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{{Short description|Discrimination against fictosexuality}} |
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'''Human-oriented sexualism''' ({{Lang|ja|対人性愛中心主義}} ({{Transliteration|ja|taijin-seiai-chūshin-shugi}})) is the concept that sexual attraction towards flesh-and-blood human is "normal" sexuality.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |title=Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies |url=https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678&lang=ja |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=researchmap}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2021 |title=日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除/抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して |trans-title="Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation" |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shabyo/36/0/36_67/_article/-char/en/ |journal=Journal of Social Problems |language=ja |publisher=Japanese Association of Social Problems |issue=36 |page=67-83 |doi=10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67}}</ref> This is the term used to describe the marginalization of [[fictosexuality]]. The sexuality attracted to real human is called "human-oriented sexuality." While the concept is raised from fictosexuality studies in Japan, it is now being discussed in research outside of Japan<ref name=":2">{{Cite |
'''Human-oriented sexualism''' ({{Lang|ja|対人性愛中心主義}} ({{Transliteration|ja|taijin-seiai-chūshin-shugi}})) is the concept that sexual attraction towards flesh-and-blood human is "[[Normal sexuality|normal" sexuality]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |title=Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies |url=https://researchmap.jp/blogs/blog_entries/view/385284/a130954bf13ad97999b07b72844be161?frame_id=841678&lang=ja |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=researchmap}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2021 |title=日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除/抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して |trans-title="Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation" |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/shabyo/36/0/36_67/_article/-char/en/ |journal=Journal of Social Problems |volume=36 |language=ja |publisher=Japanese Association of Social Problems |issue=36 |page=67-83 |doi=10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67}}</ref> This is the term used to describe the marginalization of [[fictosexuality]]. The sexuality attracted to real human is called "human-oriented sexuality." While the concept is raised from fictosexuality studies in Japan, it is now being discussed in research outside of Japan<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=廖希文 |url= |title=故事與另外的世界:台灣ACG研究學會年會論文集 |publisher=奇異果文創事業有限公司 |year=2024 |isbn=9786269807680 |editor-last=劉定綱 |volume=1 |language=zh |chapter=紙性戀處境及其悖論:情動、想像、賦生關係 |trans-chapter=On Fictosexual Position and its Paradox: Affacts, Imaginary, and Animating Relationships |editor-last2=李衣雲 |chapter-url=https://vocus.cc/article/644f4f46fd897800017c0c01}}</ref> and in areas other than fictosexuality studies.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Masahiro |author-link=Masahiro Yamada (sociologist) |year=2022 |title=ペットの家族化の進展とその帰結――ネットモニター調査による考察 |trans-title=Familiarization of Pet in Japan: From an Internet Research |url=https://chuo-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000669/files/1343-2125_27_3-21.pdf |journal=The Annual Bulletin of the Institute of Social Sciences, Chuo University |language=ja |volume=27 |pages=3–21}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=筒井晴香 |title=アイドルについて葛藤しながら考えてみた:ジェンダー/パーソナリティ/〈推し〉 |publisher=青弓社 |year=2022 |isbn=978-4-7872-7449-6 |editor-last=香月孝史・上岡磨奈・中村香住 |pages=46–71 |chapter=「推す」ことの倫理を考えるために}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ueda |first=Masaki |year=2023 |title=わいせつ規制をめぐる諸課題 |trans-title=Issues surrounding Crimes of Obscenity |journal=Criminal Law Journal |language=ja |publisher=Seibundo Publishing |volume=75 |pages=12–17 |isbn=978-4-7923-8881-2}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> |
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== Etymology and background == |
== Etymology and background == |
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'''Human-oriented sexuality''' ({{Lang|ja|対人性愛}} ({{Transliteration|ja|taijin-seiai}}) is the term used to describe the [[sexual majority]] attracted to flesh-and-blood people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwasaki |first=Hanae |year=2024 |title=フツーの恋愛、性愛ってなに?『ACE アセクシュアルから見たセックスと社会のこと』刊行記念トークレポ |url=https://meandyou.net/202401-ace/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |publisher=me and you little magazine & club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=抹消の現象学的社会学:類型化されないことをともなう周縁化について |trans-title=Phenomenological Sociology of Erasure : Marginalization Involving Untypification |journal=Japanese |
'''Human-oriented sexuality''' ({{Lang|ja|対人性愛}} ({{Transliteration|ja|taijin-seiai}}) is the term used to describe the [[sexual majority]] attracted to flesh-and-blood people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwasaki |first=Hanae |year=2024 |title=フツーの恋愛、性愛ってなに?『ACE アセクシュアルから見たセックスと社会のこと』刊行記念トークレポ |url=https://meandyou.net/202401-ace/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |publisher=me and you little magazine & club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=抹消の現象学的社会学:類型化されないことをともなう周縁化について |trans-title=Phenomenological Sociology of Erasure : Marginalization Involving Untypification |journal=Japanese Sociological Review |language=ja |publisher=The Japan Sociological Society |volume=74 |issue=1 |page=158-174}}</ref> This term emerged from grassroots usage among those who prefer two-dimensional sexual creations like [[manga]] and [[anime]], yet lack sexual attraction to flesh-and-blood individuals.<ref name=":0" /> Based on this premise, the term "human-oriented sexualism" was coined, prompting inquiries into institutions, customs, and value judgments rooted in human-oriented sexuality. |
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Two-dimensional characters are non-human entities; they are not representations of humans but belong to a distinct category separate from humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozawa |first=Shunsuke |year=2013 |title=Characterization |url=https://www.semioticreview.com/ojs/index.php/sr/article/view/16 |journal=Semiotic Review |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | |
Two-dimensional characters are non-human entities; they are not representations of humans but belong to a distinct category separate from humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nozawa |first=Shunsuke |year=2013 |title=Characterization |url=https://www.semioticreview.com/ojs/index.php/sr/article/view/16 |journal=Semiotic Review |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aoyagi |first1=Hiroshi |title=Idology in Transcultural Perspective: Anthropological Investigations of Popular Idolatry |last2=Galbraith |first2=Patrick W. |last3=Kovacic |first3=Mateja |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2021 }}</ref> Sexuality attracted to two-dimensional characters represents an alternative "[[sexual orientation]]," distinct from attraction to flesh-and-blood humans.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=Elizabeth |year=2020 |title=Porn as Practice, Porn as Access: Pornography Consumption and a ʻThird Sexual Orientationʼ in Japan |journal=Porn Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=269–278 |doi=10.1080/23268743.2020.1726205}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2021 |title=二次元の性的表現による「現実性愛」の相対化の可能性――現実の他者へ性的に惹かれない「オタク」「腐女子」の語りを事例として |trans-title=The Possibility of Relativization of Compulsory Sexuality by Nonrealistic Sexual Fantasy: Based on the Narration of "Otaku" and "Fujoshi" Who Do Not Experience Sexual or Romantic Attraction to Real People |journal=Japan Sociologist |language=ja |publisher=Shinyosha |issue=5 |pages=116–136 |isbn=9784788517073}}</ref> However, under human-oriented sexualism, such sexuality is often rendered invisible. |
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The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the idea of compulsory sexuality{{efn|Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pryzybylo |first= |
The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the idea of compulsory sexuality{{efn|Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pryzybylo |first=Ela |title=Introducing the New Sexuality Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |editor-last=Fischer |editor-first=Nancy L. |edition=4th |chapter=Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality |editor-last2=Westbrook |editor-first2=Laurel |editor-last3=Seidman |editor-first3=Steven}}</ref>}} from [[Asexuality|asexual]] research and the notion of humanonormativity{{efn|Humanonormativity is "the belief that people normally and naturally engage in sexual practices and romantic relationships with other human beings. This is not a norm that constructs such sexualities as superior to just engaging in sexual acts with animals (zoophilia)."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Motschenbacher |first=Heiko |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/40908809 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Kira |chapter=Language and Sexual Normativity |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14 |isbn=978-0-19-021292-6 |editor-last2=Barrett |editor-first2=Rusty}}</ref>}} from [[Object sexuality|objectum sexuality]] research.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title= |script-title=ja:対人性愛中心主義批判の射程に関する検討――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物性愛研究を踏まえて |trans-title=Humanonormativity and Human Oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/40398528?lang=en |journal=Human Science Sociology and Anthropology |volume=12 |language=ja |publisher=Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University |issue=13 |doi=10.15017/7151776}}</ref> This concept is often used as similar to the [[amatonormativity]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Academic research == |
== Academic research == |
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=== Queer studies === |
=== Queer studies === |
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According to queer theorist Yuu Matsuura, human-oriented sexualism is closely related to [[heteronormativity]]. Human-oriented sexualism erases the possibility of segmenting sexuality in ways other than the "heterosexual/homosexual" category, thus serving as a precondition for the exclusion of homosexuality.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2022 |title=アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識――非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察 |trans-title=Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/37150884 |journal=Gender Studies |language=ja |publisher=Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University |issue=25 |page=139-157 |doi=10.24567/0002000551}}</ref> [[Heteronormativity]] is positioned as a combination of [[gender binarism]] and human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=フィクトセクシュアルから考えるジェンダー/セクシュアリティの政治 |trans-title=The Politics of Gender and Sexuality from a Fictosexual Perspective |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/presentations/42871322 |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=researchmap}}</ref> Furthermore, it has been observed that human-oriented sexualism shares roots with [[transphobia]], operating within the same structural framework.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2022 |title=対人性愛中心主義とシスジェンダー中心主義の共通点:「萌え絵広告問題」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用問題」から |trans-title=The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism |url=https://mtwrmtwr.hatenablog.com/entry/2022/11/30/211753 |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref> |
According to queer theorist Yuu Matsuura, human-oriented sexualism is closely related to [[heteronormativity]]. Human-oriented sexualism erases the possibility of segmenting sexuality in ways other than the "heterosexual/homosexual" category, thus serving as a precondition for the exclusion of homosexuality.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2022 |title=アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識――非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察 |trans-title=Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/37150884?lang=en |journal=Gender Studies |language=ja |publisher=Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University |issue=25 |page=139-157 |doi=10.24567/0002000551}}</ref> [[Heteronormativity]] is positioned as a combination of [[gender binarism]] and human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=フィクトセクシュアルから考えるジェンダー/セクシュアリティの政治 |trans-title=The Politics of Gender and Sexuality from a Fictosexual Perspective |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/presentations/42871322?lang=en |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=researchmap}}</ref> Furthermore, it has been observed that human-oriented sexualism shares roots with [[transphobia]], operating within the same structural framework.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2022 |title=対人性愛中心主義とシスジェンダー中心主義の共通点:「萌え絵広告問題」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用問題」から |trans-title=The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism |url=https://mtwrmtwr.hatenablog.com/entry/2022/11/30/211753 |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref> |
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Kazuki Fujitaka, associate professor of feminist/queer studies at [[Kyoto Sangyo University]], highly appreciated Matsuura's theory about critique against human-oriented sexualism and described the theory as "a practice of healing those who get hurt by a normative society and of defamiliarizing the world," akin to what [[bell hooks]] calls "theory as liberatory practice."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanyu |first=Yuki |year=2024 |title=Against Compulsory (Hetero)Sexuality: From Asexual Perspectives |url=https://subsite.icu.ac.jp/cgs/images/562f1861d9c2470a18cfb1730c031750edd9fcf2.pdf |journal=Gender & Sexuality |language=en |publisher=Center for Gender Studies at International Christian University |volume=19 |page=137}}</ref> |
Kazuki Fujitaka, associate professor of feminist/queer studies at [[Kyoto Sangyo University]], highly appreciated Matsuura's theory about critique against human-oriented sexualism and described the theory as "a practice of healing those who get hurt by a normative society and of defamiliarizing the world," akin to what [[bell hooks]] calls "theory as liberatory practice."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanyu |first=Yuki |year=2024 |title=Against Compulsory (Hetero)Sexuality: From Asexual Perspectives |url=https://subsite.icu.ac.jp/cgs/images/562f1861d9c2470a18cfb1730c031750edd9fcf2.pdf |journal=Gender & Sexuality |language=en |publisher=Center for Gender Studies at International Christian University |volume=19 |page=137}}</ref> |
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=== Fan or otaku === |
=== Fan or otaku === |
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In the field of research on [[otaku]] and [[manga]] studies, there exists a lineage of debates that contest human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":3" /> Matsuura cites examples such as the "ethics of moe" proposed by Patrick W. Galbraith,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |title=The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood |publisher=Stockholm University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-9176351598}}</ref> the feminist analysis of [[yaoi]] by [[Yukari Fujimoto]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujimoto |first=Yukari |author-link=Yukari Fujimoto |year=1991 |title=Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen'ai' no imi |trans-title=The meaning of boys’ love in girls’ comics |url=https://wan.or.jp/dwan/detail/8348 |journal=New Feminism Review |language=ja |publisher=Gakuyo Shobo |volume=2 |pages=280–284}}</ref> the concept of "multiple orientations" advanced by [[Tamaki Saitō]],<ref>{{Cite book | |
In the field of research on [[otaku]] and [[manga]] studies, there exists a lineage of debates that contest human-oriented sexualism.<ref name=":3" /> Matsuura cites examples such as the "ethics of moe" proposed by Patrick W. Galbraith,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galbraith |first=Patrick W. |title=The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood |publisher=Stockholm University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-9176351598}}</ref> the feminist analysis of [[yaoi]] by [[Yukari Fujimoto]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujimoto |first=Yukari |author-link=Yukari Fujimoto |year=1991 |title=Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen'ai' no imi |trans-title=The meaning of boys’ love in girls’ comics |url=https://wan.or.jp/dwan/detail/8348 |journal=New Feminism Review |language=ja |publisher=Gakuyo Shobo |volume=2 |pages=280–284}}</ref> the concept of "multiple orientations" advanced by [[Tamaki Saitō]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saitō |first1=Tamaki |author-link=Tamaki Saitō |title=Beautiful fighting girl |last2=Vincent |first2=Keith |last3=Lawson |first3=Dawn |last4=Azuma |first4=Hiroki |last5=Saitō |first5=Tamaki |last6=Saitō |first6=Tamaki |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-5451-2 |location=Minneapolis, Minn}}</ref> and Elizabeth Miles' investigation into sexual desire for two dimensional characters as a "third sexual orientation."<ref name=":10" /> In philosopher Haruka Tsutsui's study of "Oshi," the potential for non-human-oriented sexuality is discussed as a potential subversion of patriarchal sexual norms facilitated by fan activities.<ref name=":5" /> |
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=== Obscenity law === |
=== Obscenity law === |
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Research on the distribution of [[obscene]] materials expresses concerns regarding the regulation of two-dimensional sexual creations.<ref name=":6" /> Applying the same logic as that used for regulating the public display of genitalia and sexual acts of real people would imply that two-dimensional sexual expressions are unconditionally considered representations of real flesh and blood. Consequently, two-dimensional sexual expressions might be interpreted as stimulating the desire for sexual intercourse with real people.<ref name=":6" /> |
Research on the distribution of [[obscene]] materials expresses concerns regarding the regulation of two-dimensional sexual creations.<ref name=":6" /> Applying the same logic as that used for regulating the public display of genitalia and sexual acts of real people would imply that two-dimensional sexual expressions are unconditionally considered representations of real flesh and blood. Consequently, two-dimensional sexual expressions might be interpreted as stimulating the desire for sexual intercourse with real people.<ref name=":6" /> |
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Similarly, Matsuura's research on child pornography regulations has criticized the inclusion of two-dimensional sexual creations within such regulations. This criticism arises from the perception that such inclusion aligns with an ethical judgment rooted in human-oriented sexuality, as it implicitly disregards the ontological difference between humans and two-dimensional characters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=グローバルなリスク社会における倫理的普遍化による抹消――二次元の創作物を「児童ポルノ」とみなす非難における対人性愛中心主義を事例に |trans-title=Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography” |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/41326940 |journal=Social Analysis |language=ja |publisher=Japan Sociological Association for Social Analysis |issue=50 |page=57-71}}</ref> |
Similarly, Matsuura's research on child pornography regulations has criticized the inclusion of two-dimensional sexual creations within such regulations. This criticism arises from the perception that such inclusion aligns with an ethical judgment rooted in human-oriented sexuality, as it implicitly disregards the ontological difference between humans and two-dimensional characters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsuura |first=Yuu |year=2023 |title=グローバルなリスク社会における倫理的普遍化による抹消――二次元の創作物を「児童ポルノ」とみなす非難における対人性愛中心主義を事例に |trans-title=Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography” |url=https://researchmap.jp/mtwrmtwr/published_papers/41326940?lang=en |journal=Social Analysis |language=ja |publisher=Japan Sociological Association for Social Analysis |issue=50 |page=57-71}}</ref> |
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=== Intimacy and family === |
=== Intimacy and family === |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references /> |
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{{Discrimination}} |
{{Discrimination}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Human sexuality]] |
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[[Category:LGBT erasure]] |
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Human-oriented sexualism (対人性愛中心主義 (taijin-seiai-chūshin-shugi)) is the concept that sexual attraction towards flesh-and-blood human is "normal" sexuality.[1][2] This is the term used to describe the marginalization of fictosexuality. The sexuality attracted to real human is called "human-oriented sexuality." While the concept is raised from fictosexuality studies in Japan, it is now being discussed in research outside of Japan[3] and in areas other than fictosexuality studies.[4][5][6][7]
Etymology and background
Human-oriented sexuality (対人性愛 (taijin-seiai) is the term used to describe the sexual majority attracted to flesh-and-blood people.[8][9] This term emerged from grassroots usage among those who prefer two-dimensional sexual creations like manga and anime, yet lack sexual attraction to flesh-and-blood individuals.[2] Based on this premise, the term "human-oriented sexualism" was coined, prompting inquiries into institutions, customs, and value judgments rooted in human-oriented sexuality.
Two-dimensional characters are non-human entities; they are not representations of humans but belong to a distinct category separate from humans.[10][11] Sexuality attracted to two-dimensional characters represents an alternative "sexual orientation," distinct from attraction to flesh-and-blood humans.[12][13] However, under human-oriented sexualism, such sexuality is often rendered invisible.
The concept of human-oriented sexualism can be understood as a combination of the idea of compulsory sexuality[a] from asexual research and the notion of humanonormativity[b] from objectum sexuality research.[2][7] This concept is often used as similar to the amatonormativity.[2]
Academic research
Queer studies
According to queer theorist Yuu Matsuura, human-oriented sexualism is closely related to heteronormativity. Human-oriented sexualism erases the possibility of segmenting sexuality in ways other than the "heterosexual/homosexual" category, thus serving as a precondition for the exclusion of homosexuality.[16] Heteronormativity is positioned as a combination of gender binarism and human-oriented sexualism.[17] Furthermore, it has been observed that human-oriented sexualism shares roots with transphobia, operating within the same structural framework.[18]
Kazuki Fujitaka, associate professor of feminist/queer studies at Kyoto Sangyo University, highly appreciated Matsuura's theory about critique against human-oriented sexualism and described the theory as "a practice of healing those who get hurt by a normative society and of defamiliarizing the world," akin to what bell hooks calls "theory as liberatory practice."[19]
Fan or otaku
In the field of research on otaku and manga studies, there exists a lineage of debates that contest human-oriented sexualism.[16] Matsuura cites examples such as the "ethics of moe" proposed by Patrick W. Galbraith,[20] the feminist analysis of yaoi by Yukari Fujimoto,[21] the concept of "multiple orientations" advanced by Tamaki Saitō,[22] and Elizabeth Miles' investigation into sexual desire for two dimensional characters as a "third sexual orientation."[12] In philosopher Haruka Tsutsui's study of "Oshi," the potential for non-human-oriented sexuality is discussed as a potential subversion of patriarchal sexual norms facilitated by fan activities.[5]
Obscenity law
Research on the distribution of obscene materials expresses concerns regarding the regulation of two-dimensional sexual creations.[6] Applying the same logic as that used for regulating the public display of genitalia and sexual acts of real people would imply that two-dimensional sexual expressions are unconditionally considered representations of real flesh and blood. Consequently, two-dimensional sexual expressions might be interpreted as stimulating the desire for sexual intercourse with real people.[6]
Similarly, Matsuura's research on child pornography regulations has criticized the inclusion of two-dimensional sexual creations within such regulations. This criticism arises from the perception that such inclusion aligns with an ethical judgment rooted in human-oriented sexuality, as it implicitly disregards the ontological difference between humans and two-dimensional characters.[23]
Intimacy and family
The notion that intimate or familial relationships with non-humans, such as AI, robots, and pets, are considered inferior to relationships between humans is discussed as a manifestation of human-oriented sexualism.[4]
Activism
An organization that critiques human-oriented sexualism is the Taiwan Entrepot of Fictosexuality, a Taiwanese fictosexual activist organization.[1][3] Discussions and movements criticizing human-oriented sexualism are aligned with solidarity with feminism and LGBTQ rights, while simultaneously raising criticisms of human-oriented sexualism within feminist and queer circles.[16][17] Additionally, it has been noted that movements opposing restrictions on two-dimensional sexual creations, such as manga and anime, also serve as a critique against the human-oriented sexualist legal system.[12][13]
Explanatory notes
- ^ Compulsory sexuality is "the social expectation that sexuality is a universal norm, that everyone should be sexual and desire sex, and that to not be sexual or desire sex is inherently wrong and in need of fixing".[14]
- ^ Humanonormativity is "the belief that people normally and naturally engage in sexual practices and romantic relationships with other human beings. This is not a norm that constructs such sexualities as superior to just engaging in sexual acts with animals (zoophilia)."[15]
See also
References
- ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu. "Basic Terms of Fictosexuality Studies". researchmap. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ a b c d Matsuura, Yuu (2021). "日常生活の自明性によるクレイム申し立ての「予めの排除/抹消」――「性的指向」概念に適合しないセクシュアリティの語られ方に注目して" ["Foreclosure/Erasure" of Claims-Making by the Everyday Life as Taken for Granted: Discourse Analysis about "Fictosexual" as Sexuality that does not Conform to "Sexual Orientation"]. Journal of Social Problems (in Japanese). 36 (36). Japanese Association of Social Problems: 67-83. doi:10.50885/shabyo.36.0_67.
- ^ a b 廖希文 (2024). "紙性戀處境及其悖論:情動、想像、賦生關係" [On Fictosexual Position and its Paradox: Affacts, Imaginary, and Animating Relationships]. In 劉定綱; 李衣雲 (eds.). 故事與另外的世界:台灣ACG研究學會年會論文集 (in Chinese). Vol. 1. 奇異果文創事業有限公司. ISBN 9786269807680.
- ^ a b Yamada, Masahiro (2022). "ペットの家族化の進展とその帰結――ネットモニター調査による考察" [Familiarization of Pet in Japan: From an Internet Research] (PDF). The Annual Bulletin of the Institute of Social Sciences, Chuo University (in Japanese). 27: 3–21.
- ^ a b 筒井晴香 (2022). "「推す」ことの倫理を考えるために". In 香月孝史・上岡磨奈・中村香住 (ed.). アイドルについて葛藤しながら考えてみた:ジェンダー/パーソナリティ/〈推し〉. 青弓社. pp. 46–71. ISBN 978-4-7872-7449-6.
- ^ a b c Ueda, Masaki (2023). "わいせつ規制をめぐる諸課題" [Issues surrounding Crimes of Obscenity]. Criminal Law Journal (in Japanese). 75. Seibundo Publishing: 12–17. ISBN 978-4-7923-8881-2.
- ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2023). 対人性愛中心主義批判の射程に関する検討――フェミニズム・クィアスタディーズにおける対物性愛研究を踏まえて [Humanonormativity and Human Oriented Sexualism: A Discussion Based on Objectum Sexuality Studies from a Feminist and Queer Perspective]. Human Science Sociology and Anthropology (in Japanese). 12 (13). Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University. doi:10.15017/7151776.
- ^ Iwasaki, Hanae (2024). "フツーの恋愛、性愛ってなに?『ACE アセクシュアルから見たセックスと社会のこと』刊行記念トークレポ". me and you little magazine & club. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "抹消の現象学的社会学:類型化されないことをともなう周縁化について" [Phenomenological Sociology of Erasure : Marginalization Involving Untypification]. Japanese Sociological Review (in Japanese). 74 (1). The Japan Sociological Society: 158-174.
- ^ Nozawa, Shunsuke (2013). "Characterization". Semiotic Review (3).
- ^ Aoyagi, Hiroshi; Galbraith, Patrick W.; Kovacic, Mateja (2021). Idology in Transcultural Perspective: Anthropological Investigations of Popular Idolatry. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ^ a b c Miles, Elizabeth (2020). "Porn as Practice, Porn as Access: Pornography Consumption and a ʻThird Sexual Orientationʼ in Japan". Porn Studies. 7 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1080/23268743.2020.1726205.
- ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2021). "二次元の性的表現による「現実性愛」の相対化の可能性――現実の他者へ性的に惹かれない「オタク」「腐女子」の語りを事例として" [The Possibility of Relativization of Compulsory Sexuality by Nonrealistic Sexual Fantasy: Based on the Narration of "Otaku" and "Fujoshi" Who Do Not Experience Sexual or Romantic Attraction to Real People]. Japan Sociologist (in Japanese) (5). Shinyosha: 116–136. ISBN 9784788517073.
- ^ Pryzybylo, Ela (2022). "Unthinking compulsory sexuality: Introducing asexuality". In Fischer, Nancy L.; Westbrook, Laurel; Seidman, Steven (eds.). Introducing the New Sexuality Studies (4th ed.). Routledge.
- ^ Motschenbacher, Heiko (2018). "Language and Sexual Normativity". In Hall, Kira; Barrett, Rusty (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Language and Sexuality. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212926.013.14. ISBN 978-0-19-021292-6.
- ^ a b c Matsuura, Yuu (2022). "アニメーション的な誤配としての多重見当識――非対人性愛的な「二次元」へのセクシュアリティに関する理論的考察" [Multiple Orientations as Animating Misdelivery: Theoretical Considerations on Sexuality Attracted to Nijigen (Two-Dimensional) Objects]. Gender Studies (in Japanese) (25). Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University: 139-157. doi:10.24567/0002000551.
- ^ a b Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "フィクトセクシュアルから考えるジェンダー/セクシュアリティの政治" [The Politics of Gender and Sexuality from a Fictosexual Perspective]. researchmap. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2022). "対人性愛中心主義とシスジェンダー中心主義の共通点:「萌え絵広告問題」と「トランスジェンダーのトイレ使用問題」から" [The Common Point between Human-oriented Sexualism and Cisgender-Centrism]. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ Hanyu, Yuki (2024). "Against Compulsory (Hetero)Sexuality: From Asexual Perspectives" (PDF). Gender & Sexuality. 19. Center for Gender Studies at International Christian University: 137.
- ^ Galbraith, Patrick W. (2021). The Ethics of Affect: Lines and Life in a Tokyo Neighborhood. Stockholm University Press. ISBN 978-9176351598.
- ^ Fujimoto, Yukari (1991). "Shōjo manga ni okeru 'shōnen'ai' no imi" [The meaning of boys’ love in girls’ comics]. New Feminism Review (in Japanese). 2. Gakuyo Shobo: 280–284.
- ^ Saitō, Tamaki; Vincent, Keith; Lawson, Dawn; Azuma, Hiroki; Saitō, Tamaki; Saitō, Tamaki (2011). Beautiful fighting girl. Minneapolis, Minn: Univ. of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5451-2.
- ^ Matsuura, Yuu (2023). "グローバルなリスク社会における倫理的普遍化による抹消――二次元の創作物を「児童ポルノ」とみなす非難における対人性愛中心主義を事例に" [Erasure by Ethical Universalizations in Global Risk Society: Interpersonally Oriented Sexuality Centrism in Regulation of Fictional “Child Pornography”]. Social Analysis (in Japanese) (50). Japan Sociological Association for Social Analysis: 57-71.