declutter, ce, |
moved history....still lot to do |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Antiquity=== |
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[[File:Chateau Neuf Fortress in Upper Galilee, Israel.jpg|thumb|Château Neuf Crusader Fortress]] |
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The site has sporadic habitation dating from Iron Age 1 (1200-1000BCE) and continuous habitation from circa 550 to 350 BCE until circa 550 CE, then sporadic habitation again until the 1800s.<ref name=IAA>[http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?site_id=50&subject_id=8 Hunin Fortress:Preliminary plan for conservation and development]</ref> |
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The castle named Chastel Neuf or Castellum Novum in Frankish chronicles, Qal'at Hunin in Arabic, and (Horvat) Mezudat Hunin in Modern Hebrew, was built in two phases by the Crusaders during the 12th century, and was rebuilt by [[Zahir al-Umar]] in the 17th century. |
The castle named Chastel Neuf or Castellum Novum in Frankish chronicles, Qal'at Hunin in Arabic, and (Horvat) Mezudat Hunin in Modern Hebrew, was built in two phases by the Crusaders during the 12th century, and was rebuilt by [[Zahir al-Umar]] in the 17th century. |
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===British Mandate era=== |
===British Mandate era=== |
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[[File:Tel Hai.jpg|thumb|right|Hunin, 1946]] |
[[File:Tel Hai.jpg|thumb|right|Hunin, 1946]] |
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The [[Syria]]-[[Lebanon]]-[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] boundary was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Syria.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Fromkin|title=A peace to end all peace: the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East|year=1989|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-8050-8809-0}}</ref><ref name="MMPTPC">{{cite book|author=Margaret MacMillan|title=Peacemakers: the Paris Conference of 1919 and its attempt to end war|year=2001|publisher=John Murray|isbn=978-0-7195-6237-2|pages=392–420}}</ref> British forces had advanced to a position at [[Tel Hazor]] against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the [[River Jordan|Jordan]] River within British controlled Palestine. Following the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]], and the unratified and later annulled [[Treaty of Sèvres]], stemming from the [[San Remo conference]], the 1920 boundary extended the British controlled area to north of the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement|Sykes Picot]] line, a straight line between the midpoint of the [[Sea of Galilee]] and [[Nahariya]]. The international boundary between Palestine and Lebanon was finally agreed upon by Great Britain and France in 1923, in conjunction with the [[Treaty of Lausanne]], after Britain had been given a [[League of Nations]] [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|mandate for Palestine]] in 1922.<ref>[http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/20/29/00039450.pdf Exchange of Notes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201308/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/20/29/00039450.pdf |date=2008-09-09 }} Constituting an Agreement respecting the boundary line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hammé. Paris, March 7, 1923.</ref> |
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In April 1924, Hunin and six other villages, and an estimated 20 other settlements, were transferred from the [[French Mandate of Lebanon]] to the [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate of Palestine]] by [[France]]. Hunin was a Shi'ite Muslim village with a population of 1620 recorded in 1945.<ref name="Sindawi">Sindawi, Khalid (2008). Are there any Shi'te Muslims in Israel?", ''Holy Land Studies'', Vol. 7, No. 2, 183-199.</ref> |
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Hunin was one of the seven Shiite villages, and 17 other villages, that were transferred from the French to the British spheres in 1924 on the basis of the border agreement of 1923.<ref name=Kaufman>{{cite journal | author = Asher Kaufman | title = Between Palestine and Lebanon: Seven Shi'i Villages as a Case Study of Boundaries, Identities, and Conflict | journal = Middle East Journal | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | year = 2006 | pages = 685–706}}</ref> |
Hunin was one of the seven Shiite villages, and 17 other villages, that were transferred from the French to the British spheres in 1924 on the basis of the border agreement of 1923.<ref name=Kaufman>{{cite journal | author = Asher Kaufman | title = Between Palestine and Lebanon: Seven Shi'i Villages as a Case Study of Boundaries, Identities, and Conflict | journal = Middle East Journal | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | year = 2006 | pages = 685–706}}</ref> |
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In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of Hunin (with Hula and Udeisa) was 1620 Muslims,<ref name=1945p9/> with a total of 14,224 dunams of land.<ref name=Hadawi69/> Of this, Arabs used 859 for plantations and irrigated land, 5,987 dunums were allocated to grain farming,<ref name=1945p9/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-119.jpg 119]</ref> while 81 dunams were classified as urban land.<ref name=1945p9/><ref name=Hadawi171>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-169.jpg 169]</ref> |
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of Hunin (with Hula and Udeisa) was 1620 Muslims,<ref name=1945p9/> with a total of 14,224 dunams of land.<ref name=Hadawi69/> Of this, Arabs used 859 for plantations and irrigated land, 5,987 dunums were allocated to grain farming,<ref name=1945p9/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-119.jpg 119]</ref> while 81 dunams were classified as urban land.<ref name=1945p9/><ref name=Hadawi171>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-169.jpg 169]</ref> |
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A Palmach raid in May 1948 led to many of the inhabitants fleeing to Lebanon, leaving 400 in the village. During a meeting in August 1948, the [[mukhtar]]s of Hunin and other Shi'ite villages met with the Jews of kibbutz [[Kfar Giladi]] to try to make a peace agreement with the state of Israel. They promised to live as loyal citizens and renounce Arab national aspirations. A report was made by the [[Minorities Minister of Israel|Ministry of Minority Affairs]] recommending that such an agreement be reached with the 4,700 or so Shi'ites in the region to promote friendly relations with southern Lebanon, to take advantage of the Shi'ites' poor relationship with the majority Sunnis, and to enhance the prospect of a future extension of the border.<ref name="Sindawi"/> This proposal was not accepted, despite the support of the Minister of Minority Affairs [[Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit]].<ref name="Sindawi"/> In August, more inhabitants of Hunin were forced to flee by the IDF.<ref name="BMPRPR">Morris, 2004, p. 249</ref> On 3 September 1948, the IDF raided the village blowing up 20 houses, killing a son of the mukhtar and 19 others and expelling the remaining villagers.<ref name="BMPRPR"/> |
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===1948, aftermath=== |
===1948, aftermath=== |
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In May 1948, during hostilities between Arab and Israeli forces, Hunin received an evacuation order from Arab authorities, but the departure of all but 400 residents was the result of a Palmach raid.<ref name=Morris>Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA249 249], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA447 447]–448</ref> Four village women were raped and murdered by Israeli soldiers during the summer.<ref name=Morris/> In August 1948 village notables approached Kibbutz [[Kfar Giladi]], declaring their willingness to be good citizens of Israel.<ref name=Gelber/><ref name=Morris/> Their proposal was conveyed to the Israeli government, where it received enthusiastic support from the Minorities Minister [[Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit]].<ref name=Gelber/><ref name=Kaufman/> However, most of the residents were expelled in late August and the remainder in early September when the [[Carmeli Brigade]] raided the village killing 20 and blowing up 20 buildings including the mosque.<ref name=Kaufman/><ref name=Morris/> Most of the villagers took refuge in Shiite villages in Lebanon.<ref name=Kaufman/> |
In May 1948, during hostilities between Arab and Israeli forces, Hunin received an evacuation order from Arab authorities, but the departure of all but 400 residents was the result of a Palmach raid.<ref name=Morris>Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA249 249], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA447 447]–448</ref> Four village women were raped and murdered by Israeli soldiers during the summer.<ref name=Morris/> In August 1948 village notables approached Kibbutz [[Kfar Giladi]], declaring their willingness to be good citizens of Israel.<ref name=Gelber/><ref name=Morris/> Their proposal was conveyed to the Israeli government, where it received enthusiastic support from the Minorities Minister [[Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit]].<ref name=Gelber/><ref name=Kaufman/> However, most of the residents were expelled in late August and the remainder in early September when the [[Carmeli Brigade]] raided the village killing 20 and blowing up 20 buildings including the mosque.<ref name=Kaufman/><ref name=Morris/> Most of the villagers took refuge in Shiite villages in Lebanon.<ref name=Kaufman/> |
Revision as of 22:39, 23 December 2018
Template:Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine
Hunin (Arabic: هونين) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Galilee Panhandle part of Mandatory Palestine close to the Lebanese border. It was the second largest village in the district of Safed, but was depopulated in 1948.[1]
History
Antiquity
The site has sporadic habitation dating from Iron Age 1 (1200-1000BCE) and continuous habitation from circa 550 to 350 BCE until circa 550 CE, then sporadic habitation again until the 1800s.[2]
The castle named Chastel Neuf or Castellum Novum in Frankish chronicles, Qal'at Hunin in Arabic, and (Horvat) Mezudat Hunin in Modern Hebrew, was built in two phases by the Crusaders during the 12th century, and was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar in the 17th century.
In 1752, a mosque was constructed in Hunin. The inscription dedication has been tentatively found to be dedicated to the Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam.[3][4]
The village was badly damaged in the earthquake in 1837, according to Edward Robinson who visited in 1856.[5] In 1875, Victor Guérin visited.[6]
In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Hunin: "A village, built of stone, joining on to ruined Crusading castle [..], and containing about 100 Moslems. The situation is on a low ridge just before the hills drop down to the east to the Huleh Valley ; the hills round are uncultivated, covered with low- scrub, but in the valleys there is some arable land. Water is obtained from numerous cisterns ; a birket and spring to the south-east."[7][8]
British Mandate era
The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria.[9][10] British forces had advanced to a position at Tel Hazor against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the Jordan River within British controlled Palestine. Following the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and the unratified and later annulled Treaty of Sèvres, stemming from the San Remo conference, the 1920 boundary extended the British controlled area to north of the Sykes Picot line, a straight line between the midpoint of the Sea of Galilee and Nahariya. The international boundary between Palestine and Lebanon was finally agreed upon by Great Britain and France in 1923, in conjunction with the Treaty of Lausanne, after Britain had been given a League of Nations mandate for Palestine in 1922.[11]
In April 1924, Hunin and six other villages, and an estimated 20 other settlements, were transferred from the French Mandate of Lebanon to the British Mandate of Palestine by France. Hunin was a Shi'ite Muslim village with a population of 1620 recorded in 1945.[12]
Hunin was one of the seven Shiite villages, and 17 other villages, that were transferred from the French to the British spheres in 1924 on the basis of the border agreement of 1923.[13]
In the 1931 census of Palestine, the population of Hunin was 1,075, all Muslims, in a total of 233 houses.[14]
In the 1945 statistics the population of Hunin (with Hula and Udeisa) was 1620 Muslims,[15] with a total of 14,224 dunams of land.[16] Of this, Arabs used 859 for plantations and irrigated land, 5,987 dunums were allocated to grain farming,[15][17] while 81 dunams were classified as urban land.[15][18]
A Palmach raid in May 1948 led to many of the inhabitants fleeing to Lebanon, leaving 400 in the village. During a meeting in August 1948, the mukhtars of Hunin and other Shi'ite villages met with the Jews of kibbutz Kfar Giladi to try to make a peace agreement with the state of Israel. They promised to live as loyal citizens and renounce Arab national aspirations. A report was made by the Ministry of Minority Affairs recommending that such an agreement be reached with the 4,700 or so Shi'ites in the region to promote friendly relations with southern Lebanon, to take advantage of the Shi'ites' poor relationship with the majority Sunnis, and to enhance the prospect of a future extension of the border.[12] This proposal was not accepted, despite the support of the Minister of Minority Affairs Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit.[12] In August, more inhabitants of Hunin were forced to flee by the IDF.[19] On 3 September 1948, the IDF raided the village blowing up 20 houses, killing a son of the mukhtar and 19 others and expelling the remaining villagers.[19]
1948, aftermath
In May 1948, during hostilities between Arab and Israeli forces, Hunin received an evacuation order from Arab authorities, but the departure of all but 400 residents was the result of a Palmach raid.[20] Four village women were raped and murdered by Israeli soldiers during the summer.[20] In August 1948 village notables approached Kibbutz Kfar Giladi, declaring their willingness to be good citizens of Israel.[1][20] Their proposal was conveyed to the Israeli government, where it received enthusiastic support from the Minorities Minister Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit.[1][13] However, most of the residents were expelled in late August and the remainder in early September when the Carmeli Brigade raided the village killing 20 and blowing up 20 buildings including the mosque.[13][20] Most of the villagers took refuge in Shiite villages in Lebanon.[13]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Gelber, 2006, p. 222
- ^ Hunin Fortress:Preliminary plan for conservation and development
- ^ Sharon, 2007, pp. 108-112
- ^ Sharon, 2013, p. 289
- ^ Robinson, 1856, pp. 370-371
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 370-372
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 87
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 123-125
- ^ David Fromkin (1989). A peace to end all peace: the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8809-0.
- ^ Margaret MacMillan (2001). Peacemakers: the Paris Conference of 1919 and its attempt to end war. John Murray. pp. 392–420. ISBN 978-0-7195-6237-2.
- ^ Exchange of Notes Archived 2008-09-09 at the Wayback Machine Constituting an Agreement respecting the boundary line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hammé. Paris, March 7, 1923.
- ^ a b c Sindawi, Khalid (2008). Are there any Shi'te Muslims in Israel?", Holy Land Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 183-199.
- ^ a b c d Asher Kaufman (2006). "Between Palestine and Lebanon: Seven Shi'i Villages as a Case Study of Boundaries, Identities, and Conflict". Middle East Journal. 60 (4): 685–706.
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 107
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
1945p9
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Hadawi69
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 119
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 169
- ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. 249
- ^ a b c d Morris, 2004, pp. 249, 447–448
Bibliography
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Gelber, Y. (2006). Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem (2 ed.). Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-075-0.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852. London: John Murray.
- Sharon, M. (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C. Vol. 2. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-11083-6.p. 49
- Sharon, M. (2007). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum. BRILL.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help) - Sharon, M. (2013). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, H-I. Vol. 5. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-25097-2.
External links
- Welcome to Hunin
- Hunin, Zochrot
- Hunin, Villages of Palestine
- Survey of Western Palestine, map 2: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Hunin, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center