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[[File:A-438 Mogiła-pomnik, na cmentarzu żydowskim, 1941 Jedwabne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Law and Justice]] party rejects researchers' conclusion that Poles were responsible for the 1941 [[Jedwabne pogrom]] in which hundreds of Jews were murdered, attributing it exclusively to Germans.<ref name="Michlic" />]] |
[[File:A-438 Mogiła-pomnik, na cmentarzu żydowskim, 1941 Jedwabne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Law and Justice]] party rejects researchers' conclusion that Poles were responsible for the 1941 [[Jedwabne pogrom]] in which hundreds of Jews were murdered, attributing it exclusively to Germans.<ref name="Michlic" />]] |
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The Polish [[Law and Justice]] party has developed a "historical policy" based on promoting both inside Poland and internationally a version of history based on [[Polish nationalism]] that focuses on protecting the "good name" of the Polish nation |
The Polish [[Law and Justice]] party has developed a "historical policy" based on promoting both inside Poland and internationally a version of history based on [[Polish nationalism]] that focuses on protecting the "good name" of the Polish nation. For the party, the "Polish nation" is [[ethnic nationalism|defined in terms of ethnicity]], rather than [[civic nationalism|civic participation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Majewski |first1=Piotr |last2=Jaskulowski |first2=Krzysztof |title=Comments on the article by Piotr Żuk (2018): “Nation, National Remembrance, and Education – Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice,” Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36421645/Comments_on_the_article_by_Piotr_%C5%BBuk_2018_Nation_National_Remembrance_and_Education_Polish_Schools_as_Factories_of_Nationalism_and_Prejudice_Nationalities_Papers_DOI_10_1080_00905992_2017_1381079?auto=download |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Hackmann/> According to this narrative, Poles were exclusively victims and heroes during [[World War II]] and the [[History of Poland (1945–1989)|Communist era]], and Poles were the victims of crimes equal to [[the Holocaust]] against Jews.<ref name=Hackmann>{{cite journal |last1=Hackmann |first1=Jörg |title=Defending the “Good Name” of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2018 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=587–606 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742}}</ref><ref name=Michlic>{{cite journal |last1=Michlic |first1=Joanna Beata |title=‘At the Crossroads’: Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust |journal=Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust |date=2017 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=296–306 |doi=10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wieliński |first1=Bartosz T. |title=Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/freedom-of-thought/news/poland-continues-purging-history-books-and-politics-to-the-beat-of-pis-drum/ |accessdate=19 October 2020 |work=www.euractiv.com |date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazzini |first1=Mateusz |title=Poland’s Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow’s Arms |journal=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/12/polands-historical-revisionism-is-pushing-it-into-moscows-arms-smolensk-kaczynski-pis-law-justice-holocaust-law/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazzini |first1=Mateusz |title=PiS and Polish History |date=27 April 2017 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2017-04-27/pis-and-polish-history |issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hajdari |first1=Una |title=The Demagogue’s Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/12/poland-pis-minorities-lgbtq/604255/ |accessdate=19 October 2020 |work=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmgren |first1=Beth |title=Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |date=2019 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=96–107 |doi=10.1353/sho.2019.0004}}</ref> Any events that do not fit this narrative (such as [[antisemitism in Poland]]) are dismissed as part of a "pedagogy of disgrace". The party's historical policy has been criticized by historians, who accuse it of politicizing history and distorting historical facts. |
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=="Pedagogy of disgrace"== |
=="Pedagogy of disgrace"== |
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Any events that do not support the "nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing", such as [[antisemitism in Poland]], are viewed as part of a "pedagogy of shame" or "pedagogy of disgrace" ({{lang-pl|pedagogika wstydu}}) that must be reinterpreted or ignored. According to Polish nationalists, the "pedagogy of shame" is promoted by the European Union, ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'', and liberalism.<ref name=Zuk>{{cite journal |last1=Żuk |first1=Piotr |title=Nation, national remembrance, and education — Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=2018 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1046–1062 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kobylarek |first1=Aleksander |title=The pedagogy of shame. Education in the face of the demokratur of ignoramuses |journal=Journal of Education Culture and Society |date=2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.15503/jecs2020.1.5.12}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Polish Teachers' Union]] stated that the term "pedagogy of shame" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it "justif[ies] the denial of parts of historical knowledge".<ref name=CHF>{{cite journal |last1=Zessin-Jurek |first1=Lidia |title=Hide and Seek with History – Holocaust Teaching at Polish Schools |journal=Cultures of History Forum |date=2019 |doi=10.25626/0103}}</ref> At the center of the "pedagogy of disgrace" is the [[Jedwabne pogrom]];<ref name="Hackmann" /> conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on "Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity".<ref name="Michlic" /> |
Any events that do not support the "nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing", such as [[antisemitism in Poland]], are viewed as part of a "pedagogy of shame" or "pedagogy of disgrace" ({{lang-pl|pedagogika wstydu}}) that must be reinterpreted or ignored. According to Polish nationalists, the "pedagogy of shame" is promoted by the European Union, ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'', and liberalism.<ref name=Zuk>{{cite journal |last1=Żuk |first1=Piotr |title=Nation, national remembrance, and education — Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=2018 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1046–1062 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kobylarek |first1=Aleksander |title=The pedagogy of shame. Education in the face of the demokratur of ignoramuses |journal=Journal of Education Culture and Society |date=2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5–12 |doi=10.15503/jecs2020.1.5.12}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Polish Teachers' Union]] stated that the term "pedagogy of shame" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it "justif[ies] the denial of parts of historical knowledge".<ref name=CHF>{{cite journal |last1=Zessin-Jurek |first1=Lidia |title=Hide and Seek with History – Holocaust Teaching at Polish Schools |journal=Cultures of History Forum |date=2019 |doi=10.25626/0103}}</ref> At the center of the "pedagogy of disgrace" is the [[Jedwabne pogrom]];<ref name="Hackmann" /> conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on "Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity".<ref name="Michlic" /> |
Revision as of 18:25, 22 October 2020
The Polish Law and Justice party has developed a "historical policy" based on promoting both inside Poland and internationally a version of history based on Polish nationalism that focuses on protecting the "good name" of the Polish nation. For the party, the "Polish nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity, rather than civic participation.[2][3] According to this narrative, Poles were exclusively victims and heroes during World War II and the Communist era, and Poles were the victims of crimes equal to the Holocaust against Jews.[3][1][4][5][6][7][8] Any events that do not fit this narrative (such as antisemitism in Poland) are dismissed as part of a "pedagogy of disgrace". The party's historical policy has been criticized by historians, who accuse it of politicizing history and distorting historical facts.
"Pedagogy of disgrace"
Any events that do not support the "nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing", such as antisemitism in Poland, are viewed as part of a "pedagogy of shame" or "pedagogy of disgrace" (Polish: pedagogika wstydu) that must be reinterpreted or ignored. According to Polish nationalists, the "pedagogy of shame" is promoted by the European Union, Gazeta Wyborcza, and liberalism.[9][10] In 2018, the Polish Teachers' Union stated that the term "pedagogy of shame" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it "justif[ies] the denial of parts of historical knowledge".[11] At the center of the "pedagogy of disgrace" is the Jedwabne pogrom;[3] conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on "Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity".[1]
Changes in school curriculum
The government has changed the school curriculum and commemoration of Holocaust Memorial Day is dominated by discussions of Polish Righteous Among the Nations rather than Jewish victims of the Holocaust or the reactions of other Poles who did not behave as heroes.[11] According to Piotr Żuk , the changes to the curriculum "in effect reduce education to the process of internalization of major national myths and transfer a simplified vision of reality".[9]
Polish Holocaust law
The 2018 Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance bans public speech which attributes responsibility for the Holocaust to Poland or the Polish nation.[3][12] The law was met with widespread international criticism as it is seen as an infringement on freedom of expression, academic freedom, and a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism.[3][13][14]
Museums
According to Polish journalist Agata Pyzik, the party has tried to "weaponize" museums since the opening of the Warsaw Uprising Museum in 2004.[15] Scholars Irmgard Zündorf and Andreas Etges write that, since 2015, "the Polish museum landscape has turned into a battleground between politicians and historians".[16] The party has fired or tried to fire various museum directors and boards that do not conform to the party line on history.[11][17] For example, the Museum of the Second World War had its director and original board, including Norman Davies and Timothy Snyder, removed.[18] The new management changed the museum exhibits to place a heavy emphasis on the victimization of ethnic Poles during the war. The new exhibits caused a scandal by portraying Romuald Rajs as a hero and attracted criticism from the United Nations Human Rights Committee.[19] The government also pressured Dariusz Stola, director of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, to leave his position after he won the public competition for the position.[20] The party especially criticized the exhibit "Estranged. March ’68 and Its Aftermath" which includes a wall of antisemitic quotes from 1968 to 2018. Although unattributed, two of them are from sympathizers of the party.[21] Alicja Knast was dismissed as director of the Silesian Museum after refusing to host an PiS election rally in the museum.[20]
Responses
In 2017, Norman Davies stated that "PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years".[18] Jan Grabowski referred to "Holocaust distortion" in Poland, stating "Its major selling point is that it delivers the message what people want to hear: the Holocaust happened, but my nation, group, tribe, had nothing to do with it".[22] President of the Polish PEN International chapter, Adam Pomorski , stated that "for the first time since totalitarianism, the rulers want to change people's consciousness".[20] Polish journalist Agata Pyzik describes PiS historical policy as "a pumped-up martyr complex focused on conspiracy theories".[15] The UN special rapporteur on civil and political rights stated that the pressure on museum directors to follow the party line was "unacceptable".[19]
See also
- Warsaw Uprising Museum
- Museum of the Second World War
- Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II
- Polish Holocaust law
- Warsaw Ghetto Museum
- Institute of National Remembrance
References
- ^ a b c Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 31 (3): 296–306. doi:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793.
- ^ Majewski, Piotr; Jaskulowski, Krzysztof. "Comments on the article by Piotr Żuk (2018): "Nation, National Remembrance, and Education – Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice," Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b c d e Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742.
- ^ Wieliński, Bartosz T. (1 June 2018). "Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Mazzini, Mateusz. "Poland's Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow's Arms". Foreign Policy.
- ^ Mazzini, Mateusz (27 April 2017). "PiS and Polish History". ISSN 0015-7120.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Hajdari, Una. "The Demagogue's Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Holmgren, Beth (2019). "Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 37 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1353/sho.2019.0004.
- ^ a b Żuk, Piotr (2018). "Nation, national remembrance, and education — Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice". Nationalities Papers. 46 (6): 1046–1062. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079.
- ^ Kobylarek, Aleksander (2020). "The pedagogy of shame. Education in the face of the demokratur of ignoramuses". Journal of Education Culture and Society. 11 (1): 5–12. doi:10.15503/jecs2020.1.5.12.
- ^ a b c Zessin-Jurek, Lidia (2019). "Hide and Seek with History – Holocaust Teaching at Polish Schools". Cultures of History Forum. doi:10.25626/0103.
- ^ Soroka, George; Krawatzek, Félix (2019). "Nationalism, Democracy, and Memory Laws". Journal of Democracy. 30 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0032. ISSN 1086-3214.
- ^ Noack, Rick (2 February 2018). "Poland's Senate passes Holocaust complicity bill despite concerns from U.S., Israel". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ^ Ray, Larry; Kapralski, Sławomir (2019). "Introduction to the special issue – disputed Holocaust memory in Poland". Holocaust Studies. 25 (3): 209–219. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657.
- ^ a b Pyzik, Agata. "Curating a nation: why the controversy around Gdańsk's new WW2 museum matters". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Etges, Andreas; Zündorf, Irmgard; Machcewicz, Paweł (2018). "History and Politics and the Politics of History: Poland and Its Museums of Contemporary History". International Public History. 1 (1). doi:10.1515/iph-2018-0006.
- ^ Clarke, David; Duber, Paweł (2020). "Polish Cultural Diplomacy and Historical Memory: the Case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 33 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1007/s10767-018-9294-x. ISSN 1573-3416.
- ^ a b Ciobanu, Claudia (15 May 2017). "Poland's WWII museum under political bombardment". POLITICO. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ a b Flieger, Esther (2 April 2020). "Co min. Gliński zrobił z pamięcią o II Wojnie Światowej". oko.press. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Widzyk, Anna (17 February 2020). "„FAZ" o kulturowej kontrrewolucji Jarosława Kaczyńskiego". Deutsche Welle (in Polish). Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Radonić, Ljiljana (2020). "'Our' vs. 'Inherited' Museums. PiS and Fidesz as Mnemonic Warriors". Südosteuropa. 68 (1): 44–78. doi:10.1515/soeu-2020-0003.
- ^ Crowcroft, Orlando (27 January 2020). "Holocaust history is being re-written - historians are fighting back". euronews. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
Further reading
- Ágh, Attila (2016). "Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary". Polish Political Science Yearbook. 45 (1): 32–44. ISSN 0208-7375.