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'''Holy Spirit''' or '''Holy Ghost''' is a term found in [[English translations of the Bible]] that is understood differently among the [[Abrahamic religions]].<ref>John R. Levison ''The Spirit in First-Century Judaism 2002'' p65 "Relevant Milieux : Israelite Literature : The expression, holy spirit, occurs in the Hebrew Bible only in Isa 63:10-11 and Ps 51:13. In Isaiah 63, the spirit acts within the corporate experience of Israel…"</ref><ref>Emir Fethi Caner, Ergun Mehmet Caner. ''More than a prophet: an insider's response to Muslim beliefs about Jesus and Christianity'' ISBN 978-0-8254-2401-4, 2003, p. 43. In Surah al-Nahl (16:102), the text is even more explicit: Say, the Holy Spirit has brought the revelation from thy Lord in Truth, in order to strengthen those who believe and as a Guide and glad tidings to Muslims."</ref> |
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{{Use American English|date=September 2016}} |
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'''Holy Spirit''' or '''Holy Ghost''' is a term found in [[English translations of the Bible]] that is understood differently among the [[Abrahamic religions]].<ref name="Levison2002">{{cite book |last1 = Levison |first1 = John R. |title = The Spirit in First-Century Judaism |publisher = Brill |location = Boston |isbn = 0-391-04131-2 |page = 65 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkn3PISMaA8C |quotation = Relevant Milieux : Israelite Literature : The expression, holy spirit, occurs in the Hebrew Bible only in Isa 63:10–11 and Ps 51:13. In Isaiah 63, the spirit acts within the corporate experience of Israel... |year = 2002 }}</ref><ref name="CanerCaner">{{cite book |last1 = Caner |first1 = Emir Fethi |last2 = Caner |first2 = Ergun Mehmet |title = More Than a Prophet: An Insider's Response to Muslim Beliefs about Jesus and Christianity |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MkcooJC8Q9EC&pg=PA43 |year = 2003 |publisher = Kregel Publications |location = Grand Rapids, MI |isbn = 978-0-8254-9682-0 |page = 43 |quotation = In Surah al-Nahl (16:102), the text is even more explicit: Say, the Holy Spirit has brought the revelation from thy Lord in Truth, in order to strengthen those who believe and as a Guide and glad tidings to Muslims." }}</ref> Holy Spirit is stated to be "a realm beyond the ability of words to properly convey. It must be experienced, realized, kindled within like a holy fire."<ref name="Ragland2003">{{cite book |author = Thomas Ragland |title = The Noble Eightfold Path of Christ: Jesus Teaches the Dharma of Buddhism |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oHCIjZimIhIC&pg=PA107 |year = 2003 |publisher = Trafford Publishing |isbn = 978-1-4120-0013-0 |page = 107 }}</ref> The term is also used to describe aspects of other religions and belief structures. |
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==Judaism== |
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{{main|Ruach Hakodesh}} |
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[[File:Ezekiels Vision Ezekiel Receives Divine Command.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Ezekiel]] receives divine command, represented by the [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]], [[Dura-Europos Synagogue]], 3rd century CE.]] |
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The Hebrew language phrase ''ruach ha-kodesh'' ([[Hebrew]]: רוח הקודש, "holy spirit" also transliterated ''ruaḥ ha-qodesh'') is a term used in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Tanakh]]) and Jewish writings to refer to the [[spirit]] of [[YHWH]] (רוח יהוה). It literally means "spirit of the holiness" or "spirit of the holy place". The Hebrew terms ''ruaḥ qodshəka'', "thy holy spirit" (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ), and ''ruaḥ qodshō'', "his holy spirit" (רוּחַ קָדְשׁ֑וֹ) also occur (when a possessive suffix is added the [[definite article]] is dropped). |
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== Etymology == |
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The "Holy Spirit" in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High [[God in Judaism|God]], over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts.<ref name="Encyclopedia Judaica">Alan Unterman and Rivka Horowitz,Ruah ha-Kodesh, Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia/Keter, 1997).</ref> |
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{{Expand section|date=August 2016}} |
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The word "Spirit" appears as either alone or with other words, in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[New Testament]]. Combinations include expressions such as the "Holy Spirit", "Spirit of God", and in Christianity, "Spirit of Christ".{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|p=153}} |
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<gallery> |
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File:Birdhea5.jpg|Early 14th-century Bird's Head [[Haggadah]]: two hands of God appear underneath the text of the ''[[Dayenu]]'' song, dispensing the [[manna]] from heaven<ref>Bird’s Head Haggadah,” Israel Museum Digital Catalogue, Israel Museum, Jerusalem http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/popup?c0=13475.</ref> |
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File:Moses and burning bush.jpeg|[[YHWH|God]] calling out from the [[Burning Bush]] to prophet [[Moses|Moshe]], wing panel wall painting, [[Dura Europos]] |
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</gallery> |
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The word Spirit is rendered as רוּחַ (''ruah'') in the Hebrew Bible. Its Greek translation, the [[Septuagint]], translates the word as πνεῦμα (''pneuma'').<ref>{{cite book |last = Caulley |first = Thomas Scott |editor-last = Elwell |editor-first = Walter A. |title = Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |chapter-url = http://books.google.com/books?id=g8O4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA568 |year = 2001 |publisher = Baker Academic |location = Grand Rapids |isbn = 978-1-4412-0030-3 |page = 568 |chapter = Holy Spirit }}</ref> This is the same word that is used in the New Testament, written originally in Greek.{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|p=154}} |
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==Christianity== |
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{{Further|Holy Spirit (Christianity)|God in Christianity#The Holy Spirit}} |
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[[File:Rom, Vatikan, Basilika St. Peter, Die Taube des Heiligen Geistes (Cathedra Petri, Bernini).jpg|right|thumb|160px|Depiction of the Christian Holy Spirit [[Doves as symbols|as a dove]], by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], in the [[apse]] of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]]]] |
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The English term "Spirit" comes from its Latin counterpart, ''spiritus'', which is how the [[Vulgate]] translates both the Old and New Testament concept.<ref>{{cite web |title = spirit (n.) |last = Harper |first = Douglas |work = Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = August 29, 2016 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=spirit }}</ref> The alternative term, "(Holy) Ghost", comes from [[Old English]] translations of ''spiritus''.<ref>{{cite web |title = ghost (n.) |last = Harper |first = Douglas |work = Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = August 29, 2016 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ghost }}</ref> |
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For the large majority of [[Christianity|Christians]], The Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost, from [[Old English]] ''gast'', "spirit") is the third [[hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|divine person]] of [[The Trinity]]: The "Triune God" manifested as [[God the Father|Father]], [[God the Son|Son]], and Holy Spirit; each aspect itself being [[God in Christianity|God]].<ref name=Erickson103>{{cite book |first1=Millard J. |last1=Erickson |year=1992 |title=Introducing Christian Doctrine |publisher=Baker Book House |page=103}}</ref><ref name=Hammond>{{cite book |first1=T. C. |last1=Hammond |editor1-first=David F. |editor1-last=Wright |year=1968 |title=In Understanding be Men: A Handbook of Christian Doctrine |edition=6th |publisher=[[Inter-Varsity Press]] |pages=54–56, 128–131}}</ref><ref name=Systematic_theology>Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine.'' Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: [[Zondervan]]. p. 226.</ref> Two symbols from the [[New Testament]] canon are associated with the Holy Spirit in Christian [[iconography]]: a winged dove, and tongues of fire. Each depiction of the invisible Heavenly Spirit of God arose from different historical accounts in the [[Gospel]] narratives; the first being at the [[baptism of Jesus]] in the [[Jordan River]] where the Holy Spirit was said to descend in the form of a dove as the voice of [[God the Father]] spoke as described in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]; the second being from the day of [[Pentecost]], fifty days after [[Easter|Pascha]] where the descent of the Holy Spirit came upon the [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]] and other followers of [[Jesus Christ]], as tongues of fire as described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] {{bibleverse-nb||Acts|2:1–31}}. |
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== Comparative religion == |
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{{Expand section|date=August 2016}} |
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The Hebrew Bible contains the word "[[Holy Spirit in Judaism|Spirit of God]]" (''ruach'') in the sense of the might of a unitary [[God in Judaism|God]]. This meaning is different from the [[Christianity|Christian]] concept of "[[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]" as one personality of [[God in Christianity|God]] in the [[Trinity]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Espín |first = Orlando O. |editor-last1 = Espín |editor-first1 = Orlando O. |editor-last2 = Nickoloff |editor-first2 = James B. |title = An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies |chapter-url = http://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA576 |year = 2007 |publisher = Liturgical Press |location = Collegeville |isbn = 978-0-8146-5856-7 |page = 576 |chapter = Holy Spirit }}</ref> |
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The Christian concept tends to emphasize the [[morality|moral]] aspect of the Holy Spirit more than [[Judaism]], evident in the epithet {{em|Holy}} Spirit that appeared in Jewish religious writings only relatively late but was a common expression in the Christian New Testament.<ref>{{cite book |last = Dunn |first = James D. G. |editor-last = Welker |editor-first = Michael |title = The Work of the Spirit: Pneumatology and Pentecostalism |chapter-url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VsN-bkOLvjMC&pg=PA3 |year = 2006 |publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |location = Grand Rapids |isbn = 978-0-8028-0387-0 |page = 3 |chapter = Towards the Spirit of Christ: The Emergence of the Distinctive Features of Christian Pneumatology }}</ref> |
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According to [[Theology|theologian]] [[Rudolf Bultmann]], there are two ways to think about the Holy Spirit: "animistic" and "dynamistic". In animistic thinking, it is "an independent agent, a personal power which like a demon can fall upon a man and take possession of him, enabling him or compelling him to perform manifestations of power" while in dynamistic thought it "appears as an impersonal force which fills a man like a fluid".{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|p=155}} Both kinds of thought appear in Jewish and Christian scripture, but animistic is more typical of the Old Testament whereas dynamistic is more common in the New Testament.{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|pp=156–157}} The distinction coincides with the Holy Spirit as either a temporary or permanent gift. In the Old Testament and Jewish thought, it is primarily temporary with a specific situation or task in mind, whereas in the Christian concept the gift resides in man permanently.{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|pp=157}} |
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The Holy Spirit also has an equivalent in non-Abrahamic [[Greco-Roman mysteries|Hellenistic mystery religions]]. They included a distinction of the [[Spirit]] and [[Soul in the Bible|psyche]], which [[Paul the Apostle]] later incorporated into [[Pauline epistles|his epistles]]. According to proponents of the [[History of religions school]], the Christian concept of the Holy Spirit cannot be explained from Jewish ideas alone without reference to the Hellenistic religions.{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=2}} However, according to theologian Erik Konsmo, the views "are so dissimilar that the only legitimate connection one can make is with the term πνεῦμα [''[[pneuma]]'', Spirit] itself".{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=5}} |
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Another link with ancient Greek thought is the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] idea of the Spirit as ''[[anima mundi]]''—or world soul—that unites all people.{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=5}} Some believe that this can be seen in Paul's formulation of the concept of the Holy Spirit that unites [[Christians]] in [[Jesus]] [[Christ (title)|Christ]] and love for one another, but Konsmo again thinks that this position is difficult to maintain.{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=6}} |
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== Judaism == |
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{{Main|Holy Spirit in Judaism}} |
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The Hebrew language phrase ''ruach ha-kodesh'' ([[Hebrew]]: רוח הקודש, "holy spirit" also transliterated ''ruaḥ ha-qodesh'') is a term used in the Hebrew Bible ([[Tanakh]]) and Jewish writings to refer to the spirit of [[YHWH]] (רוח יהוה). It literally means "spirit of the holiness" or "spirit of the holy place". The Hebrew terms ''ruaḥ qodshəka'', "thy holy spirit" (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ), and ''ruaḥ qodshō'', "his holy spirit" (רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ) also occur (when a possessive suffix is added the [[definite article]] is dropped).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} |
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The "Holy Spirit" in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High God, over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts.<ref name="Encyclopedia Judaica">Alan Unterman and Rivka Horowitz,Ruah ha-Kodesh, Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia/Keter, 1997).</ref> |
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<center><gallery> |
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File:Ezekiels Vision Ezekiel Receives Divine Command.jpg|[[Ezekiel]] receives divine command, represented by the [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]], [[Dura-Europos Synagogue]], 3rd century CE |
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File:Birdhea5.jpg|Early 14th-century Bird's Head [[Haggadah]]: two hands of God appear underneath the text of the ''[[Dayenu]]'' song, dispensing the [[manna]] from heaven<ref>[http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/galleries/viewItemE.asp?case=26&itemNum=199815 The Birds' Head Haggadah]. The Israel Museum Permanent Exhibitions.</ref> |
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File:Moses and burning bush.jpeg|God calling out from the [[Burning Bush]] to prophet [[Moses|Moshe]], wing panel wall painting, [[Dura Europos]] |
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</gallery></center> |
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== Christianity == |
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{{Main|Holy Spirit in Christianity}} |
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[[File:Rom, Vatikan, Basilika St. Peter, Die Taube des Heiligen Geistes (Cathedra Petri, Bernini).jpg|right|thumb|Depiction of the Christian Holy Spirit [[Doves as symbols|as a dove]], by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], in the [[apse]] of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]]]] |
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For the large majority of Christians, The Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost, from Old English ''gast'', "spirit") is the third [[hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|divine person]] of [[The Trinity]]: The "Triune God" manifested as [[God the Father|Father]], [[God the Son|Son]], and Holy Spirit; each aspect itself being God.<ref name=Erickson103>{{cite book |first1 = Millard J. |last1 = Erickson |year = 1992 |title = Introducing Christian Doctrine |publisher = Baker Book House |page = 103 }}</ref><ref name=Hammond>{{cite book |first1 = T. C. |last1 = Hammond |editor1-first = David F. |editor1-last = Wright |year = 1968 |title = In Understanding be Men: A Handbook of Christian Doctrine |edition = 6th |publisher = [[Inter-Varsity Press]] |pages = 54–56, 128–131 }}</ref><ref name=Systematic_theology>Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine.'' Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: [[Zondervan]]. p. 226.</ref> Two symbols from the New Testament canon are associated with the Holy Spirit in Christian [[iconography]]: a winged dove, and tongues of fire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Each depiction of the invisible Heavenly Spirit of God arose from different historical accounts in the [[Gospel]] narratives; the first being at the [[baptism of Jesus]] in the [[Jordan River]] where the Holy Spirit was said to descend in the form of a dove as the voice of God the Father spoke as described in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]];{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} the second being from the day of [[Pentecost]], fifty days after [[Easter|Pascha]] where the descent of the Holy Spirit came upon the [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]] and other followers of [[Jesus Christ]], as tongues of fire as described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]].{{bibleverse-nb||Acts|2:1–31}}{{Primary source inline|date=August 2016}} |
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For [[Orthodox Christians]], the Theophany and Pentecostal troparion are: |
For [[Orthodox Christians]], the Theophany and Pentecostal troparion are: |
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Theophany Troparion (Tone 1): When Thou, O Lord, wast baptized in the Jordan, worship of the |
Theophany Troparion (Tone 1): When Thou, O Lord, wast baptized in the Jordan, worship of the Trinity wast made manifest; for the voice of the Father bore witness to Thee, calling Thee His beloved Son. And the Spirit in the form of a dove confirmed the truth of His word. O Christ our God, Who hath appeared and enlightened the world, glory to Thee.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://orthodoxwiki.org/Theophany |title = Theophany – OrthodoxWiki |website = orthodoxwiki.org |access-date = August 29, 2016 }}</ref> |
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Pentecost, Troparion (Tone 8): Blessed art Thou, Christ our God, Who didst make [[Apostle (Christian)|the fishermen]] wise by sending down upon them the Holy Spirit, and through them didst draw the world into Thy net. Lover of men, glory to Thee. |
Pentecost, Troparion (Tone 8): "Blessed art Thou, Christ our God, Who didst make [[Apostle (Christian)|the fishermen]] wise by sending down upon them the Holy Spirit, and through them didst draw the world into Thy net. Lover of men, glory to Thee."<ref name=Orthodox /> |
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Pentecost Kontakion (Tone 8): When the Most High came down and [[Tower of Babel|confused the tongues]], He divided the nations, but when He distributed the tongues of fire, He called all to unity. And with one accord we glorify the All-Holy Spirit."<ref>http://www. |
Pentecost Kontakion (Tone 8): "When the Most High came down and [[Tower of Babel|confused the tongues]], He divided the nations, but when He distributed the tongues of fire, He called all to unity. And with one accord we glorify the All-Holy Spirit."<ref name=Orthodox>{{cite web |url = http://www.liturgies.net/Prayers/Orthodox/tropariaeasterandpentecost.htm |title = Troparia and Kontakia for Easter Period and Pentecostarion |website = liturgies.net |access-date = August 31, 2016 }}</ref> |
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<gallery> |
<center><gallery> |
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File:Epiphany (XVIc).jpg|Theophany icon depicting the baptism of Christ and the descent of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove above Christ's head. |
File:Epiphany (XVIc).jpg|Theophany icon depicting the baptism of Christ and the descent of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove above Christ's head. |
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File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|A depiction of the |
File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|A depiction of the Trinity consisting of [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|God the Holy Spirit]] along with God the Father and God the Son |
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File:Абраз "Сашэсце Святога Духа".JPG|Pentecost icon depicting the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and Mary in the form of tongues of flame above their heads. |
File:Абраз "Сашэсце Святога Духа".JPG|Pentecost icon depicting the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and Mary in the form of tongues of flame above their heads. |
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</gallery></center> |
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== Islam == |
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</gallery> |
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{{Main|Holy Spirit in Islam}} |
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The Holy Spirit ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: روح القدس ''Ruh al-Qudus'', "the holy spirit") is mentioned four times in the [[Qur'an]],<ref>[http://searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3&translator=1&search=1&start=0 Qur'an search: روح القدس.] searchtruth.com.</ref> where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The Muslim interpretation of the Holy Spirit is generally consistent with other interpretations based upon the Old and the New Testaments. On the basis of narrations in certain [[Hadith]] some Muslims identify it with the angel [[Gabriel]] (Arabic ''Jibrāʾīl''). The Spirit (الروح ''al-Ruh'', without the adjective "holy" or "exalted") is described, among other things, as the creative spirit from God by which God enlivened [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], and which inspired in various ways God's messengers and prophets, including [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]]. The belief in a "Holy Trinity", according to the Qur'an, is forbidden and deemed to be [[blasphemy]]. The same prohibition applies to any idea of the [[dualism|duality]] of [[God in Islam|God]] ([[Allah]]).<ref>Griffith, Sidney H. ''Holy Spirit'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Quran]].</ref><ref>[[Thomas Patrick Hughes]], ''A Dictionary of Islam'', p. 605.</ref> |
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==Islam== |
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{{Main|Holy Spirit (Islam)}} |
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The Holy Spirit ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: روح القدس ''Ruh al-Qudus'', "the-Spirit the-Holy") is mentioned a number of times in the [[Qur'an]], where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The Muslim interpretation of the Holy Spirit is generally consistent with other interpretations based upon the Old and the New Testaments. On the basis of narrations in certain [[Hadith]] some Muslims identify it with the angel [[Gabriel]] (Arabic ''Jibreel''). The Spirit (الروح ''al-Ruh'', without the adjective "holy" or "exalted") is described, among other things, as the creative spirit from God by which God enlivened [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], and which inspired in various ways God's messengers and prophets, including [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]]. The belief in a "[[Trinity|Holy Trinity]]", according to the Qur'an, is forbidden and deemed to be [[blasphemy]]. The same prohibition applies to any idea of the [[dualism|duality]] of [[God in Islam|God]] ([[Allah]]).<ref>Griffith, Sidney H. ''Holy Spirit'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Quran]].</ref><ref>[[Thomas Patrick Hughes]], ''A Dictionary of Islam'', p. 605.</ref> Though [[grammatical gender]] has no bearing on sexual identity in non-personal nouns, the term "Holy Spirit" translates to, and is used in, the masculine form throughout the Qur'an. |
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==Bahá'í Faith== |
== Bahá'í Faith == |
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{{ |
{{Main|Maid of Heaven}} |
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The [[Bahá'í Faith]] has the concept of the ''Most Great Spirit'', seen as the bounty of God.<ref name="saq">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-25.html | chapter = The Holy Spirit|pages=108–109 |origyear = 1904-06}}</ref> It is usually used to describe the descent of the Spirit of God upon the [[Manifestations of God|messengers/prophets of God]] who include, among others, [[Jesus]], [[Muhammad]] and [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name="rob1">{{cite book |last = Taherzadeh |first = Adib |authorlink= Adib Taherzadeh | year = 1976 |title = The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853-63 |publisher = George Ronald |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-270-8 | page = 10 | url = http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V1/p007-011Ch01.html?back=%3C}}</ref> |
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The [[Bahá'í Faith]] has the concept of the ''Most Great Spirit'', seen as the bounty of God.<ref name="saq">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-25.html |chapter = The Holy Spirit |pages = 108–109 |origyear = 1904–06 }}</ref> It is usually used to describe the descent of the Spirit of God upon the [[Manifestations of God|messengers/prophets of God]] who include, among others, Jesus, [[Muhammad]] and [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name="rob1">{{cite book |last = Taherzadeh |first = Adib |authorlink = Adib Taherzadeh |year = 1976 |title = The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63 |publisher = George Ronald |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-270-8 |page = 10 |url = http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V1/p007-011Ch01.html?back=%3C }}</ref> |
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In Bahá'í belief, the Holy Spirit is the [[Conduit (spiritualism)|conduit]] through which the wisdom of God becomes directly associated with his messenger, and it has been described variously in different religions such as the [[burning bush]] to Moses, the [[Atar|sacred fire]] to Zoroaster, [[Baptism of Jesus|the dove]] to Jesus, the angel Gabriel to Muhammad, and the [[Maid of Heaven]] to Bahá'u'lláh.<ref name="abdo">{{cite journal |journal = Bahá'í Studies Review |volume = 4 |issue = 1 |year = 1994 |title = Female Representations of the Holy Spirit in Bahá'í and Christian writings and their implications for gender roles |url = http://bahai-library.com/abdo_female_holy-spirit |first = Lil |last = Abdo }}</ref> The Bahá'í view rejects the idea that the Holy Spirit is a partner to God in the Godhead, but rather is the pure essence of God's attributes.<ref name="saq2">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-27.html |chapter = The Trinity |pages = 113–115 |origyear = 1904–06 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Christianity|Spirituality}} |
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== In Hinduism == |
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The [[Hinduism]] concept of [[Advaita]] is linked to Trinity and has been briefly explained by [[Raimon Panikkar]], Professor of Comparative Religion and History of Religions, Department of Religious Studies of the University of California. He states that the Holy Spirit, as one of the Three Persons of the Trinity of "father, Logos and Holy Spirit", is a bridge builder between Christianity and Hinduism. He explains that “The meeting of spiritualistic can take place in the Spirit. No new 'system' has primarily to come of this encounter, but a new and yet old spirit must emerges."<ref name="MacPherson1996">{{cite book |author = Camilia Gangasingh MacPherson |title = A Critical Reading of the Development of Raimon Panikkar's Thought on the Trinity |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=WHWdnYo82YkC&pg=PA41 |year = 1996 |publisher = University Press of America |isbn = 978-0-7618-0184-9 |pages = 41–32 }}</ref> In [[North India]], Indian Christians have associated the Hindu term [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] with the Holy Spirit. Atman is [[Vedas|Vedic]] terminology elaborated in [[Hindu scriptures]] such as [[Upanishads]] and [[Vedanta]] signifies the [[Ultimate Reality]] and [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref name="Kärkkäinen2010">{{cite book |author = Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen |title = Holy Spirit and Salvation |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=buA7YKLWe6YC&pg=PA431 |year = 2010 |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |isbn = 978-0-664-23136-1 |page = 431 }}</ref> |
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== In Buddhism == |
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In [[Buddhism]], Holy Spirit is compared to Buddha Nature as a [[Buddhist]] image or Christ consciousness, a oneness with an all encompassing plan. Hence, the Holy Spirit is considered the "means of which the faithful develop and journey to their spiritual goal."<ref name="Ragland2003" /> |
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== In Sikhism == |
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In [[Sikhism]], the [[Guru]] is the medium and the Holy spirit is stated to have moved from [[Guru Nanak]] to the nine Sikh Gurus who followed him culminating with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the "tenth Guru Nanak".<ref name="Duggal1988">{{cite book |author = Kartar S. Duggal |title = Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VtuOZBTkHAMC&pg=PA39 |year = 1988 |publisher = Himalayan Institute Press |isbn = 978-0-89389-109-1 |page = 39 }}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Avatar]] |
* [[Avatar]] |
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* [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] |
* [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]] |
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* [[Intercession of the Spirit]] |
* [[Intercession of the Spirit]] |
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* [[Pneumatology (Christianity)|Pneumatology]] |
* [[Pneumatology (Christianity)|Pneumatology]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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<references />{{Authority control}} |
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=== Works cited === |
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* {{cite book |last = Bultmann |first = Rudolf |title = Theology of the New Testament |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Lhazug-q5YAC&pg=PA153 |year = 2007 |orig-year = 1951 |translator-last = Grobel |translator-first = Kendrick |publisher = Baylor University Press |location = Waco |isbn = 978-1-932792-93-5 |volume = 1 |at = § 14. The Spirit: 1 |ref = harv }} |
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* {{cite book |last = Konsmo |first = Erik |title = The Pauline Metaphors of the Holy Spirit: The Intangible Spirit's Tangible Presence in the Life of the Christian |year = 2010 |publisher = Peter Lang |location = New York |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=NGNYNuWP31EC |isbn = 978-1-4331-0691-0 |ref = harv }} |
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{{Refend}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{DMOZ|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/|Religion and Spirituality}} |
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[[Category:Conceptions of God]] |
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[[Category:Christianity and Judaism related controversies]] |
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[[Category:Holy Spirit| ]] |
[[Category:Holy Spirit| ]] |
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[[Category:Conceptions of God]] |
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[[Category:God]] |
[[Category:God]] |
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[[Category:Names of God]] |
[[Category:Names of God]] |