Removed the claim that the ICTR reports were sent to Rever by the Bureau of Special Investigations. The source Claudine Vidal didn't write that. And I've expanded the summary of Helen Hintjens and Jos van Oijen's article as they seem to be the only sources who have actually checked Rever's information. The other sources provide personal opinions. Tag: Reverted |
Reverted to revision 988243035 by Buidhe (talk): These additions are not due weight. The authors are not notable and the presentation here is misleading. Also, the Vidal source does say what is attributed to it |
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==Content== |
==Content== |
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{{quotebox|width=25em|The truth, no matter what aid donors seem to believe, is that the RPF has never stopped the violence. [[Kagame]] killed before the genocide. He killed during the genocide. And he killed after the genocide. The West’s unbridled support only fed the regime’s sense of impunity. Journalists from outside the country rarely perceived the truth. And journalists inside the country could not report on RPF violence. If they tried, they faced injury or death.|source=—Judi Rever<ref name="lancet">{{cite journal |last1=Garrett |first1=Laurie|author-link=Laurie Garrett |title=Rwanda: not the official narrative |journal=The Lancet |date=2018 |volume=392 |issue=10151 |pages=909–912 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32124-X}}</ref>}} |
{{quotebox|width=25em|The truth, no matter what aid donors seem to believe, is that the RPF has never stopped the violence. [[Kagame]] killed before the genocide. He killed during the genocide. And he killed after the genocide. The West’s unbridled support only fed the regime’s sense of impunity. Journalists from outside the country rarely perceived the truth. And journalists inside the country could not report on RPF violence. If they tried, they faced injury or death.|source=—Judi Rever<ref name="lancet">{{cite journal |last1=Garrett |first1=Laurie|author-link=Laurie Garrett |title=Rwanda: not the official narrative |journal=The Lancet |date=2018 |volume=392 |issue=10151 |pages=909–912 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32124-X}}</ref>}} |
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Rever's book draws in part on unpublished reports |
Rever's book draws in part on unpublished reports sent to her unofficially by the Bureau of Special Investigations, part of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]].<ref name="Vidal" /> She conducted hundreds of interviews with RPF defectors, humanitarian workers, witnesses, and others.<ref name=nybooks/> Historian [[Gerald Caplan]] writes that Rever appears to have interviewed "pretty well every one with an odious story about Kagame and company".<ref name="Caplan"/> The appendices contain information on "Structure of RPF violence from 1994 through the counterinsurgency" and dozens of biographical sketches of "The criminals of the Rwanda Patriotic Front".<ref name=lemarchand/><ref name="Caplan" /> Rever supports the [[double genocide theory (Rwanda)|double genocide theory]], classifying the RPF crimes as [[genocide]] against [[Hutu]].<ref name=cbc>{{cite news |title=Canadian journalist challenges Rwandan genocide narrative in new book {{!}} CBC Radio |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-monday-full-episode-1.4602119/canadian-journalist-challenges-rwandan-genocide-narrative-in-new-book-1.4602122 |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=CBC}}</ref> Caplan writes that "almost every one of her 250 pages of text contains extremely damning accusations" and that Rever has "only one story to tell: The deplorable, bloody record of the RPF from the day it was founded, as it invaded Rwanda from Uganda, through the genocide, and on to the ferocious wars in the Great Lakes area of Africa thereafter".<ref name="Caplan">{{cite journal |last1=Caplan |first1=Gerald|author-link=Gerald Caplan |title=Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary |journal=Genocide Studies International |date=2018 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=152–190 |doi=10.3138/gsi.12.2.03}}</ref> |
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According to Rever, the RPF's [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (Rwanda)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]] began to infiltrate both Hutu and Tutsi groups and assassinate Hutu moderates in the early 1990s.<ref name="lancet" /> She writes that in 1994, RPF leader [[Paul Kagame]] escalated the civil war by ordering the [[assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana]]; his plane was shot down using [[surface-to-air]] missiles obtained from Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]]. According to testimonies given to the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] (ICTR) in 2006, the missiles were fired by a team led by Colonel [[Charles Kayonga]] from a farm in [[Masaka]].<ref name="lancet" /><ref name="cbc" /> After the plane was shot down, Hutu extremists killed Prime Minister [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] and the Belgian peacekeepers defending her, starting the genocide.<ref name="lancet" /> Western observers have stated that the RPF prioritized taking power over saving lives or stopping the genocide.{{efn|[[Luc Marchal]], the senior Belgian peacekeeper in Rwanda at the time, told Rever, "Not only did the RPF not show the slightest interest in protecting Tutsis, it fuelled the chaos. The RPF had one objective. It was to seize power and use the massacres as stock in trade to justify its military operations. This is what I saw."<ref name="lancet" /> In ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil]]'', [[Romeo Dallaire]] writes, "The deaths of Rwandans can also be laid at the door of the military genius, Paul Kagame, who did not speed up his [military] campaign when the scale of the genocide became clear, and even talked candidly with me at several points about the price his fellow Tutsi might have to pay for the cause. The “cause” was clear. It was not defeating the Government’s forces to stop the genocide as soon as possible. It was continuing the civil war until the RPF could take over the entire country."<ref name="Caplan" />}} |
According to Rever, the RPF's [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (Rwanda)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]] began to infiltrate both Hutu and Tutsi groups and assassinate Hutu moderates in the early 1990s.<ref name="lancet" /> She writes that in 1994, RPF leader [[Paul Kagame]] escalated the civil war by ordering the [[assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana]]; his plane was shot down using [[surface-to-air]] missiles obtained from Ugandan president [[Yoweri Museveni]]. According to testimonies given to the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] (ICTR) in 2006, the missiles were fired by a team led by Colonel [[Charles Kayonga]] from a farm in [[Masaka]].<ref name="lancet" /><ref name="cbc" /> After the plane was shot down, Hutu extremists killed Prime Minister [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]] and the Belgian peacekeepers defending her, starting the genocide.<ref name="lancet" /> Western observers have stated that the RPF prioritized taking power over saving lives or stopping the genocide.{{efn|[[Luc Marchal]], the senior Belgian peacekeeper in Rwanda at the time, told Rever, "Not only did the RPF not show the slightest interest in protecting Tutsis, it fuelled the chaos. The RPF had one objective. It was to seize power and use the massacres as stock in trade to justify its military operations. This is what I saw."<ref name="lancet" /> In ''[[Shake Hands with the Devil]]'', [[Romeo Dallaire]] writes, "The deaths of Rwandans can also be laid at the door of the military genius, Paul Kagame, who did not speed up his [military] campaign when the scale of the genocide became clear, and even talked candidly with me at several points about the price his fellow Tutsi might have to pay for the cause. The “cause” was clear. It was not defeating the Government’s forces to stop the genocide as soon as possible. It was continuing the civil war until the RPF could take over the entire country."<ref name="Caplan" />}} |
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Caplan writes that reading Rever's book "is like entering a parallel universe characterized by a wholly alternative reality. Both the Rever version and the [[Philip Gourevitch|Gourevitch]] version [the 1998 book ''[[We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families]]''] cannot be accurate." He criticizes Rever's book for sensationalism (for example, the title is not a quote from an RPF leader: "Rever made it up") and being too credulous of anonymous and anti-Kagame sources, adding that her accusations need further investigation. Caplan is troubled by the book because "if Rever is right then the story so many of us have been telling these past decades—certainly including me—has been little more than a distorted whitewash" and in the future, scholars must avoid "parrot[ing] the orthodox RPF version of history" and integrate the RPF's dark side into historical narrative.<ref name="Caplan" /> |
Caplan writes that reading Rever's book "is like entering a parallel universe characterized by a wholly alternative reality. Both the Rever version and the [[Philip Gourevitch|Gourevitch]] version [the 1998 book ''[[We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families]]''] cannot be accurate." He criticizes Rever's book for sensationalism (for example, the title is not a quote from an RPF leader: "Rever made it up") and being too credulous of anonymous and anti-Kagame sources, adding that her accusations need further investigation. Caplan is troubled by the book because "if Rever is right then the story so many of us have been telling these past decades—certainly including me—has been little more than a distorted whitewash" and in the future, scholars must avoid "parrot[ing] the orthodox RPF version of history" and integrate the RPF's dark side into historical narrative.<ref name="Caplan" /> |
||
Regarding the new allegations raised in Rever's book, genocide scholar [[Samuel Totten]] wrote to Caplan that Rever's book raises important questions, starting with: whether other researchers heard the same rumors and tried to investigate them, and if the ICTR heard any testimony related to them.<ref name="Caplan" /> Researchers Helen Hintjens and Jos van Oijen focus on |
Regarding the new allegations raised in Rever's book, genocide scholar [[Samuel Totten]] wrote to Caplan that Rever's book raises important questions, starting with: whether other researchers heard the same rumors and tried to investigate them, and if the ICTR heard any testimony related to them.<ref name="Caplan" /> Researchers Helen Hintjens and Jos van Oijen focus on one of the claims made in the book, that the RPF operated Nazi-style extermination camps without leaving any trace. In consultation with [[Netherlands Forensic Institute]] and the [[body farm]] Corpse Project, they concluded that the methods described by Rever "would certainly have left significant traces of mass murder". Overall, they state that "Rever's book does little more than recycle their earlier denial narratives and sources".<ref name="Hintjens"/> |
||
An open letter which accused the book of [[genocide denial]] was published in ''[[Libération]]'' in 2020, signed by organizations such as [[Ibuka (organisation)|Ibuka]], an association of Tutsi genocide survivors, and [[SOS Racisme]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rwanda: "L’éloge du sang", ouvrage polémique sur le rôle du FPR pendant le génocide |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200927-rwanda-l%C3%A9loge-sang-ouvrage-pol%C3%A9mique-le-r%C3%B4le-fpr-pendant-le-g%C3%A9nocide |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=RFI |date=27 September 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> Rever says that she is not a genocide denier because she accepts that the killing of Tutsi was indeed a genocide,<ref name="cbc" /><ref name="Caplan" /> but she is a "[[historical revisionism|revisionist]]" because she questions existing historical narratives.<ref name="cbc" /> |
An open letter which accused the book of [[genocide denial]] was published in ''[[Libération]]'' in 2020, signed by organizations such as [[Ibuka (organisation)|Ibuka]], an association of Tutsi genocide survivors, and [[SOS Racisme]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rwanda: "L’éloge du sang", ouvrage polémique sur le rôle du FPR pendant le génocide |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200927-rwanda-l%C3%A9loge-sang-ouvrage-pol%C3%A9mique-le-r%C3%B4le-fpr-pendant-le-g%C3%A9nocide |accessdate=10 November 2020 |work=RFI |date=27 September 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> Rever says that she is not a genocide denier because she accepts that the killing of Tutsi was indeed a genocide,<ref name="cbc" /><ref name="Caplan" /> but she is a "[[historical revisionism|revisionist]]" because she questions existing historical narratives.<ref name="cbc" /> |
Revision as of 10:57, 12 November 2020
Author | Judi Rever |
---|---|
Publisher | Random House of Canada |
Publication date | March 2018 |
ISBN | 978-0-345-81210-0 |
In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front is a 2018 non-fiction book by Canadian journalist Judi Rever and published by Random House of Canada; it has also been translated into Dutch and French. The book describes war crimes by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) that occurred before, during, and after the Rwandan genocide (against Tutsi), based on hundreds of interviews and unpublished reports by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Rever supports the double genocide theory, classifying the RPF crimes as genocide against Hutu.
Although many of the crimes discussed in Rever's book were already known to specialists, the book is highly controversial. Praised for thorough investigation at considerable personal risk to the author, the book was also criticized for sensationalism and relying on unreliable sources. According to historian Gerald Caplan, the book "had an immediate, destabilizing influence on the world of orthodox Rwandan scholarship".[1]
Background
Since 1994, a variety of scholars and other investigators have published studies unflattering to the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), stating among other things that it started the Rwandan Civil War and is responsible for mass killings of Hutus.[2]
Judi Rever is a Canadian journalist who has covered African affairs since the First Congo War, which she covered for Radio France Internationale.[3] During her journalistic work, she reported on the RPF tracking down and killing Hutu in eastern Congo in 1997. At the time, US officials claimed that these Hutu were genocide perpetrators, but Rever found and interviewed malnourished women and children who told her about RPF massacres.[2] She also wrote for The Globe and Mail, whose Africa correspondent, Geoffrey York, is a Kagame critic,[1] and contributed the foreword to Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza's 2017 book Between 4 Walls of the 1930 Prison: Memoirs of Rwandan Prisoner of Conscience.[4] While writing the book, Rever faced death threats against herself and her family. She separated from her husband and children to protect them from anonymous callers who repeatedly threatened to kill them.[5] Before the book was published, she was largely unknown.[1]
The book was published by Random House of Canada in March 2018[6][7] and in Dutch by Amsterdam University Press in 2018.[8] A French translation of the book was originally to be published by Fayard in 2019, but this company withdrew after controversy. Subsequently Max Milo published it in 2020 as Rwanda: L’éloge du sang (Rwanda: In Praise of Blood).[9][7][10]
Content
The truth, no matter what aid donors seem to believe, is that the RPF has never stopped the violence. Kagame killed before the genocide. He killed during the genocide. And he killed after the genocide. The West’s unbridled support only fed the regime’s sense of impunity. Journalists from outside the country rarely perceived the truth. And journalists inside the country could not report on RPF violence. If they tried, they faced injury or death.
—Judi Rever[5]
Rever's book draws in part on unpublished reports sent to her unofficially by the Bureau of Special Investigations, part of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.[6] She conducted hundreds of interviews with RPF defectors, humanitarian workers, witnesses, and others.[2] Historian Gerald Caplan writes that Rever appears to have interviewed "pretty well every one with an odious story about Kagame and company".[1] The appendices contain information on "Structure of RPF violence from 1994 through the counterinsurgency" and dozens of biographical sketches of "The criminals of the Rwanda Patriotic Front".[11][1] Rever supports the double genocide theory, classifying the RPF crimes as genocide against Hutu.[12] Caplan writes that "almost every one of her 250 pages of text contains extremely damning accusations" and that Rever has "only one story to tell: The deplorable, bloody record of the RPF from the day it was founded, as it invaded Rwanda from Uganda, through the genocide, and on to the ferocious wars in the Great Lakes area of Africa thereafter".[1]
According to Rever, the RPF's Directorate of Military Intelligence began to infiltrate both Hutu and Tutsi groups and assassinate Hutu moderates in the early 1990s.[5] She writes that in 1994, RPF leader Paul Kagame escalated the civil war by ordering the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana; his plane was shot down using surface-to-air missiles obtained from Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni. According to testimonies given to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 2006, the missiles were fired by a team led by Colonel Charles Kayonga from a farm in Masaka.[5][12] After the plane was shot down, Hutu extremists killed Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana and the Belgian peacekeepers defending her, starting the genocide.[5] Western observers have stated that the RPF prioritized taking power over saving lives or stopping the genocide.[a]
Rever estimates that there were about 500,000 victims of RPF killings,[7] and that the organization can be considered a joint criminal enterprise.[6] According to Rever, the difference between Hutu killings and RPF killings is that the latter were executed with more stealth and careful planning for disposing of the bodies, whereas during the genocide Tutsi victims were left outside to be eaten by wild animals.[5] RPF defectors told Rever that the RPF organized mass killings of Hutu in the parts of Rwanda that it controlled as early as April in order to provoke the anti-Tutsi killings to a level such that no political compromise could be reached. This would eliminate the relevance of the Arusha Accords and pave the way for an RPF takeover.[2] Another of Rever's theories is that RPF elements had infiltrated the extremist militias that carried out the genocide of Tutsi and were complicit in those killings, including the Bisesero massacre.[13][7][5] She states that the RPF systematically killed Hutu in northwest Rwanda in order to make their land available for Tutsi refugees.[6] Defectors also told her that killings of Congolese Tutsi refugees in Rwanda in 1997, blamed on Hutu insurgents, were actually a false flag attack by the RPF.[2] One ICTR investigator told her that "In my life I’ve never seen a situation where so much evidence was collected and no indictment was issued", regarding the April 1994 Byumba stadium massacre of Hutu by the RPF.[5] The ICTR never indicted a RPF leader, leading it to be labeled "victor's justice" by critics.[14]
Rever describes RPF units as "death squads" which operated "open-air crematoriums" in Akagera National Park and compares them to the Einsatzgruppen, gas vans, and extermination camps of Nazi Germany.[15] She criticizes the United States and other countries for overlooking the RPF's crimes.[2] Rever writes that the reason RPF crimes remain less well-known than the Rwandan genocide is that "most people simply wished to believe a more palatable construction of history. The story of a morally disciplined RPF rescuing Rwanda from the brink, to save Tutsis from a genocide…This story was easier to comprehend than what actually happened."[5]
Reception
The book was publicized in a media campaign and quickly received international attention.[6] Caplan credits Helen Epstein's favorable two-part piece in The New York Review of Books for popularizing Rever's work.[1] According to French sociologist Claudine Vidal, the book's publication revived efforts by "propagandists, researchers and activists" to prove that the RPF regime committed genocide, which is perceived as "the only way of gaining recognition of a mass crime and eliciting public outcry".[6] According to Caplan, the book "had an immediate, destabilizing influence on the world of orthodox Rwandan scholarship", even though many of the accusations are not new.[1]
Political scientist René Lemarchand called the book a "path-breaking inquest", "destined to become required reading for any one claiming competence on the Rwanda genocide". He praises Rever for thorough investigation and taking risks in order to gather as much information as possible. According to Lemarchand, "Some reputable scholars did not hesitate to single it out as one of the most important books on Rwanda to appear over the last ten or fifteen years."[11] The book convinced scholar Filip Reyntjens of the accuracy of the double genocide theory, which he had previously rejected.[16][17] Political scientist Scott Straus, a critic of the double genocide theory, calls the book "irresponsible" and states that Rever's "title is unnecessarily provocative, her tone breathless and conspiratorial, and her account of 'there is a conspiracy of silence that I broke, even if it destroyed my family,' is misleading and narcissistic".[18] Vidal writes that "Rever’s work blurs the line between investigation and indictment" and "reads like a prosecutor's closing argument". In particular, Rever describes massacres "in such a way as to classify them as genocide".[6] Vidal states that there are no new revelations in the book, but that Rever accumulates more evidence for charges that have already been made in earlier publications.[6]
In The New York Review of Books, Epstein wrote that Rever's "sources are too numerous and their observations too consistent for her findings to be a fabrication."[2] Le Soir journalist Colette Braeckman praised Rever for her on-the-ground investigation.[3] According to human rights scholar Jeff Bachman, the book "is investigative journalism at its finest" and "offers readers the most in-depth account yet of suspected crimes committed by Paul Kagame and the Rwandan Patriotic Front".[19] In Los Angeles Review of Books, Kate Cronin-Furman writes that Rever's "account suggests that the Rwandan state’s narrative of the genocide is not just one-sided and simplistic, but fundamentally false, and that critical revisions that view RPF crimes solely through the lens of retaliation are enabling a cover-up."[15] According to journalist Laurie Garrett, writing in The Lancet, the book "is expertly crafted, riveting, though often gruesome, names names, and provides 33 pages of references and interview notes. As journalism and creative writing In Praise of Blood is excellent".[5] The Lancet later published a letter critical of Garrett's review, which disputes the book's conclusions and accuses Rever of victim blaming.[20]
Caplan writes that reading Rever's book "is like entering a parallel universe characterized by a wholly alternative reality. Both the Rever version and the Gourevitch version [the 1998 book We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families] cannot be accurate." He criticizes Rever's book for sensationalism (for example, the title is not a quote from an RPF leader: "Rever made it up") and being too credulous of anonymous and anti-Kagame sources, adding that her accusations need further investigation. Caplan is troubled by the book because "if Rever is right then the story so many of us have been telling these past decades—certainly including me—has been little more than a distorted whitewash" and in the future, scholars must avoid "parrot[ing] the orthodox RPF version of history" and integrate the RPF's dark side into historical narrative.[1]
Regarding the new allegations raised in Rever's book, genocide scholar Samuel Totten wrote to Caplan that Rever's book raises important questions, starting with: whether other researchers heard the same rumors and tried to investigate them, and if the ICTR heard any testimony related to them.[1] Researchers Helen Hintjens and Jos van Oijen focus on one of the claims made in the book, that the RPF operated Nazi-style extermination camps without leaving any trace. In consultation with Netherlands Forensic Institute and the body farm Corpse Project, they concluded that the methods described by Rever "would certainly have left significant traces of mass murder". Overall, they state that "Rever's book does little more than recycle their earlier denial narratives and sources".[4]
An open letter which accused the book of genocide denial was published in Libération in 2020, signed by organizations such as Ibuka, an association of Tutsi genocide survivors, and SOS Racisme.[21] Rever says that she is not a genocide denier because she accepts that the killing of Tutsi was indeed a genocide,[12][1] but she is a "revisionist" because she questions existing historical narratives.[12]
Awards
The book received the 2018 Quebec Writers' Federation Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction[22] and the 2018 Huguenot Society of Canada Award.[23] It was a finalist for the Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction; the jury stated: "Rever’s harrowing narrative isn’t just a portrait of a tragic time; it also stands as an uncompromising prosecution of that period and its ongoing consequences. In Praise of Blood is an undeniably important story told by a remarkably brave writer."[24]
Notes
- ^ Luc Marchal, the senior Belgian peacekeeper in Rwanda at the time, told Rever, "Not only did the RPF not show the slightest interest in protecting Tutsis, it fuelled the chaos. The RPF had one objective. It was to seize power and use the massacres as stock in trade to justify its military operations. This is what I saw."[5] In Shake Hands with the Devil, Romeo Dallaire writes, "The deaths of Rwandans can also be laid at the door of the military genius, Paul Kagame, who did not speed up his [military] campaign when the scale of the genocide became clear, and even talked candidly with me at several points about the price his fellow Tutsi might have to pay for the cause. The “cause” was clear. It was not defeating the Government’s forces to stop the genocide as soon as possible. It was continuing the civil war until the RPF could take over the entire country."[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Caplan, Gerald (2018). "Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary". Genocide Studies International. 12 (2): 152–190. doi:10.3138/gsi.12.2.03.
- ^ a b c d e f g Epstein, Helen (2018). "The Mass Murder We Don't Talk About". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ a b Braeckman, Colette (30 September 2020). ""L' Eloge du sang", une enquête fouillée mais controversée sur les crimes commis au Rwanda". Le Soir Plus (in French). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ a b Hintjens, Helen M.; van Oijen, Jos (2020). "Elementary Forms of Collective Denial: The 1994 Rwanda Genocide". Genocide Studies International. 13 (2): 146–167. doi:10.3138/gsi.13.2.02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Garrett, Laurie (2018). "Rwanda: not the official narrative". The Lancet. 392 (10151): 909–912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32124-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Vidal, Claudine. "Debate: Judi Rever will not let anything stand in the way of her quest to document a second Rwandan genocide". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : le livre controversé de Judi Rever paraîtra en France". Jeune Afrique (in French). 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Rever, Judi (2018). De waarheid over Rwanda: het regime van Paul Kagame (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-94-6372-360-2.
- ^ "Judi Rever's disputed book on Tutsi genocide to be published in France". The Africa Report.com. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Rever, Judi (2020). Rwanda : L’éloge du sang: L’inconnu (in French). Max Milo. ISBN 978-2-315-00987-9.
- ^ a b Lemarchand, René (25 June 2018). "Rwanda: the state of Research". Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche. Sciences Po. ISSN 1961-9898. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Canadian journalist challenges Rwandan genocide narrative in new book | CBC Radio". CBC. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Podur, Justin (2020). "The Peacekeeper and the Warlord". America's Wars on Democracy in Rwanda and the DR Congo. Springer International Publishing. pp. 167–205. ISBN 978-3-030-44699-4.
- ^ Haskell, Leslie; Waldorf, Lars (2011). "The Impunity Gap of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Causes and Consequences". Hastings International and Comparative Law Review. 34 (1): 49. ISSN 0149-9246.
- ^ a b Cronin-Furman, Kate. "The Insistence of Memory". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Reyntjens, Filip. "Un " second génocide " au Rwanda : retour sur un débat complexe". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Reyntjens, Filip. "De dubbele genocide van 1994". De Standaard (in Flemish). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Straus, Scott (2019). "The Limits of a Genocide Lens: Violence Against Rwandans in the 1990s". Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (4): 504–524. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1623527.
- ^ Bachman, Jeff (14 January 2020). "Judi Rever, "In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front"". New Books Network. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ Binagwaho, Agnes; Hinda, Ruton; Mills, Edward (2019). "Rwanda and revisionist history". The Lancet. 393 (10169): 319–320. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30121-7.
- ^ "Rwanda: "L'éloge du sang", ouvrage polémique sur le rôle du FPR pendant le génocide". RFI (in French). 27 September 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "The Mavis Gallant Prize for Non-Fiction – Quebec Writers' Federation". Quebec Writers' Federation. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "OHS Huguenot Award Recognizes Judi Rever for In Praise of Blood" (PDF). Ontario Historical Society. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ "Judi Rever | Writers' Trust of Canada". Judi Rever | Writers' Trust of Canada. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Further reading
- Rever, Judi (2018). In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-345-81210-0.
- Rever, Judi (2020). "The Legacy of RPF Violence and Why Rwandan Refugees Refuse to Return". Repatriation, Insecurity, and Peace: A Case Study of Rwandan Refugees. Springer. pp. 37–51. ISBN 978-981-15-2850-7.
- Robertson, Tim (2018). "Cows for peace: The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide". Meanjin. 77 (4): 194.