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{{Redirect|Hydraulic power|power from hydraulic fluid|Fluid power}} |
{{Redirect|Hydraulic power|power from hydraulic fluid|Fluid power}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=August 2010}} |
{{Refimprove|date=August 2010}} |
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{{Renewable energy}} |
{{Renewable energy}} |
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⚫ | '''Hydropower''' or '''water power''' (from the {{lang-el|ύδρω}}, "water" ) is [[power (physics)|power]] derived from the [[energy]] of falling water |
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⚫ | '''Hydropower''' or '''water power''' (from the {{lang-el|ύδρω}}, "water" ) is [[power (physics)|power]] derived from the [[energy]] of falling water or running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of [[watermill]]s has been used as a [[renewable energy]] source for [[irrigation]] and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as [[gristmill]]s, [[sawmill]]s, [[textile]] mills, [[trip hammer]]s, dock [[crane (machine)|cranes]], domestic [[elevator|lifts]], and [[ore]] mills. |
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⚫ | Since the early 20th century, the term has been used almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern development of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] |
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⚫ | Since the early 20th century, the term has been used almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern development of [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]]. Another method used to transmit energy is by using a [[trompe]], which produces compressed air from falling water. Compressed air could then be piped to power other machinery at a distance from the waterfall. |
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Water's power is manifested in [[hydrology]], by the forces of water on the [[Stream bed|riverbed]] and banks of a river. When a river is in flood, it is at its most powerful, and moves the greatest amount of [[sediment]]. This higher force results in the removal of sediment and other materials from the riverbed and banks of the river, locally causing [[erosion]], transport and, with lower flow, [[sedimentation]] downstream. |
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International institutions such as the [[World Bank]] view hydropower as a means for economic development without |
International institutions such as the [[World Bank]] view hydropower as a means for economic development without adding substantial amounts of carbon to the atmosphere,<ref name=WP5813>{{cite news|title=World Bank turns to hydropower to square development with climate change|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-08/business/39105348_1_jim-yong-kim-world-bank-hydropower|accessdate=9 May 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 May 2013|author=Howard Schneider}}</ref> |
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⚫ | but in some cases [[dam]]s cause significant social or [[Environmental impact assessment|environmental]] issues.<ref name=per>Nikolaisen, Per-Ivar . "[http://www.tu.no/kraft/2015/01/17/12-megadammer-som-endret-verden 12 mega dams that changed the world (in Norwegian)]" [https://translate.google.dk/translate?sl=no&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=da&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tu.no%2Fkraft%2F2015%2F01%2F17%2F12-megadammer-som-endret-verden&edit-text= In English] ''[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]'', 17 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Kaptai Hydroelectric by Tauhid Miltoln.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kaptai Dam]] located in [[Bangladesh]]]] |
[[File:Kaptai Hydroelectric by Tauhid Miltoln.jpg|thumbnail|[[Kaptai Dam]] located in [[Bangladesh]]]] |
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⚫ | In [[History of India|India]], [[water wheel]]s and [[watermill]]s were built; in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]], water powered mills produced flour from grain, and were also used for sawing timber and stone; in China, watermills were widely used since the [[Han |
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⚫ | In [[History of India|India]], [[water wheel]]s and [[watermill]]s were built; in [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]], water powered mills produced flour from grain, and were also used for sawing timber and stone; in China, watermills were widely used since the [[Han dynasty]] In [[China]] and the rest of the Far East, hydraulically operated "pot wheel" pumps raised water into irrigation canals. |
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⚫ | In 1753, French engineer [[Bernard Forest de Bélidor]] published ''Architecture Hydraulique'' which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. By the late 19th century, the [[ |
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The power of a wave of water released from a tank was used for extraction of metal ores in a method known as [[hushing]]. The method was first used at the [[Dolaucothi |
The power of a wave of water released from a tank was used for extraction of metal ores in a method known as [[hushing]]. The method was first used at the [[Dolaucothi Gold Mines]] in [[Wales]] from 75 AD onwards, but had been developed in [[Spain]] at such mines as [[Las Médulas]]. Hushing was also widely used in [[Great Britain|Britain]] in the [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] and later periods to extract [[lead]] and [[tin]] ores.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunt|first1=Robert|title=British Mining: A Treatise in the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines of the United Kingdom|date=1887|publisher=Crosby Lockwood and Co|location=London|page=505|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQU55QQHRGcC&pg=PA505&lpg=PA505#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> It later evolved into [[hydraulic mining]] when used during the [[California Gold Rush]]. |
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In the [[Middle Ages]], Islamic mechanical engineer [[Al-Jazari]] invented designs for 100 hydraulic devices in his book, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, including water wheel designs that rival designs of even the 21st century. He took a particular interest in pumping water to other regions, and because of this he created several [[Scoop wheel|"scooping" designs]] that were designed to employ [[Bucket|buckets]], [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]], and [[Gear|cogs]] to lift water up from rivers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Al-Hassani|first1=Salim|title=800 Years Later: In Memory of Al-Jazari, A Genius Mechanical Engineer|url=http://muslimheritage.com/article/800-years-later-memory-al-jazari-genius-mechanical-engineer|website=Muslim Heritage|publisher=The Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> |
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⚫ | At the beginning of the [[Industrial |
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⚫ | In 1753, French engineer [[Bernard Forest de Bélidor]] published ''Architecture Hydraulique'' which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. By the late 19th century, the [[electric generator]] was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics.<ref name="doehis">{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_history.html|title=History of Hydropower|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy}}</ref> The growing demand for the [[Industrial Revolution]] would drive development as well.<ref name="watenc">{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Ge-Hy/Hydroelectric-Power.html|publisher=Water Encyclopedia}}</ref> |
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⚫ | In the 1830s, at the early peak in U.S. [[canal]]-building, hydropower provided the energy to transport [[barge]] traffic up and down steep hills using [[inclined plane |
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⚫ | At the beginning of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain, water was the main source of power for new inventions such as [[Richard Arkwright]]'s [[water frame]].<ref name="kreis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html|title=The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England|last=Kreis|first=Steven|year=2001|work=The history guide|accessdate=19 June 2010}}</ref> Although the use of water power gave way to steam power in many of the larger mills and factories, it was still used during the 18th and 19th centuries for many smaller operations, such as driving the bellows in small [[blast furnace]]s (e.g. the [[Dyfi Furnace]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/mid/sites/history/pages/dyfifurnace.shtml|title=Dyfi Furnace|last=Gwynn|first=Osian|work=BBC Mid Wales History|publisher=BBC|accessdate=19 June 2010}}</ref> and [[gristmill]]s, such as those built at [[Saint Anthony Falls]], which uses the 50-foot (15 m) drop in the [[Mississippi River]]. |
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⚫ | In the 1830s, at the early peak in U.S. [[canal]]-building, hydropower provided the energy to transport [[barge]] traffic up and down steep hills using [[Cable railway|inclined plane railroads]]. As railroads overtook canals for transportation, canal systems were modified and developed into hydropower systems; the [[history of Lowell, Massachusetts]] is a classic example of commercial development and industrialization, built upon the availability of water power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.uml.edu/clh/Malone/notes_01.pdf|title=Waterpower in Lowell|publisher=University of Massachusetts|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> |
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Technological advances had moved the open water wheel into an enclosed [[turbine]] or [[Water engine|water motor]]. In 1848 [[James B. Francis]], while working as head engineer of Lowell's Locks and Canals company, improved on these designs to create a turbine with 90% efficiency.{{fact|date=July 2014}} He applied scientific principles and testing methods to the problem of turbine design. His mathematical and graphical calculation methods allowed confident design of high efficiency turbines to exactly match a site's specific flow conditions. The [[Francis turbine|Francis reaction turbine]] is still in wide use today. In the 1870s, deriving from uses in the California mining industry, [[Lester Allan Pelton]] developed the high efficiency [[Pelton wheel|Pelton wheel impulse turbine]], which utilized hydropower from the high head streams characteristic of the mountainous California interior. |
Technological advances had moved the open water wheel into an enclosed [[turbine]] or [[Water engine|water motor]]. In 1848 [[James B. Francis]], while working as head engineer of Lowell's Locks and Canals company, improved on these designs to create a turbine with 90% efficiency.{{fact|date=July 2014}} He applied scientific principles and testing methods to the problem of turbine design. His mathematical and graphical calculation methods allowed confident design of high efficiency turbines to exactly match a site's specific flow conditions. The [[Francis turbine|Francis reaction turbine]] is still in wide use today. In the 1870s, deriving from uses in the California mining industry, [[Lester Allan Pelton]] developed the high efficiency [[Pelton wheel|Pelton wheel impulse turbine]], which utilized hydropower from the high head streams characteristic of the mountainous California interior. |
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=== Hydraulic power-pipe networks === |
=== Hydraulic power-pipe networks === |
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[[Hydraulic power network]]s used pipes to carrying pressurized water and transmit mechanical power from the source to end users. The power source was normally a head of water, which could also be assisted by a pump. These were extensive in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] cities in the |
[[Hydraulic power network]]s used pipes to carrying pressurized water and transmit mechanical power from the source to end users. The power source was normally a head of water, which could also be assisted by a pump. These were extensive in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] cities in the United Kingdom. A hydraulic power network was also developed in [[Geneva]], Switzerland. The world famous [[Jet d'Eau]] was originally designed as the over-pressure relief valve for the network.<ref name=geneva>[http://www.geneve-tourisme.ch/?rubrique=0000000172 Jet d'eau (water foutain)] on [http://www.geneve-tourisme.ch Geneva Tourism]</ref> |
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=== Compressed air hydro === |
=== Compressed air hydro === |
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{{See also|Trompe}} |
{{See also|Trompe}} |
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Where there is a plentiful head of water it can be made to generate [[compressed air]] directly without moving parts. In these designs, a falling column of water is purposely mixed with air bubbles generated through turbulence or a venturi pressure reducer at the high level intake. This is allowed to fall down a shaft into a subterranean, high-roofed chamber where the now-compressed air separates from the water and becomes trapped. The height of falling water column maintains compression of the air in the top of the chamber, while an outlet, submerged below the water level in the chamber allows water to flow back to the surface at a lower level than the intake. A separate outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed air. A facility on this principle was built on the [[Montreal River (Timiskaming District)|Montreal River]] at Ragged Shutes near [[Cobalt, Ontario]] in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower to nearby mines.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maynard|first=Frank|date=November 1910|title=Five thousand horsepower from air bubbles|journal=Popular Mechanics|pages= |
Where there is a plentiful head of water it can be made to generate [[compressed air]] directly without moving parts. In these designs, a falling column of water is purposely mixed with air bubbles generated through turbulence or a venturi pressure reducer at the high level intake. This is allowed to fall down a shaft into a subterranean, high-roofed chamber where the now-compressed air separates from the water and becomes trapped. The height of falling water column maintains compression of the air in the top of the chamber, while an outlet, submerged below the water level in the chamber allows water to flow back to the surface at a lower level than the intake. A separate outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed air. A facility on this principle was built on the [[Montreal River (Timiskaming District)|Montreal River]] at Ragged Shutes near [[Cobalt, Ontario]] in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower to nearby mines.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maynard|first=Frank|date=November 1910|title=Five thousand horsepower from air bubbles|journal=Popular Mechanics|pages=633|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-N0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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== Hydropower types == |
== Hydropower types == |
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{{Main|Hydroelectricity}} |
{{Main|Hydroelectricity}} |
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Hydropower is used primarily to generate [[electricity]]. Broad categories include: |
Hydropower is used primarily to generate [[electricity]]. Broad categories include: |
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* [[Hydroelectricity#Generating methods|Conventional hydroelectric]], referring to hydroelectric dams. |
* [[Hydroelectricity#Generating methods|Conventional hydroelectric]], referring to hydroelectric dams. |
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* [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]], which captures the kinetic energy in rivers or streams, without the use of dams. |
* [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]], which captures the kinetic energy in rivers or streams, without a large reservoir and sometimes without the use of dams. |
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* [[Small hydro]] projects are 10 megawatts or less and often have no artificial reservoirs. |
* [[Small hydro]] projects are 10 megawatts or less and often have no artificial reservoirs. |
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* [[Micro hydro]] projects provide a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts to isolated homes, villages, or small industries. |
* [[Micro hydro]] projects provide a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts to isolated homes, villages, or small industries. |
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* [[Conduit hydroelectricity]] projects utilize water which has already been diverted for use elsewhere; in a municipal water system for example. |
* [[Conduit hydroelectricity]] projects utilize water which has already been diverted for use elsewhere; in a municipal water system, for example. |
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* [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] stores water pumped during periods of low demand to be released for generation when demand is high. |
* [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] stores water pumped uphill into reservoirs during periods of low demand to be released for generation when demand is high or system generation is low. |
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<gallery class="center" mode=packed caption="" widths="200px" heights="145px"> |
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File:Hongping-Power-Station-5425.jpg|Hongping Power station, in Hongping Town, [[Shennongjia]], has a design typical for [[small hydro]] stations in the western part of China's [[Hubei]] Province. Water comes from the mountain behind the station, through the black pipe seen in the photo |
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File:Chief Joseph Dam.jpg|[[Chief Joseph Dam]] near [[Bridgeport, Washington]], U.S., is a major [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river station]] without a sizeable reservoir. |
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Image:Nw vietnam hydro.jpg|[[Micro hydro]] in Northwest Vietnam |
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File:Stwlan.dam.jpg|[[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] – the upper reservoir (Llyn Stwlan) and dam of the [[Ffestiniog Power Station|Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme]] in north Wales. The lower power station has four water turbines which generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising. |
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</gallery> |
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== Calculating the amount of available power == |
== Calculating the amount of available power == |
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A hydropower resource can be evaluated by its available [[Power (physics)|power]]. Power is a function of the |
A hydropower resource can be evaluated by its available [[Power (physics)|power]]. Power is a function of the [[hydraulic head]] and [[rate of fluid flow]]. The head is the energy per unit weight (or unit mass) of water. The static head is proportional to the difference in height through which the water falls. Dynamic head is related to the velocity of moving water. Each unit of water can do an amount of work equal to its weight times the head. |
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The power available from falling water can be calculated from the flow rate and density of water, the height of fall, and the local acceleration due to gravity. |
The power available from falling water can be calculated from the flow rate and density of water, the height of fall, and the local acceleration due to gravity. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Energy|Renewable energy}} |
{{Portal|Energy|Renewable energy|Water}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Hydraulic ram]] |
* [[Hydraulic ram]] |
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* [[Deep water source cooling]] |
* [[Deep water source cooling]] |
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* [[Wave power]] |
* [[Wave power]] |
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* [[Low head hydro power]] |
* [[Low head hydro power]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist| |
{{reflist|2}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://www.hydropower.org International Hydropower Association] |
* [http://www.hydropower.org International Hydropower Association] |
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* [http://www.ich.no/ International Centre for Hydropower (ICH)] hydropower portal with links to numerous organizations related to hydropower worldwide |
* [http://www.ich.no/ International Centre for Hydropower (ICH)] hydropower portal with links to numerous organizations related to hydropower worldwide |
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* [http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:7:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1228,25 IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbines] (International Electrotechnical Commission - Technical Committee 4) IEC TC 4 portal with access to scope, documents and [http://tc4.iec.ch/index-tc4.html TC 4 website] |
* [http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:7:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1228,25 IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbines] (International Electrotechnical Commission - Technical Committee 4) IEC TC 4 portal with access to scope, documents and [http://tc4.iec.ch/index-tc4.html TC 4 website] |
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* [http://www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf Micro-hydro power], Adam Harvey, 2004, Intermediate Technology Development Group |
* [http://www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf Micro-hydro power], Adam Harvey, 2004, Intermediate Technology Development Group. Retrieved 1 January 2005 |
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* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=11050 Microhydropower Systems], US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2005 |
* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=11050 Microhydropower Systems], US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2005 |
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