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'''Indie soul,''' Soul pop,or Alternative Soul, is a genre of music that combines elements of soul, funk, jazz, and hip-hop with indie rock and pop. It is characterized by its eclectic mix of styles, often featuring a mix of live instrumentation and electronic production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Simi |date=2023-05-11 |title=R&B, the Essential Guide: evolution, icons, Contemporary R&B / Soul |url=https://thebluesproject.co/2023/05/essential-guide-contemporary-rnb-soul-music/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Blues Project |language=en-GB}}</ref> Indie Soul can be a laid-back, mellow vibe, with lyrics that are often introspective<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Spotlight: Olive Louise pours soul, poetry into indie music |url=https://www.thepostathens.com/article/2023/11/artist-spotlight-olive-louise-pours-soul-poetry-confessional-indie-music |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Artist Spotlight: Olive Louise pours soul, poetry into indie music - The Post |language=en-US}}</ref> and reflective<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=G. G. M. |date=2023-07-01 |title=Rising Indie-Soul-Pop Artist AKICITA Unveils Soul-Stirring Second Single "Liquor" from Highly Anticipated Debut EP - Guitar Girl Magazine |url=https://guitargirlmag.com/news/music-news/rising-indie-soul-pop-artist-akicita-unveils-soul-stirring-second-single-liquor-from-highly-anticipated-debut-ep/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Guitar Girl Magazine - Magazine dedicated to encouraging, inspiring, and empowering female and female-identifying guitar and bass players. |language=en-US}}</ref>. It can also be a boisterous, riff driven, smooth bounce, blurring boundaries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Club Lotus is ready to blur the boundaries of sound |url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/12/21/club-lotus-is-ready-to-blur-the-boundaries-of-sound |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> from elements of funk and pop<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-23 |title=The Boom Booms bring their indie-soul music to Kelowna |url=https://www.kelownacapnews.com/entertainment/the-boom-booms-bring-their-indie-soul-music-to-kelowna-3175126 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Kelowna Capital News |language=en}}</ref>. It is often seen as a taking inspiration from soul music, with a focus on creating a unique soundscape. Throughout the late 2010's it has grown into a global multi-billion dollar genre. |
'''Indie soul,''' Soul pop, or Alternative Soul, is a genre of music that combines elements of soul, funk, jazz, and hip-hop with indie rock and pop. It is characterized by its eclectic mix of styles, often featuring a mix of live instrumentation and electronic production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Simi |date=2023-05-11 |title=R&B, the Essential Guide: evolution, icons, Contemporary R&B / Soul |url=https://thebluesproject.co/2023/05/essential-guide-contemporary-rnb-soul-music/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Blues Project |language=en-GB}}</ref> Indie Soul can be a laid-back, mellow vibe, with lyrics that are often introspective<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Spotlight: Olive Louise pours soul, poetry into indie music |url=https://www.thepostathens.com/article/2023/11/artist-spotlight-olive-louise-pours-soul-poetry-confessional-indie-music |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Artist Spotlight: Olive Louise pours soul, poetry into indie music - The Post |language=en-US}}</ref> and reflective<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=G. G. M. |date=2023-07-01 |title=Rising Indie-Soul-Pop Artist AKICITA Unveils Soul-Stirring Second Single "Liquor" from Highly Anticipated Debut EP - Guitar Girl Magazine |url=https://guitargirlmag.com/news/music-news/rising-indie-soul-pop-artist-akicita-unveils-soul-stirring-second-single-liquor-from-highly-anticipated-debut-ep/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Guitar Girl Magazine - Magazine dedicated to encouraging, inspiring, and empowering female and female-identifying guitar and bass players. |language=en-US}}</ref>. It can also be a boisterous, riff driven, smooth bounce, blurring boundaries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Club Lotus is ready to blur the boundaries of sound |url=https://www.thefader.com/2023/12/21/club-lotus-is-ready-to-blur-the-boundaries-of-sound |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The FADER |language=en}}</ref> from elements of funk and pop<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-23 |title=The Boom Booms bring their indie-soul music to Kelowna |url=https://www.kelownacapnews.com/entertainment/the-boom-booms-bring-their-indie-soul-music-to-kelowna-3175126 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Kelowna Capital News |language=en}}</ref>. It is often seen as a taking inspiration from soul music, with a focus on creating a unique soundscape. Throughout the late 2010's it has grown into a global multi-billion dollar genre. |
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==History== |
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⚫ | |||
Like many other styles of [[independent music]], or music in general<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Samantha |date=2014-07-16 |title=Explainer: indie music |url=http://theconversation.com/explainer-indie-music-28321 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>, indie-soul artists evolved and their journey to their own genre took place over time. |
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In the 1960's with the success of labels like Berry Gordy’s Motown---notable for being African-American owned, unlike most of the earlier independent R&B labels---soul music was wildly popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paese |first=Meagan |title=Soul Music {{!}} The History of Rock and Roll Radio Show |url=https://thehistoryofrockandroll.net/soul-music/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> However it had mutated from a vocal style into a sound style that was increasingly dependent on arrangers and producers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Soul Music |url=https://www.scaruffi.com/history/soul.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.scaruffi.com}}</ref> Black artists began looking to escape the record industry's mistreatment and financial abuses<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manrique |first=Diego A. |date=2023-03-20 |title=Motown’s abuse of its artists |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-03-20/motowns-abuse-of-its-artists.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}} </ref> in which they were often given less than 5% of a records sales. In addition they wanted to be able to be more vocal in their social and political messages<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heron |first=Tamera |date=2023-02-05 |title=Black Music History: How Soul Music artists championed political change |url=https://thebluesproject.co/2023/02/legends-of-soul-music-socio-political-change/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Blues Project |language=en-GB}}</ref> of self-sufficiency, economic and political empowerment, unity, and racial pride,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Soul Music |url=https://timeline.carnegiehall.org/genres/soul |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Timeline of African American Music |language=en}}</ref> they wanted to form a community they controlled. |
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The 1970's & 80's brought a general decline in soul and Motown style in favor of rock, funk, disco, and pop, the sounds that would later be used in Indie soul.<ref>https://www.benvaughn.com/the-decline-of-soul-music-in-the-1960s/</ref> |
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With the rise of R&B, Hip-Hop, and Rap at the start of the 90's, African American music and American music as a whole had a new soundscape<ref>https://medium.com/@kyhana/return-to-soul-the-1990s-golden-age-of-r-b-2def947a802b</ref> In the late 1990's, shortly after the rise of [[Neo soul]] on the East Coast, with analog sounds featuring funk, jazz, [[Music of Africa|africana]], and [[Break (music)|drum breaks]] from groups like the [[Soulquarians|Soulquarias]] at [[Electric Lady Studios|Electric Lady]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Promotions |first=Streaming |date=2021-05-27 |title=The Continuity of Soul Music {{!}} GENRE SPOTLIGHT |url=https://streamingpromotions.medium.com/the-continuity-of-soul-music-genre-spotlight-fa928d1726d9 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> and [[Erykah Badu]]. On the West Coast, artists like [[Sa-Ra]] began experimenting and blending indie rock sounds, more live instrumentation, pop production, and upbeat funk while artists like rapper [[Eric Roberson]] began to modernize the soul sound outside the traditional framework of labels,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myles |first=David |date=2021-02-25 |title=Eric Roberson Interview: King of Independent Soul, Eric Roberson is still a ‘Music Fan First’ |url=https://www.nuorigins.com/eric-roberson-interview-king-of-independent-soul-eric-roberson-is-still-a-music-fan-first/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Nu Origins Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and the roots of the modern indie-soul sound emerged. |
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⚫ | One claim for having named the genre to describe this new soundscape comes via a music website run by a small record label executive, Uncle Odis<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Uncle Odis Show: Receipts... How Indie Soul Music became a Multi Billion Dollar Genre of Music. on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/receipts-how-indie-soul-music-became-a-multi/id1458950472?i=1000436590292 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-US}}</ref> to describe the eclectic sounds of a new generation of music that featured developmental sounds from artist in the African-American R&B community who was reviving soul sounds. |
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==Artists== |
==Artists== |
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Independent record labels like [[Dome_Records|Dome]] who is distinguished and has been consistently voted one of the leading black music labels has been an advocate of the genre since its inception and is active in signing American artists.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sexton |first=Paul |date=2004-04-05 |title=U.K. Indie Soul Label Snags U.S. R&B Acts |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/uk-indie-soul-label-snags-us-rb-acts-1440567/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> |
Independent record labels like [[Dome_Records|Dome]] who is distinguished and has been consistently voted one of the leading black music labels has been an advocate of the genre since its inception and is active in signing American artists.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sexton |first=Paul |date=2004-04-05 |title=U.K. Indie Soul Label Snags U.S. R&B Acts |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/uk-indie-soul-label-snags-us-rb-acts-1440567/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[Stones Throw Records|Stones Throw]] Records who since 1996 have signed artists across genres leading to collaboration and diverse innovation have amplified the genre<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yates |first=Kieran |date=2014-04-03 |title=Stones Throw Records: the label that changed hip hop |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/apr/03/stones-throw-records-an-education-in-hip-hop |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> with influence from artists like [[Aloe Blacc]] |
[[Stones Throw Records|Stones Throw]] Records who since 1996 have signed artists across genres leading to collaboration and diverse innovation have amplified the genre<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yates |first=Kieran |date=2014-04-03 |title=Stones Throw Records: the label that changed hip hop |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/apr/03/stones-throw-records-an-education-in-hip-hop |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> with influence from artists like [[Aloe Blacc]], [[Questlove]] and Nxworries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nxworries – The Vogue |url=https://thevogue.com/artists/nxworries/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en}}</ref>. |
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==Events== |
==Events== |
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[[Category:20th-century music genres]] |
[[Category:20th-century music genres]] |
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[[Category:African-American music]] |
[[Category:African-American music]] |
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== Further reading == |
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Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibility in Black Popular Music <ref>{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Marlo |date=2007 |title=Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibility in Black Popular Music |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25426985 |journal=African American Review |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=695–707 |issn=1062-4783}}</ref> |
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The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience Since the 1960s. {{<ref> Lordi, E. J. (2020). The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience Since the 1960s. United States: [[Duke University Press]]}}</ref> |
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Campbell, Chris (April 16, 2017). "The Progressive Underground Show 210: Modern Soul Divas Edition (feat. Goapelle)". WDET NPR Detroit. |
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"[https://www.colorado.edu/amrc/sites/default/files/attached-files/109701_cu_amrcjournal_cover_prf.pdf Progressive Side of Black Music of the 1970s]" (PDF). American Music Research Center Journal. [[University of Colorado|University Of Colorado]] 28: 5–22. |
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Himes, Geoffrey (October 31, 2013). "[http://The%20Curmudgeon:%20Black%20Bohemian%20Music%20from%20Sly%20to%20Prince%20to%20Janelle%20Monáe" The Curmudgeon: Black Bohemian Music from Sly to Prince to Janelle Monáe"]. [[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]. |
Revision as of 20:40, 7 January 2024
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Indie soul | |
---|---|
Stylistic origins | |
Cultural origins | African, African-American, American, Caribbean, French |
Indie soul, Soul pop, or Alternative Soul, is a genre of music that combines elements of soul, funk, jazz, and hip-hop with indie rock and pop. It is characterized by its eclectic mix of styles, often featuring a mix of live instrumentation and electronic production.[1] Indie Soul can be a laid-back, mellow vibe, with lyrics that are often introspective[2] and reflective[3]. It can also be a boisterous, riff driven, smooth bounce, blurring boundaries[4] from elements of funk and pop[5]. It is often seen as a taking inspiration from soul music, with a focus on creating a unique soundscape. Throughout the late 2010's it has grown into a global multi-billion dollar genre.
History
Like many other styles of independent music, or music in general[6], indie-soul artists evolved and their journey to their own genre took place over time.
In the 1960's with the success of labels like Berry Gordy’s Motown---notable for being African-American owned, unlike most of the earlier independent R&B labels---soul music was wildly popular.[7] However it had mutated from a vocal style into a sound style that was increasingly dependent on arrangers and producers.[8] Black artists began looking to escape the record industry's mistreatment and financial abuses[9] in which they were often given less than 5% of a records sales. In addition they wanted to be able to be more vocal in their social and political messages[10] of self-sufficiency, economic and political empowerment, unity, and racial pride,[11] they wanted to form a community they controlled.
The 1970's & 80's brought a general decline in soul and Motown style in favor of rock, funk, disco, and pop, the sounds that would later be used in Indie soul.[12]
With the rise of R&B, Hip-Hop, and Rap at the start of the 90's, African American music and American music as a whole had a new soundscape[13] In the late 1990's, shortly after the rise of Neo soul on the East Coast, with analog sounds featuring funk, jazz, africana, and drum breaks from groups like the Soulquarias at Electric Lady[14] and Erykah Badu. On the West Coast, artists like Sa-Ra began experimenting and blending indie rock sounds, more live instrumentation, pop production, and upbeat funk while artists like rapper Eric Roberson began to modernize the soul sound outside the traditional framework of labels,[15] and the roots of the modern indie-soul sound emerged.
One claim for having named the genre to describe this new soundscape comes via a music website run by a small record label executive, Uncle Odis[16] to describe the eclectic sounds of a new generation of music that featured developmental sounds from artist in the African-American R&B community who was reviving soul sounds.
Artists
Artist Anderson .Paak who gained acclaim in the genre has said he dove back into his good vibes, unique soundscapes, and cultural authenticity after having failed to gain traction in other genres.[17] His appearece on NPR Music's Tiny Desk, with Free Nationals was the most popular in the history of the show.[18]
In 2018 indie-soul singer Kameron Corvet[19] won a Grammy for co-writing "Don’t Make Me Wait" with Sting and Shaggy[20]
Indie soul artist Janelle Monáe has been nominated for 10 Grammy awards, her collaborator Sean Combs said of her unique talent and style "It was time for me to recognize that other people maybe had ideas that I didn't understand..." [21]
In 2020 Nané appeared on NPR Music's Tiny Desk series.[22]
The genre[23] is a diverse showcase of artists such as; Blood Orange, Toro y Moi, Amber Mark, Poolside, Tim Gerard, De la Soul, Tom Misch, Free Nationals, Elder Island, Franc Moody, Teddra Moses[24], James Blake, Sa-Ra[25], Sault[26], Saskwatch[27] Solange Knowles[28] and Parcels.
Historic Labels
Independent record labels like Dome who is distinguished and has been consistently voted one of the leading black music labels has been an advocate of the genre since its inception and is active in signing American artists.[29]
Stones Throw Records who since 1996 have signed artists across genres leading to collaboration and diverse innovation have amplified the genre[30] with influence from artists like Aloe Blacc, Questlove and Nxworries[31].
Events
In 2007 Norfolk, VA, MOJO entertainment announced the first outdoor Indie Soul Summer Concert[32]
In 2008 the city of Springfield, MA began the Springfield Indie Soul Festival which is in its 15th year and is aimed to spread music, community, positivity and diversity[33] in the spirit of Black Woodstock[34] and Boston 68'[35]
In 2012 at the inaugural Libera Awards presented by the American Association of Independent Music, the indie soul band JC Brooks & the Uptown Sound won for Best Breakthrough Artist.
In 2013 Brown Baby Girl and Adina Nyree put on the first Play It Forward Eclectic Soul Tour, with proceeds going towards community based philonthropic development.[36]
In 2022 Indie Soul artist Endel collaborated with SXSW to rethink the television, making a indie-soul sleep track.[37]
In 2023 San Fransisco announced it's summer festival Indie Soul Fest at Golden Gate Park.[38]
Media
In 2014 a documentary --- “Undeniable - The Story of The Independent Soul Music Movement” --- told stories of artists and music lovers right from the genres late 1990s origins to the halcyon days of the mid-2000s to the no rules mindset of the day.[39] It was partially funded through Indiegogo.
References
- ^ A, Simi (2023-05-11). "R&B, the Essential Guide: evolution, icons, Contemporary R&B / Soul". The Blues Project. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Artist Spotlight: Olive Louise pours soul, poetry into indie music". Artist Spotlight: Olive Louise pours soul, poetry into indie music - The Post. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Staff, G. G. M. (2023-07-01). "Rising Indie-Soul-Pop Artist AKICITA Unveils Soul-Stirring Second Single "Liquor" from Highly Anticipated Debut EP - Guitar Girl Magazine". Guitar Girl Magazine - Magazine dedicated to encouraging, inspiring, and empowering female and female-identifying guitar and bass players. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Club Lotus is ready to blur the boundaries of sound". The FADER. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "The Boom Booms bring their indie-soul music to Kelowna". Kelowna Capital News. 2019-01-23. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Bennett, Samantha (2014-07-16). "Explainer: indie music". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Paese, Meagan. "Soul Music | The History of Rock and Roll Radio Show". Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ "A History of Soul Music". www.scaruffi.com. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Manrique, Diego A. (2023-03-20). "Motown's abuse of its artists". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Heron, Tamera (2023-02-05). "Black Music History: How Soul Music artists championed political change". The Blues Project. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ "History of Soul Music". Timeline of African American Music. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ https://www.benvaughn.com/the-decline-of-soul-music-in-the-1960s/
- ^ https://medium.com/@kyhana/return-to-soul-the-1990s-golden-age-of-r-b-2def947a802b
- ^ Promotions, Streaming (2021-05-27). "The Continuity of Soul Music | GENRE SPOTLIGHT". Medium. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Myles, David (2021-02-25). "Eric Roberson Interview: King of Independent Soul, Eric Roberson is still a 'Music Fan First'". Nu Origins Magazine. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ "The Uncle Odis Show: Receipts... How Indie Soul Music became a Multi Billion Dollar Genre of Music. on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Lynskey, Dorian (2019-04-13). "Anderson .Paak: 'People are like – Damn! How are you not on crack cocaine right now?'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "The Free Nationals Feat. Anderson .Paak, Chronixx & India Shawn: Tiny Desk Concert". Vocalo Radio 91.1FM. 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "WABE Sounds Like ATL Spotlights Jazz & Indie Soul in September". WABE. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "First Listen: Kameron Corvet strips down his Grammy winning song". SoulTracks - Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews. 2020-10-15. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Osei, Anthony. "Diddy Says He Wasn't a Control Freak with Janelle Monae". Complex. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Austin band Nané taps into indie-soul sound for NPR Tiny Desk Contest". KCRW. 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Every Noise at Once - indie soul". everynoise.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Indie Soul Icon Teedra Moses Sits Down With Ayana Contreras". Vocalo Radio 91.1FM. 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Best R&B Albums of 2016 So Far". Rolling Stone. 24 June 2016.
- ^ A, Simi (2023-12-16). "SAULT UNCOVERED: all we know about the mystery Indie R&B/Soul collective". The Blues Project. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Streader, Kate (2019-10-14). "Looking back at Saskwatch's indie-soul legacy". Beat Magazine. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ https://www.elle.com/culture/music/interviews/a14410/lykke-li-profile/
- ^ Sexton, Paul (2004-04-05). "U.K. Indie Soul Label Snags U.S. R&B Acts". Billboard. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Yates, Kieran (2014-04-03). "Stones Throw Records: the label that changed hip hop". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Nxworries – The Vogue". Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Indie Soul Summer Concert Series Kicks off in Norfolk". SoulTracks - Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews. 2007-06-20. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Springfield's Indie Soul Festival Is About Music — And What Happens Between Songs". New England Public Media. 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Questlove showcases 'Black Woodstock' soul festival in his hit Sundance documentary". Chicago Sun-Times. 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Remembering The James Brown Concert That Calmed Boston". GBH. 2018-04-05. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "About Us". Play It Forward Eclectic Soul Tour. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "IRL SXSW triggers post-covid creativity boom: Megan Thee Stallion VR, an indie soul Wind Down, Bandsintown Big Break, big ass Bunny in a big ass dome + a Music Tech Meetup". Hypebot. 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Golden Gate Bandshell Concert- Indie Soul Fest". San Francisco Recreation and Parks, CA. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Admin, Fusicology (2014-02-18). "INDIGOGO: Undeniable - The Story of The Independent Soul Music Movement". Events, Music, News for the Global Soul Community. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
Further reading
Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibility in Black Popular Music [1]
The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience Since the 1960s. {{[2]
Campbell, Chris (April 16, 2017). "The Progressive Underground Show 210: Modern Soul Divas Edition (feat. Goapelle)". WDET NPR Detroit.
"Progressive Side of Black Music of the 1970s" (PDF). American Music Research Center Journal. University Of Colorado 28: 5–22.
Himes, Geoffrey (October 31, 2013). "" The Curmudgeon: Black Bohemian Music from Sly to Prince to Janelle Monáe". Paste.
- ^ David, Marlo (2007). "Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibility in Black Popular Music". African American Review. 41 (4): 695–707. ISSN 1062-4783.
- ^ Lordi, E. J. (2020). The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience Since the 1960s. United States: Duke University Press}}