, such as air traffic control, a service provided by ground-based controllers who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace. Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.[21]
Customs and immigration
Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities, which allow right of entry. These change over time but are generally designated by law.[22] However, as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations, such facilities do not define an international airport.
Security and safety
The current trend of enhancing security at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.[23][24] This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.[18] International flights often require a higher level of physical security than do domestic airports, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.
Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each gate. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of boarding.[25]
To ensure the viability of airport operations, new and innovative security systems are being developed. For instance, the old security checkpoints can be replaced by a "total security area" encompassing an entire airport, coupled with automatic surveillance of passengers from the moment they enter the airport until they embark on a plane.[18]
Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re-check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in Europe, luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection.
In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. As one example of this, are airports in Canada with United States border preclearance facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the airport of entry.
A crucial safety aspect of international airports is medical facilities and practices. In particular, controlling transmissible disease, such as SARS, is deemed important at international airports.[3] While these standards are regulated by ICAO Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPs) and WHO's International Health Regulations (IHR), local authorities have considerable say in how they are implemented.[26]
Transportation
Among the most important airport services are further transportation connections, including rail networks, taxi and shuttle services at curbside pick-up areas, and public buses.[27] Large areas for automobile parking, often in co-located multi-storey car parks, are also typical to find at airports. Some airports provide shuttle services to parking garages for passengers and airport employees.[27] Due to the very large scale of international airports, some have constructed shuttle services to transport passengers between terminals.[28] Such systems operate for example, in Singapore Changi Airport and Zurich Airport.
At some U.S. international airports, such as O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, some seating and waiting areas are located away from the terminal building, with passengers being shuttled to terminals.[27] These areas may be referred to as ground transportation centers or intermodal centers.[27] Amenities at ground transportation centers typically include restrooms and seating, and may also provide ticket counters, food and beverage sales and retail goods such as magazines.[27] Some ground transportation centers have heating and air conditioning and covered boarding areas[27] (to protect passengers from the elements).
-
An internal motorized moving footway to transport passengers within Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport, Spain
-
Curbside passenger pick up area at Terminal 3 Cairo International Airport, Eqypt
-
Rail service at Terminal 2 of Charles de Gaulle Airport in France
Services and amenities
Standard amenities include public restrooms, passenger waiting areas and retail stores for dining and shopping,[28] including duty-free shops.[29] Dining establishments may be consolidated in food courts. Some international airports may offer retail sales of luxury goods at duty-free stores, such as at Terminal 3 at Indira Gandhi International Airport in India.[29] This terminal has been described as having become a significant retail destination in India.[29] Wi-Fi service and access, offices for bureau de change (currency exchange) and tourism advice are common, although the availability of service varies across airports. Some international airports provide secure areas for stranded passengers to rest and sleep. The more usual service is hotels that are available on the premises.
-
For passengers stranded overnight, secure area at O'Hare International Airport with dimmed lights, cots, pillows, blankets, and toiletries (2008)[30]
-
The food court in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport (2013)
Customer satisfaction awards
The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. Singapore Changi Airport has been the first place winner in 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2014.[31] Other winners include Incheon International Airport (South Korea) and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (The Netherlands).[32]
Airport names
Naming conventions
Toponyms are one of the commonest source of name. A number of areas lying close to airports have lent their names to airports, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport and Foz do Iguaçu International Airport are named after the Iguazu Falls in Argentina. Domodedovo International Airport is named after the town of Domodedovo. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following:
- Politicians and statesmen, such as Heads of State, Members of parliament and leaders of political parties as well as high-ranking military personnel. Examples include: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, named after Charles de Gaulle; two international airports named after Simón Bolívar, one in Venezuela,[33] and one in Colombia; Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, formerly known as Dum Dum Airport, is named after Subhas Chandra Bose[34] and Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport, named after former premier Jean Lesage.
- Aviators, such as pilots (civil and military) and others who played a role in the development of aviation. Sydney Airport is also known as Kingsford Smith Airport, named after Charles Kingsford Smith;[35][36] and Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport, in Chile, is named after Arturo Merino Benítez.[37]
- Cultural leaders (poets, artists, writers, musicians) such as Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport, named after Leonardo da Vinci; Václav Havel Airport Prague, named after writer/philospher/statesman Václav Havel.[38] Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport and Warsaw Chopin Airport were both renamed after musicians, the former after Franz Liszt on the 200th anniversary of his birth.[39] and the latter after Frédéric Chopin.[40]
- Public figures (advocates, engineers, doctors, teachers, journalists or sportpeople), such as George Best Belfast City Airport, named after footballer George Best, who came from the city.
- Scientists such as Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport, named after Guglielmo Marconi.[41]
- Mythology and religion, such as heroes of epics and myths, church hierarchs and saints and similar names. Manas International Airport (or Bishkek) in Kyrgyzstan is named after Manas in the Kyrgyz national epic poem.
- Ideals in combination with toponyms, such as Newark Liberty International Airport.
- Ethnic groups, such as Minangkabau International Airport in Padang, Indonesia, named after the local Minangkabau people.
A study concluded that an average of 44% of the world's airports are named by toponyms. Thirty per cent for politicians and only 7% for aviators. Mythology and religion (3%), Public figures (2%), People of science (2%) and Other (1%).[42]
Many airports with regularly scheduled international service have the word "International" in their official names, but others do not. Major capital cities such as Hong Kong, London and Stockholm, incorporate the city in their name, with resulting names such as Hong Kong International Airport, London Heathrow Airport and Stockholm Arlanda Airport. Some international airports have variant names. For example, Tokyo International Airport is also known as Haneda Airport. The fact that some airports, such as Cairns Airport, and Reykjavík Airport operate direct international flights is not obvious from their name. Conversely, some airports which call themselves international airports, especially in smaller cities, in fact have no scheduled international airline passenger service but do have customs and immigration facilities serving charter, cargo and general aviation flights. At many of these airports customs and immigration services are only available with advance notice. One example of such an airport is Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A few, such as Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary, Indiana, are in fact not international airports at all; they are not designated as airports of entry but aspire to become such in the future and added "international airport" to their names as a marketing tool.[citation needed]
Notable airports
By historical event
- 1919 (August) Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France.
- 1931 "Godfrey Field", originally built as a regional airport in 1927 by Edward Rawson Godfrey, is commissioned as "Bangor Army Air Field" by the U.S. Army Air Corps. It serves to launch pilots flying the Great Circle Route to Prestwick Airport[43] in Scotland at the start of World War II.
- 1933 Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona is honored by Eleanor Roosevelt as "the first international airport of the Americas", having reached this capacity in 1928.[6]
- 1942 February 28) Bangor Army Air Field comes under the authority of Air Service Command (ASC) and is renamed Dow Army Airfield after 2nd Lt James Frederick Dow, a native of Oakfield, ME and graduate of the University of Maine who had been killed in a mid-air collision during his training on June 17, 1940.[43]
- 1953 (April 25) Fort Worth International Airport situated at Amon Carter Field opened to the public as a regional airport. Though it was entitled International there were no scheduled international flights into or out of Fort Worth at the time.[44]
- 1977 (January 27) Kent County Airport becomes an international airport with the addition of a U.S. Customs Bureau Office in the terminal.[45]
- 1994 (September 4) Kansai International Airport, opens to the public, after having began construction in 1987,[46] having been built on a man-made island approximately 5 kilometers off the coast of Senshu in Osaka Bay. The airport has a single passenger terminal building which is 1.7 kilometers in length situated next to its 3,500 meter runway. The man-made island is 2.5 miles long and 1.6 miles wide.[46][47]
- 2007 Canberra Airport becomes the first international airport to fully integrate Required Navigation Performance (RNP) in all of its incoming and outgoing flights after it was internationally developed and standardized by ICAO Special Committee on Future Air Naviation Systems (FANS) in June 2005.[48]
By passenger numbers
- As of 2012, Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with a total of 95,462,867, 1.35 million more passengers than the next busiest airport which was Beijing Capital International with 81,929,359 passengers.[49] The following year, Hartsfield retained its place as the busiest airport but with only 94.4 million passengers.[50]
- Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel their as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.[51]
Other
- Svalbard Airport in Svalbard, Norway is the northern-most airport that tourists can book tickets to. It's primarily used for transporting miners to and from the cluster of islands which has a heavy mining industry.[52]
- Qamdo Bamda Airport in Qamdo, Tibet is the situated 14,000 feet above sea level, making it the airport with the highest elevation.[53]
- King Fahd International_Airport, Dammam, Saudi Arabia is the largest airport in the world, taking up over 300 square miles.[54]
- Denver International Airport is the largest airport in the United States, taking up 53 square miles.[55]
Exceptions
Some airports which (usually) previously served international flights now serve primarily or exclusively domestic flights (international traffic having been redirected to a newer, larger airport in the area), but retain the "international" designation in their name. Examples of these are:
- Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Taiwan (which retains its name as "Taipei International Airport" in Chinese), relieved by Taoyuan International Airport.
- Gimpo International Airport in Seoul, South Korea, relieved by Incheon International Airport
- Osaka International Airport in Osaka, Japan, relieved by Kansai International Airport
- Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in Shanghai, People's Republic of China, relieved by Pudong International Airport.
- Hobart International Airport in Hobart, Australia, formerly serviced commercial international flights; now limited to commercial domestic, Antarctic, and charter international flights.[56][57]
See also
- Busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic
- Customs airport
- List of international airports by country
- List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
- World's busiest airport
- World's busiest airports by cargo traffic
- World's busiest airports by passenger traffic
- World's busiest airports by traffic movements
References
- ^ Katherine Barber, ed. (2004). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-541816-3.
- ^ Reilly, Carmel (2010). International airports. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-556757-1.
- ^ a b IHR implementation at ports, airports and groundcrossings – video (WEBM). multimedia.who.int (Video). WHO. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
- ^ Bluffield, Robert (2009). Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940. Hersham [England]: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-906537-07-4.
- ^ Learmonth, Bob; Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna (1977), A history of Croydon Airport, Sutton Libraries and Arts Services
- ^ a b Blaskey, Larry (2008-06-06). "Eleanor Roosevelt's trip to Douglas remembered". Douglas Dispatch. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
- ^ a b Stackhouse, John (1995). ...from the dawn of aviation: The QANTAS Story. Double Bay, NSW: Focus Publishing Pty Ltd. p. 57, 66–71. ISBN 1-875359-23-0.
- ^ Feldman, Elliot J. and Jerome Milch (1982). Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports. Boston, Massachusetts: Auburn House Pub. Co. ISBN 0-86569-063-4.
- ^ Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports. Montreal, Canada: International Civil Aviation Organization. 2001.
- ^ Salter, Mark B. (2008). Politics at the airport ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-5014-4.
- ^ Williams, Alan, 1934-, Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond / by Alan Williams, Ashgate Pub. Co
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations". United States Federal Aviation Administration. 1980. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- ^ "Quality control of construction for airport grant projects". U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ^ ""Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport: New Mexico City Airport Is Expected to Be the Largest in Latin America and Serve as Regional Hub", Wall Street Journal, 2014-09-03". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ Angkasa Pura I, PT. (Persero) (2010), Kilas balik perjalanan Ngurah Rai International Airport, Angkasa Pura I (Persero)
- ^ Lim, Vincent, 1965-; Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore, Creating paradise T3: Singapore Changi Airport / researched & written by Vincent Lim, SNP International Pub, ISBN 9789812481146
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p. 3.
- ^ a b c Janić, Milan (February 2010). Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 51–52, 248. ISBN 978-1-61761-560-3. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|registration=
ignored (|url-access=
suggested) (help) - ^ Graham, Anne (2003). Managing airports – an international perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK and Burlington, US: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-5917-3.
- ^ "History of Airports Council International-North America". Airports Council International – North America. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ Reddy, Arun. "The science and technology of air traffic control". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ Bennett, David L. (1996). "Designated US International airports". U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ^ St. John, Peter (1991). Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers. New York: Quorum Books. ISBN 0-89930-413-3.
- ^ Moore, Kenneth C. (1991). Airport, aircraft, and airline security (2nd ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-9019-4.
- ^ Rodney Wallis (2003). How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-275-97847-1.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): What are the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices for medical facilities at international airports?". icao.int. ICAO. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
- ^ a b c d e f Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large Airports. Transportation Research Board. 2002. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0-309-06764-2.
- ^ a b Johnson, Josie J. International Air Flights. Clinton Gilkie.
- ^ a b c Atwal, Glyn; Jain, Soumya (2012). The Luxury Market in India. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 102. ISBN 1-137-24317-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Traveler Services". Chicago Department of Aviation. Retrieved July 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Moodley, Kiran. "Singapore's Changi Airport Named World's Best". NBC News. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ "World Airport Awards". Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ "Word Travel: Overview of Caracas Airport". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "Word Travels: Overview of Kolkata Airport". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ Eames, Jim (2000). Sydney airport: 80 years as the gateway to Australia. Edgecliff, N.S.W.: Focus Pub. ISBN 1-875359-64-8.
- ^ Gall, Jennifer (1986). From bullocks to Boeings: an illustrated history of Sydney Airport. Canberra: Australian Government Pub. Service. ISBN 0-644-03395-9.
- ^ "Word Travels: Overview of Santiago International Airport". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "Word Travels: Overview of Prague Václav Havel Airport". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "Word Travels: Overview of Budapest Airport". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "Word Travels: Overview of Warsaw Airport". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "Word Travels: Overview of Bologna Airport". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ Peskov, Denis. "Naming of International Airports". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b "The Maine Troop Greeters Winter Newsletter" (PDF). 2 (1): 2.
..prior to the aircraft being flown on the Great Circle Route to Prestwick Airport, Scotland
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Freeman, Paul. "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ "History & Statistics". Gerald R. Ford International Airport. Grand Rapids, MI. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ a b Sweeney, Chris. "The World's 18 Strangest Airports". Popular Mechanics.
- ^ Piano, Renzo (March 21, 2010). "High Tech Architecture". Helwan University Faculty of Fine Arts & Architecture. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Hunter, Major, USAF, Tracy N. (11 June 2010). Hill, Raymond (ed.). "Performance Of Military Cargo Aircraft Using Required Navigation Performance Departures" (PDF). Graduate Research Project. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology: 6, 17–18. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
The third location, Canberra, Australia was selected ....", "Australia's report evaluating the world's first international airport with full integration of RNP approaches and departures ... In the study conducted from August 2007 to January 2008
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "World Top 30 Airports". Fubra Limite. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
- ^ "Top 10 Airports: Passenger Traffic in 2013". Airport World Magazine.
- ^ "(LAX) Los Angeles International Airport Overview". Flight Stats. FlightStats, Inc. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ^ Sweeney, Chris. "The World's 18 Strangest Airports".
- ^ Sweeney, Chris. "The World's 18 Strangest Airports".
- ^ Sweeney, Chris. "The World's 18 Strangest Airports".
- ^ Sweeney, Chris. "The World's 18 Strangest Airports".
- ^ "Promise check: $38 million to expand Hobart International Airport". AC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ Clark, Nick. "Hunt for international airline to operate flights from Hobart Airport". The Mercury. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Bibliography
- Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) (contributor) (1998). Hong Kong International Airport: Transport links. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2693-5. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help)
External links
- Airport World – published by Airports Council International