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Chapter 15{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=217-228}} surveys a range of charges against the RPF beginning in 1991 and continuing to the 2019 conviction of [[Bosco Ntaganda]] for eighteen charges that included rape, murder, recruitment of child soldiers and sexual slavery of civilians. Rever criticizes many early reports from the 1990s as neglecting or even justifying deaths of Hutu civilians. Western nations, valuing Kagame's achievements as leader of Rwanda, remain donors and supporters despite the RPF's record on human rights.{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=227-228}} |
Chapter 15{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=217-228}} surveys a range of charges against the RPF beginning in 1991 and continuing to the 2019 conviction of [[Bosco Ntaganda]] for eighteen charges that included rape, murder, recruitment of child soldiers and sexual slavery of civilians. Rever criticizes many early reports from the 1990s as neglecting or even justifying deaths of Hutu civilians. Western nations, valuing Kagame's achievements as leader of Rwanda, remain donors and supporters despite the RPF's record on human rights.{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=227-228}} |
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The book's conclusion stresses that bad actions by the RPF do not in any way justify or diminish the horror of the Rwanda genocide against Tutsis, saying:{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=230}}<blockquote>There is no part of this book that denies the genocide...There is no question that after Habyarimana's death, the <nowiki>[Hutu]</nowiki> hardliners chose genocide...But this book is not an examination of the dynamics of that 1994 genocide of Tutsis.</blockquote> But she says that RPF "policy of ethnic murder" against Hutus should be considered a genocide as well.{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=230}} |
The book's conclusion stresses that bad actions by the RPF do not in any way justify or diminish the horror of the Rwanda genocide against Tutsis, saying:{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=230}}<blockquote>There is no part of this book that denies the genocide...There is no question that after Habyarimana's death, the <nowiki>[Hutu]</nowiki> hardliners chose genocide...But this book is not an examination of the dynamics of that 1994 genocide of Tutsis.</blockquote> But she says that RPF "policy of ethnic murder" against Hutus should be considered a genocide as well.{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=230}} The book describes the RPF crimes against Hutu civilians during the 1990s as a genocide comparable in scale and cruelty to the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boisbouvier |first1=Christophe |title=Judi Rever :«Je ne nie pas le génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda en 1994» |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20180625-judi-rever-rwanda-hutus-nie-pas-genocide-tutsis |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=Radio France Internationale |date=25 June 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Rever|2018|p=106, 228-230}} |
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Her final message is that Rwanda cannot have true reconciliation as long as its government enforces secrecy about crimes committed by the RPF.{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=230}} |
Her final message is that Rwanda cannot have true reconciliation as long as its government enforces secrecy about crimes committed by the RPF.{{sfn|Rever|2018|pp=230}} |
Revision as of 14:06, 7 January 2021
Author | Judi Rever |
---|---|
Publisher | Random House of Canada |
Publication date | March 2018 |
ISBN | 978-0-345-81210-0 |
In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front is a 2018 non-fiction book by Canadian journalist Judi Rever and published by Random House of Canada; it has also been translated into Dutch and French. The book describes alleged war crimes by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), Rwanda's ruling political party, during its ascent to power in the 1990s.
Although many of the events described in Rever's book were already known to historians, the book is controversial. Praised for thorough investigation at considerable personal risk to the author, the book was also criticized for sensationalism and relying on unreliable sources. According to historian Gerald Caplan, the book "had an immediate, destabilizing influence on the world of orthodox Rwandan scholarship".[1] Many students of 1994 Rwandan genocide have criticized the book's theory that the RPF's alleged killing of Hutu civilians after 1990 was also a genocide. Another controversial element is the book's description of the RPF's infiltrating Hutu militias.
Background
In Rwanda, the two major ethnic groups are Hutu (85%) and Tutsi (14%).[2] European colonial policies promoted and "racialized" the higher status of cattle-raising Tutsis over farming Hutus. European policies, including their support for a Tutsi monarchy, increased tension between the two groups. In the 1959 Rwanda Revolution, a Hutu-led movement killed many Rwandan Tutsis and drove hundreds of thousands into exile. [3]
Descendants of Rwandan Tutsis whose families had fled to Uganda gave armed support to a rebellion by Yoweri Museveni. Then in 1990, their Tutsi-led political and military force (Rwandan Patriotic Front aka RPF) challenged the Hutu-led government of Rwanda, setting off the Rwandan Civil War.[4]
Judi Rever is a Canadian journalist who has covered African affairs since the refugee crisis of the First Congo War, which she covered for Radio France Internationale.[5][6] A three year stint as correspondent for Agence France Press (AFP) in Ivory Coast followed.[7] Her work has also appeared in Le Monde, Le Monde Diplomatique, The Globe and Mail and elsewhere. She contributed the foreword to Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza's 2017 book Between 4 Walls of the 1930 Prison: Memoirs of Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience.[8] In the book, Rever describes threats against herself and her family, some of which were reported in 2015 news stories documenting threats against Rever and four other Canadian critics of Paul Kagame.[9][10]
Content
Canada has given roughly $550 million to Rwanda since 1994 including $30 million in 2016. Why does it keep sending money to a government that is strongly suspected of murdering two Canadian citizens?
It seemed that the RPF could now commit crimes out in the open and still receive billions of dollars in aid. What were these Western allies supporting? From the point of view of the RPF’s victims, it all seemed to be in praise of blood, an endorsement of mass murder.
—Judi Rever[11]
In Praise of Blood describes events in Rwanda and Zaire (later the DRC) that according to Rever's sources were crimes committed by the RPF during the rise to power of Paul Kagame, now Rwanda's president.[12] The book discusses several periods during which these events took place: The Rwandan civil war including the period of the Rwandan genocide (1990-1994), the counterinsurgency period in Rwanda (1994-1997), RPF participation in two Congo wars (First and Second), and, more recently, deaths of Rwanda dissidents.[13][14] RPF massacres of Hutu civilians described in the book include Byumba, Kibeho, Karambi, Gabiro, Gikongoro.[15]
The book's fifteen chapters follow the sequence of Rever's research, beginning when Rever was a young reporter traveling with humanitarian workers into the Congolese jungle to cover the refugee crisis there, and tracing her later research parallel to events in her life, including her marriage and raising two daughters.[16] Each chapter centers around one event, presented (according to Rever) as a cinematic scene. [17]
Origins of the project
Chapters 1 and 2[18] cover 1997, beginning when Rever accompanied humanitarian aid workers into the jungles of Zaire. After meeting women and children who said they were Hutu refugees being hunted by RPF troops from Rwanda, Rever wondered why western countries did not step in to stop the violence. Based on her research, Rever concludes that western countries were less interested in helping refugees than in keeping the good will of Rwanda's new RPF government--first to get rid of Mobutu and later to exploit the Congo's resources.[19]
In Chapters 3 and 4,[20] Rever decides to spend time away from Rwanda and starts raising a family. In 2010, after she has the opportunity to interview war-crimes prosecutor Luc Côté about the recently-leaked "UN mapping report" (a report on war crimes in the DRC), she resumes writing about Africa.[21][22] Rever briefly catalogs some other RPF-related events that took place between 1998 and 2010, including French arrest warrants (2006), the Second Congo War (which she describes as a "looter's war"), and the Gersony report (leaked in 2010).
Full-time investigation after 2012
From 2012 onwards Rever devotes her career to a full-time investigation of RPF war crimes.[12] Much of Chapter 4 recounts stories from Théogène Murwanashyaka (TM), a former RPF army officer who reached out to her in 2012 and became a major informant of her book.[23] Unlike the RPF leadership, whose Tutsi families had fled Hutu rule to settle in Uganda, TM's family were what he called "interior Tutsis" -- Tutsi families who had remained in Rwanda. TM came to believe that during the genocide "the RPF had sacrificed interior Tutsis" as a cost of gaining power.[19] Both TM and Belgian UNAMIR commander Luc Marchal, whom Rever interviewed, assert that the RPF could have done much to slow or stop the massacre of Tutsis by Hutus, but were more concerned with seizing power. According to Marchal, the goal was "to seize power and use the massacres as stock in trade to justify the military operations."[24]
Each of chapters 5 through 9 covers a different aspect of RPF actions during the Rwandan Civil War. Chapter 5[25] describes the RPF's use of military intelligence to destabilize the Habarimana government and undermine the Arusha Peace Agreement. According to ICTR, these intelligence groups were responsible for most of the massacres of Hutu civilians attributed to the RPF.[26] They successfully infiltrated Hutu political parties and the extremist militia during the early 1990s. Citing ICTR testimony, the book says that before and during the genocide, RPF members who had infiltrated Hutu militia fueled the genocidal violence by helping to kill Tutsi civilians at roadblocks.[27]
Chapters 6 through 10 describe alleged massacres of Hutus committed inside Rwanda by the RPF. Chapter 6,[28] based largely on ICTR information, describes a 1994 massacre of Hutu peasants in Byumba's football stadium. Chapter 7,[29] based largely on interviews, describes massacres of Hutus by RPF that allegedly occurred in Byumba's Karambi Trading Center, Murambi, and near Akagera National Park, where, according to Rever's informants, dead Hutus were concealed from satellite photography by being first burned and then buried.[30] In Chapters 8[31] and 9,[32] the book describes events at Giti, where the RPF allegedly massacred Hutus but then created a cover story about what happened. Rever also describes the participation of some non-RPF Tutsis in killing their Hutu neighbors, saying, "In 1994, Rwanda was awash in fear, mistrust, and paranoia."[33] Chapter 10[34] describes alleged RPF killings of Hutus inside Rwanda in 1996-1997, justified as "counterinsurgency" against Hutu genocidaires.
Chapters 11 and 12[35] deal with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), an international court established by the United Nations Security Council to judge people responsible for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law during 1994. In addition to its work identifying genocidaires who had committed war crimes against Tutsi, the ICTR gathered evidence of crimes by high-level RPF officers, but was then forbidden to indict RPF suspects. Instead, the ICTR was forced to hand over evidence against RPF to Rwanda for prosecution. As a result, Rwanda prosecuted only two low-level soldiers for the killing on June 5, 1994 of several Hutu Catholic priests and a small child.
Chapter 13[36] presents the theory that the RPF, not Hutu extremists, shot down President Habyarimana's plane on 6 April 1994, using the ensuing chaos and mass killings to generate sympathy for its military campaign to seize power.[37]
In Chapter 14 "Becoming a target",[38] Rever describes threats against her safety and her family as she continues to publish articles criticizing the RPF. In 2015, she determines to fight back, by going to the press about the threats and by finishing the book.
Conclusions
Chapter 15[39] surveys a range of charges against the RPF beginning in 1991 and continuing to the 2019 conviction of Bosco Ntaganda for eighteen charges that included rape, murder, recruitment of child soldiers and sexual slavery of civilians. Rever criticizes many early reports from the 1990s as neglecting or even justifying deaths of Hutu civilians. Western nations, valuing Kagame's achievements as leader of Rwanda, remain donors and supporters despite the RPF's record on human rights.[40]
The book's conclusion stresses that bad actions by the RPF do not in any way justify or diminish the horror of the Rwanda genocide against Tutsis, saying:[41]
There is no part of this book that denies the genocide...There is no question that after Habyarimana's death, the [Hutu] hardliners chose genocide...But this book is not an examination of the dynamics of that 1994 genocide of Tutsis.
But she says that RPF "policy of ethnic murder" against Hutus should be considered a genocide as well.[41] The book describes the RPF crimes against Hutu civilians during the 1990s as a genocide comparable in scale and cruelty to the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi.[42][43]
Her final message is that Rwanda cannot have true reconciliation as long as its government enforces secrecy about crimes committed by the RPF.[41] While suspects of the genocide against the Tutsi were tried and convicted by the ICTR, the crimes committed by the RPF have been left unpunished.[44][45]
Publishing history
The book was published by Random House of Canada in March 2018[45][46] and in Dutch by Amsterdam University Press in 2018.[47] A French translation of the book was originally to be published by Fayard in 2019, but this company withdrew after controversy. Subsequently Max Milo published it in 2020 as Rwanda: L’éloge du sang (Rwanda: In Praise of Blood).[48][46][49]
Reception
The book was publicized in a media campaign and quickly received international attention.[45] Caplan credits Helen Epstein's favorable two-part piece in The New York Review of Books for popularizing Rever's work.[50] Caplan criticizes the book for "...too many unnamed informants; too many confidential, unavailable leaked documents; too much unexamined credulity about some of the accusations; too little corroboration from foreigners who were eyewitnesses to history"[51] but concludes "...Rever has reinforced the case against the RPF that had already been made and that left little doubt that the RPF under President Kagame is indeed guilty of war crimes, though not of genocide....I believe we all have an obligation to make this record better-known...[52]
According to French sociologist Claudine Vidal, the book's publication revived efforts by "propagandists, researchers and activists" to prove that the RPF regime committed genocide, which is perceived as "the only way of gaining recognition of a mass crime and eliciting public outcry".[45]
Political scientist René Lemarchand calls the book a "path-breaking inquest", "destined to become required reading for any one claiming competence on the Rwanda genocide". He praises Rever for thorough investigation and taking risks in order to gather as much information as possible.[15] The book convinced scholar Filip Reyntjens of the accuracy of the double genocide theory, which he had previously rejected.[53][54] Researchers Bert Ingelaere and Marijke Verpoorten refer to Rever's revival of the double genocide theory as based on "flimsy and mostly unverifiable sources".[55] Political scientist Scott Straus, a critic of the double genocide theory, calls the book "irresponsible" and states that Rever's "title is unnecessarily provocative, her tone breathless and conspiratorial, and her account of 'there is a conspiracy of silence that I broke, even if it destroyed my family,' is misleading and narcissistic".[56] Vidal writes that "Rever’s work blurs the line between investigation and indictment" and "reads like a prosecutor's closing argument". In particular, Rever describes massacres "in such a way as to classify them as genocide".[45] Vidal states that there are no new revelations in the book, but that Rever accumulates more evidence for charges that have already been made in earlier publications.[45]
In The New York Review of Books, Epstein writes that Rever's "sources are too numerous and their observations too consistent for her findings to be a fabrication."[57] Le Soir journalist Colette Braeckman praises Rever for her on-the-ground investigation but criticizes her for examining only one side of the coin, concluding that she appears in the end to be an ally of the revisionists that preceded her.[5] According to journalist Laurie Garrett: "As journalism and creative writing In Praise of Blood is excellent".[58] The Lancet later published a letter critical of Garrett's review, which disputes the book's conclusions and accuses Rever of victim blaming.[59]
Regarding the new allegations raised in Rever's book, genocide scholar Samuel Totten wrote to Caplan that Rever's book fails to answer many important questions, starting with: whether other researchers heard the same rumors and tried to investigate them, and if the ICTR heard any testimony related to them.[60] Researchers Helen Hintjens and Jos van Oijen focus on Rever's claim that the RPF operated Nazi-style extermination camps without leaving any trace. Specialists they consulted, including the Netherlands Forensic Institute, concluded that the methods described by Rever "would certainly have left significant traces of mass murder", and a Belgian journalist who visited the site when it was supposed to be in operation did not notice anything unusual. They describe Rever's "infiltrations"-theory as "the RPF was pulling the strings of every organization, even the Interahamwe militias," and recall a comparable suggestion by the Rwandan ministry of defence published in 1991. Overall, they state that "Rever's book does little more than recycle... earlier denial narratives and sources".[8]
During a promotional tour in Belgium which included speeches at three universities, a group of sixty scientists, researchers, journalists, historians and eye-witnesses such as Romeo Dallaire, published an open letter in Le Soir criticizing the universities for giving the impression that by promoting Judi Rever's book they supported her theories[61] An open letter which accused the book of genocide denial was published in Libération in 2020, signed by organizations such as Ibuka, an association of Tutsi genocide survivors, and SOS Racisme.[62] Rever says she is not a genocide denier because she accepts that the killing of Tutsi was indeed a genocide,[63][64] but she is a "revisionist" because she questions existing historical narratives.[63] Investigative journalist Linda Melvern notes that in her acknowledgements, Rever thanks several defence lawyers and known genocide deniers for their help.[65]
Awards
The book received the 2018 Quebec Writers' Federation Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction[66] and the 2018 Huguenot Society of Canada Award.[67] It was a finalist for the Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction[68]
The Hong Kong Free Press named the book of its "Ten Best Human Rights Books of 2018," but said the book should be "in the running for bad cover of the year: not only does the cover have nothing to do with its subject, it is part of that old tradition of equating Africa with big wild animals."[14]
References
- ^ Caplan 2018, p. 168.
- ^ Wachira, Charles (April 7, 2020). "Rwanda: Political opposition persists amid death, disappearance and detention". TowardFreedom.org. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
Tutsi communities make up 14 percent of Rwanda's population, while Hutu communities make up 85 percent of the country's 12.6 million inhabitants. The Twa people make up the remaining one percent.
- ^ "The Rwandan Genocide: How It Was Prepared: Context". Human Rights Watch. 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
In the mid-twentieth century, .. Hutu overthrew the Tutsi elite and established a Hutu-led republic...This event, known as the 1959 revolution, was remembered by Tutsi as a tragic and criminal event, while for Hutu it was seen as a heroic battle for liberation, to be celebrated with pride.
- ^ "The Heart of the Hutu-Tutsi Conflict". PBS. October 8, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
When Yoweri Museveni, a rebel leader of Tutsi descent, seized power in Uganda in 1986, it was largely through the assistance of Rwandan Tutsis. With a power base in Uganda, the Rwandan Tutsis formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front and began attacks against the Hutu-led government.
- ^ a b Braeckman, Colette (30 September 2020). ""L' Eloge du sang", une enquête fouillée mais controversée sur les crimes commis au Rwanda". Le Soir Plus (in French). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Rever, Judi (2018). In Praise of Blood. Toronto: Random House Canada. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-345-81209-4.
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 48. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ a b Hintjens, Helen M.; van Oijen, Jos (2020). "Elementary Forms of Collective Denial: The 1994 Rwanda Genocide". Genocide Studies International. 13 (2): 146–167. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.2.02.
- ^ Santoro, Lara (September 25, 2015). "Terror as Method: A Journalist's Search for Truth in Rwanda". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
Rever has since received what she believes are credible reports that the RPF intends to silence its critics in North America by staging traffic accidents—a method successfully employed in Africa—with the help of a former official at the Rwandan embassy in Ottawa. She and four other Canadians have gone to the press in an attempt to generate public awareness of their plight.
- ^ Cribb, Robert; Black, Debra (April 11, 2015). "Four other Canadians believe they're being targeted by Rwanda". The Start. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
Four other Canadians have said they are being targeted by Rwandan officials. Like Toronto-area lawyer Christopher Black, they are all vociferous critics of the Rwandan government and President Paul Kagame.
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 150. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ a b Rever 2018, p. 5. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 1–6, 220. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ a b Kong, Tsung-Gan (January 1, 2019). "The ten best human rights books of 2018". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
Indeed, apart from the outstanding documentation the book provides, its other great value is to provide insight into the process of researching it. Rever writes about the regime's threats against her and the toll her investigations over many years took on her family and personal life.
- ^ a b Lemarchand, René (25 June 2018). "Rwanda: the state of Research". Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche. Sciences Po. ISSN 1961-9898. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ^ Garrison, Ann (June 20, 2019). "In Praise of Blood: Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front". Pambazuka News. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
Her story begins in 1997, one week after Zaire's long-time dictator Mobutu Sese Seko was toppled by a coalition of Rwandan, Ugandan, and Congolese forces...The rest of the book is the story of how she researched and wrote it, and of her marriage, including the birth of her two daughters upon her return to Canada with her husband.
- ^ Patrick, Ryan B (October 9, 2018). "Judi Rever uncovers truths about the Rwandan genocide with In Praise of Blood". CBC.ca. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
I decided on 10 or 15 chapters, and the chapters were created as scenes in the cinematic and visual sense. With each chapter, I wanted to not just explore a theme, but prove it as well. There was a cause-effect in each chapter, so I tried to find 10 to 15 ideas that would explore the human dilemma and then build a cinematic scene to depict it.
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 7–44. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ a b Rever 2018, p. 40. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 44–63. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 51. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever, Judi (28 August 2010). "UN lawyer says Congo butchery resembled Rwandan genocide". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
In the aftermath, an estimated one million Rwandan Hutus left their homes and set up in UN-run refugee camps inside the Congolese border. Some of the refugees were guilty of genocide and secured weapons and training in the camps, but most of the refugees there were simply Hutus who feared violence and retribution in the homeland.
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 55. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 62. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 64–71. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 66. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 69, 142. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 72–80. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 81–105. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 76, 87, 229. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 106–122. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 123–130. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 106. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 131–152. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 153–176. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 177–198. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 61, 231. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 199–216. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 217–228. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, pp. 227–228. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ a b c Rever 2018, pp. 230. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Boisbouvier, Christophe (25 June 2018). "Judi Rever :«Je ne nie pas le génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda en 1994»". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 106, 228-230. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ Rever 2018, p. 71. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFRever2018 (help)
- ^ a b c d e f Vidal, Claudine (10 July 2018). "Debate: Judi Rever will not let anything stand in the way of her quest to document a second Rwandan genocide". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : le livre controversé de Judi Rever paraîtra en France". Jeune Afrique (in French). 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Rever, Judi (2018). De waarheid over Rwanda: het regime van Paul Kagame (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-94-6372-360-2.
- ^ "Judi Rever's disputed book on Tutsi genocide to be published in France". The Africa Report.com. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Rever, Judi (2020). Rwanda : L’éloge du sang: L’inconnu (in French). Max Milo. ISBN 978-2-315-00987-9.
- ^ Caplan 2018, p. 181.
- ^ Caplan 2018, p. 184.
- ^ Caplan 2018, p. 187.
- ^ Reyntjens, Filip. "Un " second génocide " au Rwanda : retour sur un débat complexe". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Reyntjens, Filip. "De dubbele genocide van 1994". De Standaard (in Flemish). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Ingelaere, Bert; Verpoorten, Marijke. "How trust returned to Rwanda, for most but not for all". African Arguments. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ Straus, Scott (2019). "The Limits of a Genocide Lens: Violence Against Rwandans in the 1990s". Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (4): 504–524. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1623527.
- ^ Epstein, Helen (2018). "The Mass Murder We Don't Talk About". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Garrett, Laurie (2018). "Rwanda: not the official narrative". The Lancet. 392 (10151): 909–912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32124-X.
Rever's book, In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, is expertly crafted, riveting, though often gruesome, names names, and provides 33 pages of references and interview notes.
- ^ Binagwaho, Agnes; Hinda, Ruton; Mills, Edward (2019). "Rwanda and revisionist history". The Lancet. 393 (10169): 319–320. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30121-7.
- ^ Caplan 2018, pp. 170–171.
- ^ "Rwanda: pétition contre des conférences révisionnistes sur le Rwanda". LeSoir (in French). 9 October 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ "Rwanda: "L'éloge du sang", ouvrage polémique sur le rôle du FPR pendant le génocide". RFI (in French). 27 September 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Canadian journalist challenges Rwandan genocide narrative in new book | CBC Radio". CBC. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Caplan 2018, p. 169.
- ^ Melvern, Linda (2020). Intent to Deceive: Denying the Genocide of the Tutsi. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78873-328-1.
- ^ "The Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction – Quebec Writers' Federation". Quebec Writers' Federation. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "OHS Huguenot Award Recognizes Judi Rever for In Praise of Blood" (PDF). Ontario Historical Society. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "Judi Rever | Writers' Trust of Canada". Judi Rever | Writers' Trust of Canada. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Sources
- Caplan, Gerald (2018). "Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary". Genocide Studies International. 12 (2): 152–190. doi:10.3138/gsi.12.2.03.
- Rever, Judi (2018). In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-345-81210-0.
Further reading
- Rever, Judi (2020). "The Legacy of RPF Violence and Why Rwandan Refugees Refuse to Return". Repatriation, Insecurity, and Peace: A Case Study of Rwandan Refugees. Springer. pp. 37–51. ISBN 978-981-15-2850-7.
- Robertson, Tim (2018). "Cows for peace: The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide". Meanjin. 77 (4): 194.