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[[File:DublinAirport31mar2007-01.jpg |thumb |right |[[Border control |Passport inspection]] at [[Dublin Airport]]]] |
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[[File:USA Immigration at JFK.jpg |thumb |right | Separate immigration lines for Citizens, Diplomats and Visitors at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]]] |
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[[File:Shannon1.jpg |thumb |right | At [[Shannon Airport]], travelers to the United States can "[[United States border preclearance |pre-clear]]" U.S. immigration]] |
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[[File:Customs at London Stansted Airport perspective+crop.jpg |thumb |right |International airports collect [[Duty (economics) |customs duty]] on goods imported by passengers]] |
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[[File:Tel Aviv, Ben Gurion Airport, Departure Hall.jpg|thumb |right |[[Duty-free shop]]s at International Airports can sell goods free from national taxes and duties. ([[Ben Gurion Airport]] Duty Free shops area).]] |
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An '''international airport''' is an [[airport]] that offers [[customs]] and [[immigration]] facilities for passengers arriving from other countries.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Canadian Oxford Dictionary | edition = 2nd | editor = [[Katherine Barber]] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = |
An '''international airport''' is an [[airport]] that offers [[customs]] and [[immigration]] facilities for passengers arriving from other countries.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Canadian Oxford Dictionary | edition = 2nd | editor = [[Katherine Barber]] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-19-541816-3 }}</ref> International airports are typically larger than domestic airports and often feature longer [[runway]]s and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also host [[domestic flight]]s.<ref name=Reilly>{{cite book|last1=Reilly|first1=Carmel|title=International airports|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand|location=South Melbourne, Vic.|isbn=978-0-19-556757-1}}</ref> Some, such as [[Frankfurt Airport]] in Germany are very large; others such as [[Fa'a'ā International Airport]] in Tahiti, are quite small. |
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Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, there were over 1,200 international airports and almost two billion international passengers along with 50 million metric tonnes of cargo were passing through them annually.<ref name="mult_WHO-" /> |
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In many smaller countries most airports are international airports, so the concept of an "international airport" has little meaning. In certain countries however, there is a sub-category of ''limited international airports'' which handle international flights, but are limited to short-haul destinations (often due to geographical factors) or are mixed civilian/military airports.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} |
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[[File:SFO at night.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.75|An aerial photograph of [[San Francisco International Airport]] at night, showing departure gates radiating out from the [[airport terminal|terminal building]], road access, [[aerobridge]]s, [[Airport apron|apron]] and parked planes (2005)]] |
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==Operations== |
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Many international airports also serve as [[Airline hub|hubs]], or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch planes. International airports often have many airlines represented, and many of these are often foreign. |
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{{TOC limit|3}} |
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Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re-check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in [[Europe]] luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection. |
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== History == |
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In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. As one example of this, are airports in [[Canada]] with [[United States border preclearance]] facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the airport of entry.******* |
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[[File:Flying boats at Rose Bay.jpg|thumb|upright= 1.25| ''[[Qantas Empire Airways]]'' International [[flying boat]] services arriving at [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]], Sydney (c.1939)]] |
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The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was in August 1919 at [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]], in [[London]], [[England]]. It was closed and supplanted by [[Croydon Airport]] in March 1920.<ref name=Bluffield>{{cite book|last1=Bluffield|first1=Robert|title=Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Hersham [England]|isbn=978-1-906537-07-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=A history of Croydon Airport | author1=Learmonth, Bob | author2=Cluett, Douglas | author3=Nash, Joanna | year=1977 | publisher=Sutton Libraries and Arts Services }}</ref> In the United States, [[Bisbee-Douglas International Airport]] in [[Arizona]] became was the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.<ref name="douglas">{{Cite web| title = Eleanor Roosevelt’s trip to Douglas remembered| last1 = Blaskey| first1 = Larry | work = [[Douglas Dispatch]]| date = 2008-06-06| accessdate = 2014-10-06| url = http://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html }}</ref> |
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The precursors to international airports were airfields or [[aerodrome]]s. In the early days of [[international flight]]s, there was limited infrastructure, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".<ref name=Stackhouse>{{cite book|last1=Stackhouse|first1=John|title=...from the dawn of aviation: The QANTAS Story|date=1995|publisher=Focus Publishing Pty Ltd|location=Double Bay, NSW|page=57, 66–71| isbn=1-875359-23-0}}</ref> Four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, [[flying boat]]s became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the [[Kangaroo Route]]), on-water landing areas were found in places such as [[Surabaya]] and in the open sea off [[Kupang|Koepang]]. In [[Sydney]], [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]], was chosen as the airport landing area. In 1938, the journey from Sydney to [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]], took 8-9 days and the flying boat service operated for 13 months until the outbreak of [[World War II]].<ref name=Stackhouse /> |
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==Naming== |
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[[Image:IAH Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]], an international airport in Houston, United States]] |
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Many airports with regularly scheduled international service have the word "International" in their official names, but others, including such major airports as [[London Heathrow Airport]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport]], [[Changi Airport]] (Singapore), [[Frankfurt Airport]], [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] and [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]] do not. Conversely, some airports which call themselves ''international airports,'' especially in smaller United States cities, in fact have no scheduled international airline passenger service but do have customs and immigration facilities serving charter, cargo and general aviation flights. At many of these airports customs and immigration services are only available with advance notice. One example of such an airport is [[Gerald R. Ford International Airport]] in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]], [[Michigan]]. A few, such as [[Gary/Chicago International Airport]] in [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], are in fact not international airports at all; they are not designated as airports of entry but aspire to become such in the future and added "international airport" to their names as a marketing tool.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} |
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== Design and construction == |
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===International in name only=== |
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[[File:T98C5453.jpg|thumb|left|Airports have to be designed to fit into the landscape ([[Nouméa Magenta Airport]]) ]] |
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Other airports which (usually) previously served international flights now serve primarily or exclusively domestic flights (international traffic having been redirected to a newer, larger airport in the area), but retain the "international" designation in their name. Examples of these are: |
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The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.<ref name=Feldman>{{cite book|last1=Feldman|first1=Elliot J. and Jerome Milch|title=Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports|date=1982|publisher=Auburn House Pub. Co.|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=0-86569-063-4}}</ref><ref name=Regs>{{cite book|title=Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports|date=2001|publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization|location=Montreal, Canada}}</ref><ref name=Salter>{{cite book|last1=Salter|first1=Mark B.|title=Politics at the airport|date=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=0-8166-5014-4|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond / by Alan Williams | author1=Williams, Alan, 1934- | publisher=Ashgate Pub. Co }}</ref> Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.<ref name=Planning>{{cite web|title=Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111114|publisher=United States Federal Aviation Administration|accessdate=30 September 2014|location=|year=1980}}</ref><ref name=QC>{{cite web|title=Quality control of construction for airport grant projects|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111170|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration|accessdate=1 October 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example is the planned [[New Mexico City international airport]], intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.<ref name=wsj>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/mexico-plans-new-9-2-billion-airport-1409676782|title="Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport: New Mexico City Airport Is Expected to Be the Largest in Latin America and Serve as Regional Hub", ''Wall Street Journal'', 2014-09-03|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> |
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* [[Taipei Songshan Airport]] in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] (which retains its name as "Taipei International Airport" in Chinese), relieved by [[Taoyuan International Airport]]. |
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* [[Gimpo International Airport]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], relieved by [[Incheon International Airport]] |
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* [[Osaka International Airport]] in [[Osaka]], [[Japan]], relieved by [[Kansai International Airport]] |
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* [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]] in [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]], relieved by [[Pudong International Airport]]. |
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* [[Hobart International Airport]] in [[Hobart]], [[Australia]], formerly serviced commercial international flights; now limited to commercial domestic, [[Antarctic]], and charter international flights. |
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Airports can be towered or [[non-towered airport|non-towered]], depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy [[airspace]], many international airports have air traffic control located on site. |
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International airports in the United States with only domestic flights include: |
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*[[Albuquerque International Sunport]], in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]] |
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*[[Billings Logan International Airport]], in [[Billings, Montana|Billings]], [[Montana]] |
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*[[El Paso International Airport]], in [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], [[Texas]] |
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*[[Fort Wayne International Airport]], in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], Indiana |
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*[[Hilo International Airport]], in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]], [[Hawaii]] |
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*[[Piedmont Triad International Airport]], in [[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]], [[North Carolina]] |
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*[[Pensacola International Airport]], in [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], [[Florida]] |
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*[[Atlantic City International Airport]], in [[Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey|Egg Harbor Township]], [[New Jersey]] |
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In terms of building design, arrival [[airport terminal|terminals]] are constructed at ground level and departures at an upper level. [[Jet bridge|Aerobridges]] deliver passengers from waiting areas to where the appropriate aeroplane is parked.<ref>{{Citation | title=Kilas balik perjalanan Ngurah Rai International Airport | author1=Angkasa Pura I, PT. (Persero) | year=2010 | publisher=Angkasa Pura I (Persero) | language=English }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Creating paradise T3: Singapore Changi Airport / researched & written by Vincent Lim | author1=Lim, Vincent, 1965- | author2=Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore | publisher=SNP International Pub | isbn=9789812481146 }}</ref> |
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International airports in the United States with no scheduled flights include: |
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*[[Akron Fulton International Airport]] in [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Ohio]] |
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*[[Griffiss International Airport]] in [[Rome, New York|Rome]], [[New York]] |
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*[[Rickenbacker International Airport]] in [[Lockbourne, Ohio|Lockbourne]], [[Ohio]] |
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*[[San Bernardino International Airport]] in [[San Bernardino]], [[California]] |
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Some international airports require construction of additional [[infrastructure]] outside of the airport, such as at the [[Hong Kong International Airport]], which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile [[Controlled-access highway|expressway]] to connect the airport to greater [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="ICEpage3">Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p. 3.</ref> Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan [[viaduct]] on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges.<ref name="ICEpage3" /> Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.<ref name="ICEpage3" /> |
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Six US [[Essential Air Service]] airfields (federally-subsidised for scheduled flights to one domestic hub only) bill themselves as international airports: |
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* [[Chippewa County International Airport]] in [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan]] |
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* [[Falls International Airport]] in [[International Falls, Minnesota]] |
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* [[Massena International Airport]] in [[Massena, New York]] |
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* [[Ogdensburg International Airport]] in [[Ogdensburg, New York]] |
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* [[Plattsburgh International Airport]] in [[Plattsburgh, New York]] |
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* [[Watertown International Airport]] in [[Dexter, New York]] |
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All are on the [[International boundary|Canadian border]]; some are able to accept Canadian [[general aviation]] flights with one to two hours advance notice. |
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== Operations and management == |
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==List of international airports== |
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[[File:Display Screen At A Paris Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[flight information display system]] screen at [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]]'s Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals]] |
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{{main|Airport of entry|List of international airports by country}} |
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International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as [[Airline hub|hubs]], or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch planes, while others serve primarily direct [[Point-to-point transit|point-to-point]] flights. This affects airport design factors including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals each in their separate building equipped with separate [[Baggage handling system|baggage handling facilities]]. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.<ref name="Janic2010">{{cite book| title = Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion| last = Janić| first = Milan| page = 51–52, 248| publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers]]| location = New York| date = February 2010| accessdate = 2014-09-29| url = http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10680982| isbn = 978-1-61761-560-3|registration=yes}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Aviation}} |
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Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.<ref name=Graham>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Anne|title=Managing airports – an international perspective|date=2003|edition=2nd|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Oxford, UK and Burlington, US|isbn=0-7506-5917-3}}</ref> |
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*[[Border checkpoint]] |
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*[[Civil enclave]] |
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=== Standards === |
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*[[Domestic airport]] |
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Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA) formed in 1945 is the association of the airline companies. The [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) is a body of the [[United Nations]] succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate. This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics. Consequentially representatives of airports organized themselves under [[Airport Operators Council]], later [[Airports Council International]], to apply for [[observer status]] in these organizations.<ref name=iata>{{cite web|title=History of Airports Council International-North America|url=http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|publisher=[[Airports Council International]] – North America|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> |
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*[[Domestic flight]] |
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*[[Regional airport]] |
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=== Flight logistics === |
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*[[International flight]] |
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International airports have extensive operations in managing flight [[logistics]], such as [[air traffic control]], a service provided by ground-based [[Air traffic controller|controllers]] who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled [[airspace]]. Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.<ref name=ARTE>{{cite web|last1=Reddy|first1=Arun|title=The science and technology of air traffic control|url=http://arstechnica.com/science/2010/03/the-science-and-technology-of-air-traffic-control/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|accessdate=3 October 2014}}</ref> |
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=== Customs and immigration === |
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[[File:DublinAirport31mar2007-01.jpg|thumb |left |[[Border checkpoint|Passport inspection]] at [[Dublin Airport]] (2007)]] |
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Airports with international flights have customs and [[immigration]] facilities, which allow right of entry. These change over time but are generally designated by law.<ref name=Bennett>{{cite web|last1=Bennett|first1=David L.|title=Designated US International airports|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS110152|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration|date =1996|accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> However, as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations, such facilities do not define an international airport. |
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=== Security and safety === |
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[[File:Shannon1.jpg|thumb |left| At [[Shannon Airport]], travelers to the United States can "[[United States border preclearance|pre-clear]]" U.S. immigration (2008)]] |
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The current trend of enhancing [[airport security|security]] at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.<ref name=St.John>{{cite book|last1=St. John|first1=Peter|title=Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers|date=1991|publisher=Quorum Books|location=New York|isbn=0-89930-413-3}}</ref><ref name=Moore>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Kenneth C.|title=Airport, aircraft, and airline security|date=1991|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Boston|isbn=0-7506-9019-4|edition=2nd}}</ref> This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.<ref name="Janic2010" /> International flights often require a higher level of physical security than do [[domestic airports]], although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both. |
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Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each [[Gate (airport)|gate]]. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of [[Boarding (transport)|boarding]].<ref name="Wallis2003">{{cite book|author=Rodney Wallis|title=How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=epE200ufFu0C&pg=PA90|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97847-1|pages=90–91}}</ref> |
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To ensure the viability of airport operations, new and innovative security systems are being developed. For instance, the old security checkpoints can be replaced by a "total security area" encompassing an entire airport, coupled with automatic surveillance of passengers from the moment they enter the airport until they embark on a plane.<ref name="Janic2010" /> |
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Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re-check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in [[Europe]], luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection. |
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In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. As one example of this, are airports in [[Canada]] with [[United States border preclearance]] facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the [[airport of entry]]. |
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A crucial safety aspect of international airports is medical facilities and practices. In particular, controlling [[transmissible disease]], such as [[SARS]], is deemed important at international airports.<ref name="mult_WHO-">{{Cite AV media| title = IHR implementation at ports, airports and groundcrossings – video | work = multimedia.who.int| publisher = [[WHO]]| accessdate = 2014-10-01| url = http://multimedia.who.int/webm/WHO-PROD_International_health_regulations_02OCT2012_en.webm| format = WEBM| type = Video}}</ref> While these standards are regulated by [[ICAO]] [[Standards And Recommended Practices]] (SARPs) and [[WHO]]'s [[International Health Regulations]] (IHR), local authorities have considerable say in how they are implemented.<ref name="ICAOFAQ">{{cite web| title = Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): What are the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices for medical facilities at international airports?| website = icao.int| publisher = [[ICAO]]| accessdate = 2014-10-01| url = http://www.icao.int/safety/aviation-medicine/Pages/medFAQ_en.aspx#anchor06}}</ref> |
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=== Transportation === |
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Among the most important airport services are further transportation connections, including rail networks, taxi and shuttle services at curbside pick-up areas, and public buses.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Large areas for automobile [[parking]], often in co-located [[multi-storey car park]]s, are also typical to find at airports. Some airports provide shuttle services to parking garages for passengers and airport employees.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Due to the very large scale of international airports, some have constructed shuttle services to transport passengers between terminals.<ref name="Johnson" /> Such systems operate for example, in [[Singapore Changi Airport]] and [[Zurich Airport]]. |
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At some U.S. international airports, such as [[O'Hare International Airport]] in Chicago, some seating and waiting areas are located away from the terminal building, with passengers being shuttled to terminals.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> These areas may be referred to as ground transportation centers or intermodal centers.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Amenities at ground transportation centers typically include restrooms and seating, and may also provide ticket counters, food and beverage sales and retail goods such as magazines.<ref name="SFIPTA" /> Some ground transportation centers have heating and air conditioning and covered boarding areas<ref name="SFIPTA" /> (to protect passengers from the elements). |
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<center><gallery caption="" widths="220px" heights="150px"> |
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File:Madrid 5.JPG|An internal motorized moving [[footway]] to transport passengers within [[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport]], Spain |
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File:CairoIntlAirportTerminal3.jpg|Curbside passenger pick up area at Terminal 3 [[Cairo International Airport]], Eqypt |
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File:Cdgval val208 gareTGV 3.jpg|Rail service at Terminal 2 of [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] in France |
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</gallery></center> |
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=== Services and amenities === |
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Standard amenities include public restrooms, passenger waiting areas and retail stores for dining and shopping,<ref name="Johnson" /> including [[duty-free shop]]s.<ref name="LMI" /> Dining establishments may be consolidated in [[food court]]s. Some international airports may offer retail sales of [[luxury goods]] at duty-free stores, such as at Terminal 3 at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in India.<ref name="LMI" /> This terminal has been described as having become a significant retail destination in India.<ref name="LMI" /> [[Wi-Fi]] service and access, offices for [[Bureaux de change|bureau de change]] ([[currency]] exchange) and [[tourism]] advice are common, although the availability of service varies across airports. Some international airports provide secure areas for stranded passengers to rest and sleep. The more usual service is hotels that are available on the premises. |
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<center><gallery caption="" widths="220px" heights="150px"> |
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File:Tel Aviv, Ben Gurion Airport, Departure Hall.jpg|[[Duty-free shop]]s at [[Ben Gurion Airport|Ben Gurion International Airport]] in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel (2012) |
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File:Cots for stranded passengers - O'Hare International Airport.jpg|For passengers stranded overnight, secure area at [[O'Hare International Airport]] with dimmed lights, cots, pillows, blankets, and toiletries (2008)<ref>{{cite web | title = Traveler Services | publisher = Chicago Department of Aviation | url = http://www.flychicago.com/OHare/EN/AtAirport/Facilities/TravelerServices/Pages/Traveler-Services.aspx | accessdate = July 2014}}</ref> |
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File:Hong Kong International Airport, Terminal 1, Food Court in the Restricted Area (Hong Kong).jpg|The [[food court]] in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at [[Hong Kong International Airport]] (2013) |
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</gallery></center> |
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==== Customer satisfaction awards ==== |
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The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. [[Singapore Changi Airport]] has been the first place winner in 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Moodley|first1=Kiran|title=Singapore's Changi Airport Named World's Best|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/singapores-changi-airport-named-worlds-best-n63276|website=NBC News|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Other winners include [[Incheon International Airport]] (South Korea) and [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] (The Netherlands).<ref name=WAA>{{cite web|title=World Airport Awards|url=http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref> |
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== Airport names == |
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[[File:A bird's eye view of Hong Kong International Airport.JPG|thumb|An aerial view of [[Hong Kong International Airport]] (2010)]] |
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[[File:Vueling A320, Portela Airport.jpg|thumb|right|Loading passenger luggage at [[Lisbon Portela Airport|Lisbon Portela International Airport]] Portugal (2012)]] |
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[[File:Afbeelding 115.jpg|thumb|right|Collecting offloaded passenger luggage from a [[baggage carousel]] at [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Suvarnabhumi International Airport]] Bangkok, Thailand (2007)]] |
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=== Naming conventions === |
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[[Toponymy|Toponyms]] are one of the commonest source of name. A number of areas lying close to airports have lent their names to airports, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. [[Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport]] and [[Foz do Iguaçu International Airport]] are named after the [[Iguazu Falls]] in Argentina. [[Domodedovo International Airport]] is named after the town of [[Domodedovo (town)|Domodedovo]]. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following: |
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* '''Politicians and statesmen''', such as [[Head of state|Heads of State]], [[Member of parliament|Members of parliament]] and leaders of [[Political party|political parties]] as well as high-ranking military personnel. Examples include: [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport]], named after [[Charles de Gaulle]]; two international airports named after [[Simón Bolívar]], one in [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)|Venezuela]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/Venezuela/Caracas+Airport|title=Word Travel: Overview of Caracas Airport|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> and one in [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Colombia)|Colombia]]; [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], formerly known as Dum Dum Airport, is named after [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/India/Kolkata+Airport|title=Word Travels: Overview of Kolkata Airport|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> and [[Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport]], named after former premier [[Jean Lesage]]. |
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* '''Aviators''', such as pilots (civil and military) and others who played a role in the development of aviation. [[Sydney Airport]] is also known as Kingsford Smith Airport, named after [[Charles Kingsford Smith]];<ref name=Eames>{{cite book|last1=Eames|first1=Jim|title=Sydney airport: 80 years as the gateway to Australia|date=2000|publisher=Focus Pub.|location=Edgecliff, N.S.W.|isbn=1-875359-64-8}}</ref><ref name=Gall>{{cite book|last1=Gall|first1=Jennifer|title=From bullocks to Boeings: an illustrated history of Sydney Airport|date=1986|publisher=Australian Government Pub. Service|location=Canberra|isbn=0-644-03395-9}}</ref> and [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport]], in Chile, is named after [[Arturo Merino Benítez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/Chile/Santiago+International|title=Word Travels: Overview of Santiago International Airport|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''Cultural leaders''' (poets, artists, writers, musicians) such as [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport]], named after [[Leonardo da Vinci]]; [[Václav Havel Airport Prague]], named after writer/philospher/statesman [[Václav Havel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/Czech+Republic/Prague+Vaclav+Havel+Airport|title=Word Travels: Overview of Prague Václav Havel Airport|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport]] and [[Warsaw Chopin Airport]] were both renamed after musicians, the former after [[Franz Liszt]] on the 200th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/Hungary/Budapest+International+Airport|title=Word Travels: Overview of Budapest Airport|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> and the latter after [[Frédéric Chopin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/Poland/Warsaw+Airport|title=Word Travels: Overview of Warsaw Airport|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''Public figures''' (advocates, engineers, doctors, teachers, journalists or sportpeople), such as [[George Best Belfast City Airport]], named after footballer [[George Best]], who came from the city. |
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* '''Scientists''' such as [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport]], named after [[Guglielmo Marconi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Airports/Italy/Bologna+Airport|title=Word Travels: Overview of Bologna Airport|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''Mythology and religion''', such as heroes of epics and myths, church hierarchs and saints and similar names. [[Manas International Airport]] (or Bishkek) in Kyrgyzstan is named after [[Epic of Manas| Manas]] in the Kyrgyz national epic poem. |
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* '''Ideals''' in combination with toponyms, such as [[Newark Liberty International Airport]]. |
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* '''Ethnic groups''', such as [[Minangkabau International Airport]] in Padang, Indonesia, named after the local [[Minangkabau people]]. |
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A study concluded that an average of 44% of the world's airports are named by toponyms. Thirty per cent for politicians and only 7% for aviators. Mythology and religion (3%), Public figures (2%), People of science (2%) and Other (1%).<ref name=peskov>{{cite journal|last1=Peskov|first1=Denis|title=Naming of International Airports|url=https://www.academia.edu/2459453/Naming_of_International_Airports|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> |
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Many airports with regularly scheduled international service have the word "International" in their official names, but others do not. Major capital cities such as Hong Kong, London and Stockholm, incorporate the city in their name, with resulting names such as [[Hong Kong International Airport]], [[London Heathrow Airport]] and [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport]]. Some international airports have variant names. For example, Tokyo International Airport is also known as [[Haneda Airport]]. The fact that some airports, such as [[Cairns Airport]], and [[Reykjavík Airport]] operate direct international flights is not obvious from their name. Conversely, some airports which call themselves ''international airports,'' especially in smaller cities, in fact have no scheduled international airline passenger service but do have customs and immigration facilities serving charter, cargo and general aviation flights. At many of these airports customs and immigration services are only available with advance notice. One example of such an airport is [[Gerald R. Ford International Airport]] in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A few, such as [[Gary/Chicago International Airport]] in Gary, Indiana, are in fact not international airports at all; they are not designated as airports of entry but aspire to become such in the future and added "international airport" to their names as a marketing tool.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} |
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== Notable airports == |
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=== By historical event === |
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* '''1919''' (August) [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]] begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France. |
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* '''1931''' "Godfrey Field", originally built as a [[regional airport]] in 1927 by Edward Rawson Godfrey, is commissioned as "Bangor Army Air Field" by the U.S. Army Air Corps. It serves to launch pilots flying the Great Circle Route to Prestwick Airport<ref name="maine-news">{{cite journal|title=The Maine Troop Greeters Winter Newsletter|volume=2|issue=1|page=2|url=http://www.flybangor.com/assets/TG_WINTER_NEWSLETTER__01_2013__final.pdf|quote=..prior to the aircraft being flown on the Great Circle Route to Prestwick Airport, Scotland}}</ref> in Scotland at the start of World War II. |
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* '''1933''' [[Bisbee-Douglas International Airport]] in [[Arizona]] is honored by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] as "the first international airport of the Americas", having reached this capacity in 1928.<ref name="douglas"/> |
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* '''1942''' February 28) [[Bangor International Airport|Bangor Army Air Field]] comes under the authority of Air Service Command (ASC) and is renamed [[Bangor Air National Guard Base|Dow Army Airfield]] after 2nd Lt James Frederick Dow, a native of Oakfield, ME and graduate of the University of Maine who had been killed in a mid-air collision during his training on June 17, 1940.<ref name="maine-news" /> |
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* '''1953''' (April 25) [[Fort Worth Meacham International Airport|Fort Worth International Airport]] situated at Amon Carter Field opened to the public as a regional airport. Though it was entitled ''International'' there were no scheduled international flights into or out of Fort Worth at the time.<ref name=freeman>{{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Paul|title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields|url=http://www.airfields-freeman.com/TX/Airfields_TX_FtWorth_NE.htm|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> |
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* '''1977''' (January 27) [[Gerald R. Ford International Airport|Kent County Airport]] becomes an international airport with the addition of a U.S. Customs Bureau Office in the terminal.<ref>{{cite web|title=History & Statistics|url=http://www.grr.org/History.php|website=Gerald R. Ford International Airport|accessdate=2 October 2014|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}</ref> |
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* '''1994''' (September 4) [[Kansai International Airport]], opens to the public, after having began construction in 1987,<ref name="strange">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-1|publisher=Popular Mechanics|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports}}</ref> having been built on a man-made island approximately 5 kilometers off the coast of Senshu in Osaka Bay. The airport has a single passenger terminal building which is 1.7 kilometers in length situated next to its 3,500 meter runway. The man-made island is 2.5 miles long and 1.6 miles wide.<ref name="strange"/><ref name=piano>{{cite journal|last1=Piano|first1=Renzo|title=High Tech Architecture|date=March 21, 2010|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/28705131/High-Tech-Architecture|accessdate=October 2, 2014|publisher=Helwan University Faculty of Fine Arts & Architecture}}</ref> |
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* '''2007''' [[Canberra Airport]] becomes the first international airport to fully integrate [[Required Navigation Performance]] (RNP) in all of its incoming and outgoing flights after it was internationally developed and standardized by ICAO Special Committee on Future Air Naviation Systems (FANS) in June 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Performance Of Military Cargo Aircraft Using Required Navigation Performance Departures|last1=Hunter, Major, USAF|first1=Tracy N.|editor1-last=Hill|editor1-first=Raymond|date=11 June 2010|accessdate=1 October 2014|publisher=Air Force Institute of Technology|journal=Graduate Research Project|location=Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a523499.pdf|format=PDF|ref=AFIT-IOA-ENS-10-07|quote=The third location, Canberra, Australia was selected ....", "Australia’s report evaluating the world’s first international airport with full integration of RNP approaches and departures ... In the study conducted from August 2007 to January 2008|pages=6, 17–18}}</ref> |
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=== By passenger numbers === |
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* {{As of|2012}}, Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with a total of 95,462,867, 1.35 million more passengers than the next busiest airport which was Beijing Capital International with 81,929,359 passengers.<ref name="fubra">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/world-top-30-airports.html|title=World Top 30 Airports|publisher=Fubra Limite|accessdate=2014-10-05}}</ref> The following year, Hartsfield retained its place as the busiest airport but with only 94.4 million passengers.<ref name="airportworld">{{cite web|url=http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/3674-top-10-airports-passenger-traffic-in-2013.html|title=Top 10 Airports: Passenger Traffic in 2013|publisher=Airport World Magazine}}</ref> |
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* Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel their as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.<ref name=lax-stats>{{cite web|title=(LAX) Los Angeles International Airport Overview|url=http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|website=Flight Stats|publisher=FlightStats, Inc.|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> |
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=== Other === |
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* [[Svalbard Airport, Longyear|Svalbard Airport]] in [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]] is the northern-most airport that tourists can book tickets to. It's primarily used for transporting miners to and from the cluster of islands which has a heavy mining industry.<ref name="strange9">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-9|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris}}</ref> |
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* [[Qamdo Bamda Airport]] in [[Chamdo Prefecture|Qamdo]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] is the situated 14,000 feet above sea level, making it the airport with the highest elevation.<ref name="strange14">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-14|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris}}</ref> |
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* [[King Fahd International_Airport]], [[Dammam]], [[Saudi Arabia]] is the largest airport in the world, taking up over 300 square miles.<ref name="strange15">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-15|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris}}</ref> |
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* Denver International Airport is the largest airport in the United States, taking up 53 square miles.<ref name="strange16">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-16|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris}}</ref> |
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== Exceptions == |
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{{refimprove|section|date=October 2014}} |
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Some airports which (usually) previously served international flights now serve primarily or exclusively domestic flights (international traffic having been redirected to a newer, larger airport in the area), but retain the "international" designation in their name. Examples of these are: |
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* [[Taipei Songshan Airport]] in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] (which retains its name as "Taipei International Airport" in Chinese), relieved by [[Taoyuan International Airport]]. |
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* [[Gimpo International Airport]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], relieved by [[Incheon International Airport]] |
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* [[Osaka International Airport]] in [[Osaka]], [[Japan]], relieved by [[Kansai International Airport]] |
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* [[Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport]] in [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]], relieved by [[Pudong International Airport]]. |
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* [[Hobart International Airport]] in [[Hobart]], [[Australia]], formerly serviced commercial international flights; now limited to commercial domestic, [[Antarctic]], and charter international flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Promise check: $38 million to expand Hobart International Airport|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-27/38-million-to-expand-hobart-international-airport-promise-check/5454862|website=[[ABC News (Australia)|AC News]]|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Nick|title=Hunt for international airline to operate flights from Hobart Airport|url=http://www.themercury.com.au/lifestyle/hunt-for-international-airline-to-operate-flights-from-hobart-airport/story-fnj64obd-1226937796506|website=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]]|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Aviation|Transport}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[[Busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic]] |
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*[[Customs airport]] |
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*[[List of international airports by country]] |
*[[List of international airports by country]] |
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*[[List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries]] |
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*[[World's busiest airport]] |
*[[World's busiest airport]] |
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*[[World's busiest airports by cargo traffic]] |
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*[[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic]] |
*[[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic]] |
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*[[World's busiest airports by traffic movements]] |
*[[World's busiest airports by traffic movements]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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*[[World's busiest airports by cargo traffic]] |
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*[[Busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic]] |
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*[[List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries]] |
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*[[United States border preclearance]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist|30em|refs= |
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<ref name="SFIPTA">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jFqG_osrblsC&pg=PA81 | title=Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large Airports | publisher=Transportation Research Board | year=2002 | pages=81–84 | isbn=0-309-06764-2}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Johnson">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M1aOGzrnvpAC&pg=PT15 | title=International Air Flights | publisher=Clinton Gilkie | author=Johnson, Josie J.}}</ref> |
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<ref name="LMI">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=korhF4S0WicC&pg=PA102 | title=The Luxury Market in India | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | author=Atwal, Glyn; Jain, Soumya | year=2012 | pages=102 | isbn=1-137-24317-1}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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* {{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pq-CAP-C-8AC&printsec=frontcover | title=Hong Kong International Airport: Transport links | author=Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) (contributor) |publisher=Thomas Telford | date=1998 | accessdate=1 October 2014 | isbn=0-7277-2693-5}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.airport-world.com/ Airport World] – published by Airports Council International |
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{{Aviation lists}} |
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{{Commercial air travel}} |
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[[Category:Airports by type]] |
[[Category:Airports by type]] |