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{{short description|Approach to design that considers human needs at every step of development}} |
{{short description|Approach to design that considers human needs at every step of development}} |
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{{Distinguish|User-centered design}} |
{{Distinguish|User-centered design|Design thinking}} |
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{{AFI}} |
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{{Distinguish|Life Centered Design}} |
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{{Distinguish|design thinking}} |
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{{Use American English|date=March 2021}} |
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date= |
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}} |
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'''Human-centered design''' ('''HCD''', also '''human-centred design''', as used in [[ISO]] standards) is an approach to problem-solving commonly used in process, product, service and system design, management, and engineering frameworks that develops solutions to problems by involving the human perspective in all steps of the problem-solving process. Human involvement typically takes place in initially observing the problem within context, brainstorming, conceptualizing, developing of concepts and implementing the solution. |
'''Human-centered design''' ('''HCD''', also '''human-centred design''', as used in [[ISO]] standards) is an approach to problem-solving commonly used in process, product, service and system design, management, and engineering frameworks that develops solutions to problems by involving the human perspective in all steps of the problem-solving process. Human involvement typically takes place in initially observing the problem within context, brainstorming, conceptualizing, developing of concepts and implementing the solution. |
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{{Blockquote|Human-centered design is an approach to interactive systems development that aims to make systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, and by applying human factors/ergonomics, and usability knowledge and techniques. This approach enhances effectiveness and efficiency, improves human well-being, user satisfaction, accessibility and sustainability; and counteracts possible adverse effects of use on human health, safety and performance.| ISO 9241-210:2019(E)}} |
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Human-centered design builds upon [[participatory action research]] by moving beyond participants' |
Human-centered design builds upon [[participatory action research]] by moving beyond participants' involvement and producing solutions to problems rather than solely documenting them. Initial stages usually revolve around immersion, observing, and contextual framing— in which innovators immerse themselves in the problem and community. Subsequent stages may then focus on community brainstorming, modeling and prototyping and implementation in community spaces.<ref>{{citation|mode=cs1|title=Innovating for people: the Handbook of human-centered design methods |date=2012|place= Pittsburgh, PA|publisher=LUMA Institute}}</ref> |
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==Development== |
==Development== |
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Human-centered design has its origins at the intersection of numerous fields including engineering, psychology, anthropology and the arts. As an approach to creative problem-solving in technical and business fields its origins are often traced to the founding of the [[Stanford Joint Program in Design|Stanford University design program]] in 1958 by Professor [[John E. Arnold]] who first proposed the idea that engineering design should be human-centered. This work coincided with the rise of creativity techniques and the subsequent design methods movement in the 1960s. Since then, as creative design processes and methods have been increasingly popularized for business purposes, the standardized and defined human-centered design is mistakenly equated with the vaguely outlined "[[design thinking]]". |
Human-centered design has its origins at the intersection of numerous fields including engineering, psychology, anthropology and the arts. As an approach to creative problem-solving in technical and business fields its origins are often traced to the founding of the [[Stanford Joint Program in Design|Stanford University design program]] in 1958 by Professor [[John E. Arnold]] who first proposed the idea that engineering design should be human-centered. This work coincided with the rise of creativity techniques and the subsequent design methods movement in the 1960s. Since then, as creative design processes and methods have been increasingly popularized for business purposes, the standardized and defined human-centered design is mistakenly equated with the vaguely outlined "[[design thinking]]". |
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In ''Architect or Bee?'', [[Mike Cooley (engineer)|Mike Cooley]] coined the term "human-centered systems" in the context of the transition in his profession from traditional drafting at a [[drawing board]] to [[computer-aided design]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Architect or Bee? |first=Mike |last=Cooley |author-link=Mike Cooley (engineer) |publisher=[[South End Press]] |date=1982}}</ref> Human-centered systems,<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-1717-9_10 |
In ''Architect or Bee?'', [[Mike Cooley (engineer)|Mike Cooley]] coined the term "human-centered systems" in the context of the transition in his profession from traditional drafting at a [[drawing board]] to [[computer-aided design]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Architect or Bee? |first=Mike |last=Cooley |author-link=Mike Cooley (engineer) |publisher=[[South End Press]] |date=1982}}</ref> Human-centered systems,<ref>{{Cite book | doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-1717-9_10| pages=133–143|series = The Springer Series on Artificial Intelligence and Society|year = 1989|last1 = Cooley|first1 = Mike | title=Designing Human-centred Technology | chapter=Human-centred Systems |author-link=Mike Cooley (engineer) | isbn=978-3-540-19567-2}}</ref> as used in economics, computing and design, aim to preserve or enhance human skills, in both manual and office work, in environments in which technology tends to undermine the skills that people use in their work.<ref>{{ citation |mode=cs1 | title=Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the 20th Century|author1= John Bellamy Foster |author2= Harry Braverman|publisher= Monthly Review Press|date= 1998}}</ref><ref>{{citation |mode=cs1|title= Programmers and Managers: The Routinization of Computer Programmers in the United States|author=Philip Kraft|date= 1977}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | title=Human-centered systems | author1= Mike Cooley|chapter= Designing Human-centered Technology: A Cross-disciplinary Project in Computer-aided Manufacturing|publisher= Springer-Verlag |place=London |date=1989|editor= Howard Rosenbrock|isbn=978-3-540-19567-2}}</ref> |
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⚫ | {{Blockquote|Human centeredness asserts firstly, that we must always put people before machines, however complex or elegant that machine might be, and, secondly, it marvels and delights at the ability and ingenuity of human beings. The Human Centered Systems movement looks sensitively at these forms of science and technology which meet our cultural, historical and societal requirements, and seeks to develop more appropriate forms of technology to meet our long-term aspirations. In the Human Centered System, there exists a symbiotic relation between the human and the machine, in which the human being would handle the qualitative subjective judgements and the machine the quantitative elements. It involves a radical redesign of the interface technologies and at a philosophical level, the objective is to provide tools (in the Heidegger sense) which would support human skill and ingenuity rather than machines which would objectivise that knowledge|[[Mike Cooley (engineer)|Mike Cooley]], "On Human-Machine Symbiosis", 2008<ref>{{cite book | last=Cooley|first= M. |date=2008|chapter= On Human-Machine Symbiosis|editor-last= Gill |editor-first=S. |title=Cognition, Communication and Interaction|series= Human-Computer Interaction Series |pages= 457–485|publisher= Springer|place= London |isbn=978-1-84628-926-2}}</ref>}} |
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See in particular; ''Human-centered systems'' by Mike Cooley; Chapter 10; ''Designing Human-centered Technology: A Cross-disciplinary Project in Computer-aided Manufacturing''; Springer-Verlag London 1989; Editor: Howard Rosenbrock; {{ISBN|978-3-540-19567-2}} |
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== User participation == |
== User participation == |
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== Rationale for adoption == |
== Rationale for adoption == |
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⚫ | Even after decades of thought on Human Centered Design, management and finance systems still believe that "another's liability is one's asset" could be true of porous human bodies, embedded in nature and inseparable from each other. On the contrary, our biological and ecological interconnections ensure that "another's liability is our liability". Sustainable business systems can only emerge if these biological and ecological interconnections are accepted and accounted for. |
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⚫ | Using a human-centered approach to design and development has substantial economic and social benefits for users, employers and suppliers. Highly usable systems and products tend to be more successful both technically and commercially. In some areas, such as consumer products, purchasers will pay a premium for well-designed products and systems. Support and help-desk costs are reduced when users can understand and use products without additional assistance. In most countries, employers and suppliers have legal obligations to protect users from risks to their health, and safety and human-centered methods can reduce these risks (e.g. musculoskeletal risks). Systems designed using human-centered methods improve quality, for example, by: |
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⚫ | Even after decades of thought on |
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Using a human-centered approach to design and development has substantial economic and social benefits for users, employers and suppliers. Highly usable systems and products tend to be more successful both |
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technically and commercially. In some areas, such as consumer products, purchasers will pay a premium for well-designed products and systems. Support and help-desk costs are reduced when users can understand |
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⚫ | and use products without additional assistance. In most countries, employers and suppliers have legal obligations to protect users from risks to their health, and safety and human-centered methods can reduce these risks (e.g. musculoskeletal risks). Systems designed using human-centered methods improve quality, for example, by: |
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* increasing the productivity of users and the operational efficiency of organizations |
* increasing the productivity of users and the operational efficiency of organizations |
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* contributing towards sustainability objectives |
* contributing towards sustainability objectives |
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Human-centered design may be utilized in multiple fields, including sociological sciences and technology. It has been noted for its ability to consider human dignity, access, and ability roles when developing solutions.<ref>Buchanan |
Human-centered design may be utilized in multiple fields, including sociological sciences and technology. It has been noted for its ability to consider human dignity, access, and ability roles when developing solutions.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Buchanan|first= R. |date=2001|title= Human dignity and human rights: Thoughts on the principles of human-centered design|work= Design Issues|volume= 17|issue=3|pages= 35–39}}</ref> Because of this, human-centered design may more fully incorporate culturally sound, human-informed, and appropriate solutions to problems in a variety of fields rather than solely product and technology-based fields. Because human-centered design focuses on the human experience, researchers and designers can address "issues of social justice and inclusion and encourage ethical, reflexive design."<ref>{{Cite journal |
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|work=Journal of Technical Writing and Communication |
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| title= Narrative Inquiry in Human-Centered Design: Examining Silence and Voice to Promote Social Justice in Design Scenarios |
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| first=Natasha N. |last=Jones | volume=46 | number=4 |date=2016 | pages=471–492 | publisher=Sage |
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|doi=10.1177/0047281616653489|s2cid=147708023<!-- for the access-date fans: |access-date=November 3, 2019 -->}}</ref> |
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Human-centered design arises from underlying principles of human factors. When it comes to those two concepts, they are quite interconnected; human factors |
Human-centered design arises from underlying principles of human factors. When it comes to those two concepts, they are quite interconnected; human factors are about discovering the attributes of human cognition and behavior that are important for making technology work for people.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319402797 |isbn=978-1539808008|title=Designing for People: An introduction to human factors engineering |last1=Lee |first1=John D. |last2=Wickens |first2=Christopher D. |last3=Liu |first3=Yili |last4=Boyle |first4=Linda Ng |year=2017 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform }}</ref> It is what allows humans as a species to innovate over time.{{dubious|date=November 2023}} Human-centered design was used to discover that Blackberries have less human usability than an iPhone and that important controls on a panel that look too similar will be easily confused and may cause an increased risk of human error. |
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An important distinction between human-centered design and any other form of design is that human-centered design is not just about aesthetics, and is not always designing for interfaces. It could be designing for controls in the world, tasks in the world, hardware, decision-making, or cognition.<ref name="Lee"/> For instance, if a nurse is too tired from a long shift, they might confuse the pumps through which might be administered a bag of penicillin to a patient. In this case, the human-centered design would encompass a task redesign, a possible institute policy redesign, and an equipment redesign. |
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Typically, human-centered design is more focused on "methodologies and techniques for interacting with people in such a manner as to facilitate the detection of meanings, desires and needs, either by verbal or non-verbal means."<ref>Giacomin |
Typically, human-centered design is more focused on "methodologies and techniques for interacting with people in such a manner as to facilitate the detection of meanings, desires and needs, either by verbal or non-verbal means."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Giacomin |first= J. |date=2014| title=What Is Human Centered Design? |work=The Design Journal| volume= 17 |issue=4|pages= 606–623}}</ref> In contrast, [[user-centered design]] is another approach and framework of processes which considers the human role in product use, but focuses largely on the production of interactive technology designed around the user's physical attributes rather than social problem-solving.<ref>{{ citation|mode=cs1| last1=Abras |first= C. |last2=Maloney-Krichmar |first2= D. | last3=Preece |first3=J. |date=2004|title= User-centered design |editor-last=Bainbridge|editor-first= W. | work=Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction|place= Thousand Oaks|publisher= Sage Publications|volume= 37|number=4|pages= 445–456}}</ref> |
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== Human-centered design approach in Health == |
== Human-centered design approach in Health == |
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In the context of health-seeking behaviors, Human Centered Design can be used to understand why people do or do not seek out [[health services]], even when those services are available and affordable. Human centered design is a powerful tool for improving health-seeking behaviors.This understanding can then be used to develop interventions to address the barriers and promote desired |
In the context of health-seeking behaviors, Human Centered Design can be used to understand why people do or do not seek out [[health services]], even when those services are available and affordable. Human centered design is a powerful tool for improving health-seeking behaviors. This understanding can then be used to develop interventions to address the barriers and promote desired behaviors. Demand-related challenges associated with the acceptability, responsiveness, and quality of services can be addressed by working directly with users to understand their needs and perspectives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HCD for Health Homepage |work= UNICEF Human Centered Design 4 Health |url=https://www.hcd4health.org/ |access-date=October 16, 2023 |via=www.hcd4health.org |language=en |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120024736/https://www.hcd4health.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> HCD can help in designing interventions that are more likely to be effective. |
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==Critiques== |
==Critiques== |
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Human-centered design has been both lauded and criticised for its ability to actively solve problems with affected communities. Criticisms include the inability of human-centered design to push the boundaries of available technology by solely tailoring to the demands of present-day solutions, rather than focus on possible future solutions.<ref>{{Cite |
Human-centered design has been both lauded and criticised for its ability to actively solve problems with affected communities. Criticisms include the inability of human-centered design to push the boundaries of available technology by solely tailoring to the demands of present-day solutions, rather than focus on possible future solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Norman | first= Donald A. | work= Interactions |volume=12 | issue=4 | pages=14–19 | publisher= CACM |url=http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/human-centered.html|title=Human-Centered Design Considered Harmful | date= 2005 |type=essay|via=www.jnd.org|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118193628/http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/human-centered.html|archive-date=January 18, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, human-centered design often considers context, but does not offer tailored approaches for very specific groups of people. New research on innovative approaches include youth-centered health design, which focuses on youth as the central aspect with particular needs and limitations not always addressed by human-centered design approaches.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yth.org/projects/tiychd/ | work=YTH – youth + tech + health | title= Trauma-Informed Youth-Centered Health Design |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref> Nevertheless, human-centered design that doesn't reflect very specific groups of users and their needs is human-centered design poorly executed, since the principles of human-system interaction require the reflection of those specified needs. |
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Whilst users are very important for some types of innovation (namely incremental innovation), focusing too much on the user may result in producing an outdated or no longer necessary product or service. This is because the insights that you achieve from studying the user today are insights that are related to the users of today and the environment she or he lives in today. If your solution will be available only two or three years from now, your user may have developed new preferences, wants and needs by then.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.6buildingblocksbook.com/|title=6 Building Blocks for Successful Innovation|website=6 Building Blocks for Successful Innovation|language=en-US|access-date=2020- |
Whilst users are very important for some types of innovation (namely incremental innovation), focusing too much on the user may result in producing an outdated or no longer necessary product or service. This is because the insights that you achieve from studying the user today are insights that are related to the users of today and the environment she or he lives in today. If your solution will be available only two or three years from now, your user may have developed new preferences, wants and needs by then.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.6buildingblocksbook.com/|title=6 Building Blocks for Successful Innovation|website=6 Building Blocks for Successful Innovation|language=en-US|access-date=January 2, 2020|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143239/https://www.6buildingblocksbook.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Design}} |
{{Design}} |