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Hypogeusia can be defined as the reduced ability to taste things.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pallanti |first=Stefano |date=2020 |title=Importance of SARs-Cov-2 anosmia: From phenomenology to neurobiology |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152184 |journal=[Comprehensive Psychiatry] |volume=100 |pages=152184 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152184 |issn=0010-440X |pmc=PMC7211704 |pmid=32422426 |access-date=2024-04-02}}</ref> Due to a lack of stratification, the prevalence of hypogeusia, as well as [[hyposmia]], may not be accurately known.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Trott |first=Mike |last2=Driscoll |first2=Robin |last3=Pardhan |first3=Shahina |date=2022 |title=The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.980253 |journal=[Frontiers in Medicine] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fmed.2022.980253/full |issn=2296-858X}}</ref> Additionally, reviews do not always make distinctions between [[ageusia]] and hypogeusia, often classifying them as the same in certain circumstances and studies.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Tarakad |first=Arjun |title=Anosmia and Ageusia in Parkinson's Disease |date=2017 |work=International Review of Neurobiology |pages=541–556 |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028 |access-date=2024-04-15 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028 |last2=Jankovic |first2=Joseph}}</ref> The severity of the loss of taste from hypogeusia is not clearly outlined in current research due to these reasons. |
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{{Short description|Reduced sense of taste}} |
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{{Infobox medical condition |
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|name = Hypogeusia |
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|differential = [[Zinc deficiency]], [[Bell's Palsy]] |
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'''Hypogeusia''' is a reduced ability to taste things (to taste sweet, sour, bitter, or salty substances). The complete lack of taste is referred to as [[ageusia]]. |
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Causes of hypogeusia include the [[chemotherapy]] drug [[bleomycin]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ackerman|first1=Bruce H.|last2=Kasbekar|first2=Nishaminy|date=1997|title=Disturbances of Taste and Smell Induced by Drugs|url=https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03058.x|journal=Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=482–496|doi=10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03058.x|pmid=9165552|s2cid=12671326|issn=1875-9114|access-date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203013938/https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03058.x|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[antineoplastic|antitumor antibiotic]], [[Bell's Palsy]], and zinc deficiency among others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pisano|first1=Michele|last2=Hilas|first2=Olga|date=2016-05-01|title=Zinc and Taste Disturbances in Older Adults: A Review of the Literature|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ascp/tcp/2016/00000031/00000005/art00005;jsessionid=10ldq68nudc7f.x-ic-live-02|journal=The Consultant Pharmacist|volume=31|issue=5|pages=267–270|doi=10.4140/TCP.n.2016.267|pmid=27178656}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heyneman|first=Catherine A.|date=2016-06-28|title=Zinc Deficiency and Taste Disorders|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/106002809603000215?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=30|issue=2|pages=186–187|language=en|doi=10.1177/106002809603000215|pmid=8835055|s2cid=20569450}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ikeda|first1=M.|last2=Ikui|first2=A.|last3=Komiyama|first3=A.|last4=Kobayashi|first4=D.|last5=Tanaka|first5=M.|date=25 June 2007|title=Causative factors of taste disorders in the elderly, and therapeutic effects of zinc|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-laryngology-and-otology/article/abs/causative-factors-of-taste-disorders-in-the-elderly-and-therapeutic-effects-of-zinc/0A0254265158DEA44D51CB5CD4DF07AC|journal=The Journal of Laryngology & Otology|language=en|volume=122|issue=2|pages=155–160|doi=10.1017/S0022215107008833|pmid=17592661|s2cid=35435439|issn=1748-5460|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart-Knox|first1=Barbara J.|last2=Simpson|first2=Ellen E. A.|last3=Parr|first3=Heather|last4=Rae|first4=Gordon|last5=Polito|first5=Angela|last6=Intorre|first6=Federica|last7=Sanchez|first7=Maud Andriollo|last8=Meunier|first8=Natalie|last9=O'Connor|first9=Jacqueline M.|last10=Maiani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Coudray|first11=Charles|date=26 July 2007|title=Taste acuity in response to zinc supplementation in older Europeans|journal=British Journal of Nutrition|language=en|volume=99|issue=1|pages=129–136|doi=10.1017/S0007114507781485|pmid=17651517|issn=1475-2662|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Causes == |
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Hypogeusia can have many causes, including taste disorders rooted in [[oral cancer]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Togni |first=Lucrezia |last2=Mascitti |first2=Marco |last3=Vignini |first3=Arianna |last4=Alia |first4=Sonila |last5=Sartini |first5=Davide |last6=Barlattani |first6=Alberta |last7=Emanuelli |first7=Monica |last8=Santarelli |first8=Andrea |date=2021 |title=Treatment-Related Dysgeusia in Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/10/3325 |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=3325 |doi=10.3390/nu13103325 |issn=2072-6643}}</ref> [[zinc deficiency]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yanagisawa |first=Hiroyuki |date=2008 |title=Zinc Deficiency and Clinical Practice —Validity of Zinc Preparations— |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yakushi/128/3/128_3_333/_article |journal=Yakugaku Zasshi |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=333–339 |doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.333}}</ref> [[COVID-19|Covid-19]],<ref name=":2" /> Chronic [[Rhinosinusitis]] (CRS),<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Xie |first=Deborah X. |last2=Leland |first2=Evelyn M. |last3=Seal |first3=Stella M. |last4=Lin |first4=Sandra Y. |last5=Rowan |first5=Nicholas R. |date=2021 |title=A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Taste Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lary.28827 |journal=The Laryngoscope |language=en |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=482–489 |doi=10.1002/lary.28827 |issn=0023-852X}}</ref> and [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]] (PD).<ref name=":3" /> |
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{{reflist}} |
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=== Covid-19 === |
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{{Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs}} |
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Covid-19 causes symptoms that affect the [[Central nervous system|central nervous system (CNS)]], [[Peripheral nervous system|peripheral nervous system (PNS)]], and [[skeletal muscle]]. Hypogeusia falls under a neurological disease and a PNS symptom, while also being the highest occurring PNS symptom, closely followed by [[anosmia]]. Due to hypogeusia being a significant symptom of Covid-19, it is often accompanied by [[hyposmia]], even when many other Covid-19 symptoms are absent. Hypogeusia and hyposmia can be considered early indications of a Covid-19 infection.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Oral Cancer & Related Treatments === |
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Hypogeusia tied to oral cancer and tumors can affect sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes, but bitter taste hypogeusia occurs significantly more often compared to the other tastes. The reason for this may be due to [[gustatory papillae]] found in the base of the tongue being inhibited, often due to [[Oropharyngeal cancer|oropharyngeal tumors]]. Oral cancer treatments, such as [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation therapy]], and surgical treatments, are further causes of taste and smell loss with 70% of oral cancer patients noting [[dysgeusia]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Other Causes === |
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Nutritional zinc deficiency may cause various problems, hypogeusia being one of them.<ref name=":4" /> CRS may cause olfactory dysfunction as well as gustatory problems, with either or both leading to the noticeable presence of hypogeusia in CRS patients.<ref name=":5" /> The connection between hypogeusia and Parkinson's Disease is less well described. PD patients have an increased dysregulation in their taste receptors, as well as their olfactory receptors.<ref name=":3" /> The receptors affected in PD patients were those which affected perception of bitterness. |
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== Treatment == |
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{{symptom-stub}} |
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Hypogeusia tied to Covid-19 can serve as an indicator of Covid-19, which can allow appropriate Covid-19 treatments to be administered earlier to patients.<ref name=":0" /> While zinc supplementation may treat certain taste dysfunctions, there is a lack of evidence for treatment regarding hypogeusia and dysgeusia not caused by low zinc concentrations in the body.<ref name=":4" /> While the mechanisms surrounding hypogeusia from PD are hypothesized, specific treatments are not researched enough.<ref name=":3" /> Similarly, while treatment of olfactory related issues is known in CRS research, the treatment of gustatory problems, including hypogeusia, are unknown.<ref name=":5" /> |
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== References == |
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<references /> |
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Revision as of 05:32, 3 May 2024
Hypogeusia can be defined as the reduced ability to taste things.[1] Due to a lack of stratification, the prevalence of hypogeusia, as well as hyposmia, may not be accurately known.[2] Additionally, reviews do not always make distinctions between ageusia and hypogeusia, often classifying them as the same in certain circumstances and studies.[3] The severity of the loss of taste from hypogeusia is not clearly outlined in current research due to these reasons.
Causes
Hypogeusia can have many causes, including taste disorders rooted in oral cancer,[4] zinc deficiency,[5] Covid-19,[2] Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS),[6] and Parkinson's Disease (PD).[3]
Covid-19
Covid-19 causes symptoms that affect the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and skeletal muscle. Hypogeusia falls under a neurological disease and a PNS symptom, while also being the highest occurring PNS symptom, closely followed by anosmia. Due to hypogeusia being a significant symptom of Covid-19, it is often accompanied by hyposmia, even when many other Covid-19 symptoms are absent. Hypogeusia and hyposmia can be considered early indications of a Covid-19 infection.[1]
Oral Cancer & Related Treatments
Hypogeusia tied to oral cancer and tumors can affect sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes, but bitter taste hypogeusia occurs significantly more often compared to the other tastes. The reason for this may be due to gustatory papillae found in the base of the tongue being inhibited, often due to oropharyngeal tumors. Oral cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical treatments, are further causes of taste and smell loss with 70% of oral cancer patients noting dysgeusia.[4]
Other Causes
Nutritional zinc deficiency may cause various problems, hypogeusia being one of them.[5] CRS may cause olfactory dysfunction as well as gustatory problems, with either or both leading to the noticeable presence of hypogeusia in CRS patients.[6] The connection between hypogeusia and Parkinson's Disease is less well described. PD patients have an increased dysregulation in their taste receptors, as well as their olfactory receptors.[3] The receptors affected in PD patients were those which affected perception of bitterness.
Treatment
Hypogeusia tied to Covid-19 can serve as an indicator of Covid-19, which can allow appropriate Covid-19 treatments to be administered earlier to patients.[1] While zinc supplementation may treat certain taste dysfunctions, there is a lack of evidence for treatment regarding hypogeusia and dysgeusia not caused by low zinc concentrations in the body.[5] While the mechanisms surrounding hypogeusia from PD are hypothesized, specific treatments are not researched enough.[3] Similarly, while treatment of olfactory related issues is known in CRS research, the treatment of gustatory problems, including hypogeusia, are unknown.[6]
References
- ^ a b c Pallanti, Stefano (2020). "Importance of SARs-Cov-2 anosmia: From phenomenology to neurobiology". [Comprehensive Psychiatry]. 100: 152184. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152184. ISSN 0010-440X. PMC 7211704. PMID 32422426. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Trott, Mike; Driscoll, Robin; Pardhan, Shahina (2022). "The prevalence of sensory changes in post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis". [Frontiers in Medicine]. 9. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.980253/full. ISSN 2296-858X.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Tarakad, Arjun; Jankovic, Joseph (2017), "Anosmia and Ageusia in Parkinson's Disease", International Review of Neurobiology, Elsevier, pp. 541–556, doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028, retrieved 2024-04-15
- ^ a b Togni, Lucrezia; Mascitti, Marco; Vignini, Arianna; Alia, Sonila; Sartini, Davide; Barlattani, Alberta; Emanuelli, Monica; Santarelli, Andrea (2021). "Treatment-Related Dysgeusia in Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review". Nutrients. 13 (10): 3325. doi:10.3390/nu13103325. ISSN 2072-6643.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Yanagisawa, Hiroyuki (2008). "Zinc Deficiency and Clinical Practice —Validity of Zinc Preparations—". Yakugaku Zasshi. 128 (3): 333–339. doi:10.1248/yakushi.128.333.
- ^ a b c Xie, Deborah X.; Leland, Evelyn M.; Seal, Stella M.; Lin, Sandra Y.; Rowan, Nicholas R. (2021). "A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Taste Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis". The Laryngoscope. 131 (3): 482–489. doi:10.1002/lary.28827. ISSN 0023-852X.