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{{wiktionarypar|humor}} |
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'''Humour''' or '''humor''' (see [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences]]) is the ability or [[quality]] of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of [[amusement]] in other people. The term encompasses a form of [[entertainment]] or human [[communication]] which evokes such feelings, or which makes people [[laugh]] or feel [[happiness|happy]]. |
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The origin of the term derives from the [[four humours|humoral medicine]] of the [[ancient Greeks]], which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours ([[Greek language|Greek]]: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23115103 χυμός], ''chymos'', literally: [[juice]] or [[sap]], metaphorically: [[flavour]]) controlled human health and emotion. |
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A '''sense of humour''' is the ability to experience humour, a quality which all people share,{{Fact|date=November 2007}} although the extent to which an individual will personally find something humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative [[variable]]s, including [[geographical location]], [[culture]], maturity, level of [[education]], and [[wiktionary:context|context]]. For example, young children (of any background) may possibly favour [[slapstick]], such as [[Punch and Judy]] puppet shows or cartoons e.g. Tom and Jerry. [[Satire]] may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery".<ref>Seth Benedict Graham ''[http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-11032003-192424/unrestricted/grahamsethb_etd2003.pdf A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSO-SOVIET ANEKDOT]'' 2003 p.13</ref><ref>Bakhtin, Mikhail. ''Rabelais and His World'' [1941, 1965]. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press p.12</ref> |
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[[Image:Eduard von Grützner Falstaff.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Smile|Smiling]] often reflects a sense of humour and amusement. Shown here is a painting by [[Eduard von Grützner]].]] |
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==Techniques for composing humour== |
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Humour is a branch of [[rhetoric]], there are hundreds of [[trope]]s that can be used to make jokes. |
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===Verbal=== |
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*[[Figure of speech]] |
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**[[Triple#Triples in humour|Humorous triple]] and [[paraprosdokian]] |
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**[[Enthymeme]] |
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**[[Syllepsis]] ([[zeugma]]) |
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**[[Hyperbole]] |
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**[[Understatement]] |
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**[[Bathos]], widely used to describe the technique of ending a list of profound items with an extremely trivial one |
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*[[Inherently funny words]] with sounds that make them amusing in the language of delivery |
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*[[Irony]], where a statement or situation implies both a superficial and a concealed meaning which are at odds with each other. |
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*[[Joke]] |
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**[[Adage]]s, often in the form of paradox "[[law (principle)|law]]s" of nature, such as [[Murphy's law]] or [[lemon law]] |
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**[[Stereotyping]], such as blonde jokes, lawyer jokes, racial jokes, [[viola jokes]]. |
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**Sick Jokes, arousing humour through grotesque, violent or exceptionally cruel scenarios. Soldiers in the field of battle often use 'trench humour' to keep morale up in appalling circumstances. |
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*[[Riddle]] |
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*[[Word play]] |
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**[[Oxymoron]] |
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**[[Pun]] |
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===Non-verbal=== |
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*[[Bathos]] |
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**Exaggerated or unexpected gestures and movements |
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*[[Character driven]], deriving humour from the way characters act in specific situations, without [[punchline]]s. ''Exemplified by'' [[The Larry Sanders Show]] and [[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]. |
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*[[Clash of context]] humour, such "fish out of water" |
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*[[Comic sound]]s |
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*Deliberate [[ambiguity]] and confusion with reality, often performed by [[Andy Kaufman]] |
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*[[Unintentional humour]], that is, making people laugh without intending to (as with [[Ed Wood]]'s ''[[Plan 9 From Outer Space]]) |
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*[[Sight gag]]s |
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==Understanding humour== |
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Humour is when an alternative or surprising answer is given, that still shows relevance and can explain a situation. |
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Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author [[F. B. White]] once said that "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." However, attempts to do just that have been made. |
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The term "humourific" as formerly applied in comedy, referred to the interpretation of the [[sublime (philosophy)|sublime]] and the ridiculous. In this context, humour is often a [[subject (philosophy)|subjective]] experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective. [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] lamented the misuse of the term (the German [[loanword]] from English) to mean any type of comedy. |
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Language is an approximation of thoughts through symbolic manipulation, and the gap between the expectations inherent in those symbols and the breakfast of those expectations leads to emotions such as laughter.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. [[Irony]] is explicitly this form of comedy, whereas [[slapstick]] takes more passive social norms relating to physicality and plays with them{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. In other words, comedy is a sign of a 'bug' in the symbolic make-up of language, as well as a self-correcting mechanism for such bugs{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Once the problem in meaning has been described through a joke, people immediately begin correcting their impressions of the symbols that have been mocked. This is one explanation why jokes are often funny only when told the first time. |
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Another explanation is that humour frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective. Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist. This, however is in the areas of human creativity (science and art being the other two) that use structure mapping (then termed "[[bisociation]]" by Koestler) to create novel meanings<ref>Koestler, Arthur (1964): "The Act of Creation".</ref>. |
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He argues that humour results when two different frames of reference are set up and a collision is engineered between them. |
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[[Tony Veale]], who is taking a more formalised computational approach than Koestler did, has written on the role of metaphor and metonymy in humour<ref>Veale, Tony (2003): "Metaphor and Metonymy: The Cognitive Trump-Cards of Linguistic Humor"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/iclc2003.pdf]</ref><ref>Veale, Tony (2006): "The Cognitive Mechanisms of Adversarial Humor"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/Journal_of_Humor_Research_2006_trumping.pdf]</ref><ref>Veale, Tony (2004): "Incongruity in Humour: Root Cause of Epiphenomonon?"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/fest2004.pdf]</ref>, using inspiration from Koestler as well as from [[Dedre Gentner]]´s theory of structure-mapping, [[George Lakoff]]´s and [[Mark Johnson]]´s theory of [[conceptual metaphor]] and [[Mark Turner (cognitive scientist)|Mark Turner]]´s and [[Gilles Fauconnier]]´s theory of [[conceptual blending]]. |
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===Evolution of humour=== |
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As with any form of art, the same goes for humor, acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the kings or the villages of the far east. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm.[[18th-century]] German author [[Georg Lichtenberg]] said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness." |
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==Evolution and humor== |
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[[Sight gag]]s and language-based humour activate the two regions in the human brain known to have [[von Economo neuron]]s, a specialization in neuron form that has evolved in the last 15 million years. This suggests that humour may have coevolved with the ability of great apes and humans to navigate through a shifting and complex social space.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Cereb Cortex |year=2007 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=314–24 |title= Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor |author= Watson KK, Matthews BJ, Allman JM |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhj149 |pmid=16514105}}</ref> |
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==Humour formulae== |
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{{Refimprovesect|date=October 2006}} |
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Root components: |
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* some [[surprise]]/[[misdirection]], [[contradiction]], [[ambiguity]] or [[paradox]]. |
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* appealing to [[feeling]]s or to [[emotion]]s. |
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* similar to [[reality]], but not real |
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Methods: |
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* [[metaphor]] |
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* [[hyperbole]] |
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* [[reframing]] |
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* [[timing]] |
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[[Rowan Atkinson]] explains in his lecture in the documentary ''[[Funny Business]]''".<ref>Rowan Atkinson/David Hinton, ''Funny Business'' (tv series), Episode 1 - aired 22 November 1992, UK, Tiger Television Productions</ref>, that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are: |
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* By being in an unusual place |
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* By behaving in an unusual way |
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* By being the wrong size |
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Most [[sight gag]]s fit into one or more of these categories. |
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Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Humour is also the act of being funny. Some synonyms of funny or humour are hilarious, knee-slapping, spiritual, wise-minded, outgoing, and amusing. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the [[laughing Buddha]], who would answer all questions with a laugh{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. |
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==See also== |
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{{Multicol}} |
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* [[Anecdote]] |
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* [[Clown]]s |
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* [[Comedy]] and [[Comedian]]s |
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* [[Comedy film]] |
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* [[Comics]] (also known as funnies) |
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* [[Feghoot]] |
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* [[Gloating]] |
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* [[Brint|Brint Humour]] |
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* [[Internet humour]] |
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* [[Irony]] |
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* [[Joke]]s, including [[Anti-joke]]s, [[In-joke]]s, and [[Meta-joke]]s |
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*[[List of publications in humor research]] |
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* [[Mark Twain Prize for American Humor]] |
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* [[Mathematical joke]] |
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* [[Open mike]] |
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* [[Political satire]] |
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* [[Practical joke]]s and [[Prank]]s |
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{{Multicol-break}} |
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* [[Professional humour]], for example, lawyer jokes |
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* [[Ribaldry]] |
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* [[Satire]] |
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* [[Surreal humour]] |
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* [[Toilet humour]] |
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{{Multicol-end}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{citation | last =Basu | first =S | title= Dialogic ethics and the virtue of humor | journal =Journal of Political Philosophy | publisher =Blackwell Publishing Ltd | date= December 1999 | volume =Vol. 7 | issue =No. 4 | pages =378-403 | url=http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14 | format =Abstract | doi =10.1111/1467-9760.00082 | accessdate =2007-07-06 }} (Abstract) |
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*Billig, M. (2005). ''Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour''. London: Sage. ISBN 1412911435 |
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*Bricker, Victoria Reifler (Winter, 1980) ''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-7710%28198024%2936%3A4%3C411%3ATFOHIZ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7&size=LARGE The Function of Humor in Zinacantan]'' Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 411-418 |
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*{{Citation | last =Buijzen | first =Moniek | last2 =Valkenburg | first2 =Patti M. | title =Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media | journal =Media Psychology | volume =Vol. 6 | issue =No. 2 | pages =147-167 |
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| date= 2004 | year =2004 | url =http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2?prevSearch=allfield%3A(buijzen) | doi =10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2 | id = }}(Abstract) |
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*Carrell, Amy (2000), ''[http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/MathNat/Ruch/PSY356-Webarticles/Historical_Views.pdf Historical views of humour]'', University of Central Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-07-06. |
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*{{Citation | last =García-Barriocanal | first =Elena | last2 =Sicilia | first2 =Miguel-Angel | last3 =Palomar | first3 =David | title =A Graphical Humor Ontology for Contemporary Cultural Heritage Access | |
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| publisher =University of Alcalá | place =Ctra. Barcelona, km.33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain, |
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| date= 2005 | year =2005 | url=http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20050064.pdf | format=pdf | accessdate=2007-07-06}} |
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*Goldstein, Jeffrey H., et al. (1976) "Humour, Laughter, and Comedy: A Bibliography of Empirical and Nonempirical Analyses in the English Language." ''It's a Funny Thing, Humour''. Ed. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 469-504. |
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*Holland, Norman. (1982) "Bibliography of Theories of Humor." ''Laughing; A Psychology of Humor''. Ithaca: Cornell U P, 209-223. |
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*[[Daniele Luttazzi|Luttazzi, Daniele]] (2004) [[Introduction (essay)|Introduction]] to his Italian translation of [[Woody Allen]]'s trilogy ''[[Side Effects]]'', ''[[Without Feathers]]'' and ''[[Getting Even]]'' (Bompiani, 2004, ISBN 88-452-3304-9 (57-65). |
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*Martin, Rod A. (2007). ''The Psychology Of Humour: An Integrative Approach.'' London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 13: 978-0-12-372564-6 |
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*McGhee, Paul E. (1984) "Current American Psychological Research on Humor." Jahrbuche fur Internationale Germanistik 16.2: 37-57. |
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*Mintz, Lawrence E., ed. (1988) ''Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. ISBN 0313245517; OCLC: 16085479. |
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*Mobbs, D., Greicius, M.D.; Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V. & Reiss, A. L. (2003) "Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers". ''[http://www.neuron.org/ Neuron]'', '''40''', 1041-1048. |
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*Nilsen, Don L. F. (1992) "Satire in American Literature." ''Humor in American Literature: A Selected Annotated Bibliography.'' New York: Garland, 1992. 543-48. |
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*Pogel, Nancy, and Paul P. Somers Jr. (1988) "Literary Humor." ''Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics''. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. 1-34. |
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*Roth, G., Yap, R, & Short, D. (2006). "Examining humour in HRD from theoretical and practical perspectives". ''Human Resource Development International, 9''(1), 121-127. |
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*Smuts, Aaron. "Humor". ''[http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humor.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]'' |
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*{{citation | last =Wogan | first =Peter | title=Laughing At ''First Contact'' | journal =Visual Anthropology Review | date =Spring 2006 | volume =Vol. 22 | issue =No. 1 | pages =14-34 | publication-date =online December 12, 2006 | url=http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14 | format =Abstract |
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| doi =10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14 | accessdate =2007-07-06 }} (Abstract) |
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==External links== |
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*{{Dmoz|Recreation/Humor/|Humor}} |
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*[http://www.hnu.edu/ishs/index.htm International Society for Humor Studies] |
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*[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~lhc/institutes/fall2007/index.html No Laughing Matter: Visual Humor in Ideas of Race, Nationality and Ethnicity] International Humanities Institute, Dartmouth College |
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[[Category:Humor]] |
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[[Category:Virtues]] |
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[[ar:دعابة]] |
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[[bn:হাস্যরস]] |
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[[bs:Humor]] |
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[[bg:Хумор]] |
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[[ca:Humor]] |
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[[cv:Кулăш]] |
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[[et:Huumor]] |
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[[eo:Humuro]] |
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[[hr:Humor]] |
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[[it:Umorismo]] |
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[[he:הומור]] |
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[[uz:Mutoyiba]] |
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[[pl:Humor (postać komizmu)]] |
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[[pt:Humor]] |
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[[ro:Umor]] |
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[[ru:Юмор]] |
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[[sq:Humori]] |
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[[simple:Humour]] |
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[[sr:Хумор]] |
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[[fi:Huumori]] |
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[[tt:Yumor]] |
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[[tr:Mizah]] |
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[[yi:הומאר]] |
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Revision as of 13:40, 21 November 2007
the dude on the right is ugly