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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Hindko |
|name=Hindko |
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|altname=Southern Hindko (ISO)<br>Panjistani |
|altname=Southern Hindko (ISO)<br>Panjistani |
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|nativename={{lang| |
|nativename={{lang|hnd|{{nq|ہندکو}}}} |
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|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] |
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] |
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|fam4=[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]] |
|fam4=[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]] |
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|fam5=[[Punjabic languages|Punjabi]] |
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|fam5=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/western-panjabi|title=Western Panjabi |website=Ethnologue|access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref> |
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|fam6=[[Western Punjabi |
|fam6=[[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi) |
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|dia1= |
|dia1=Peshawari |
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|dia2= |
|dia2=[[Kohati]] |
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|dia3=[[ |
|dia3=[[Awankari]], [[Ghebi]], [[Chacchi]] |
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|dia4= |
|dia4=[[Hazara Hindko]] |
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|dia5=Tanauli{{citation needed|date = November 2016}} |
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|script=[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi |
|script=[[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] |
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|ld1=Southern Hindko |
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|ld2=[[Hazara Hindko]] |
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{{Contains Hindko text |
{{Contains Hindko text}} |
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'''Hindko''' ({{lang|hnd|{{Nastaliq|ہندکو}}}} <small>[[ALA-LC]]:</small> {{transl|Hindko|ALA-LC|''Hindko''}} {{IPA-hns|hɪnd̪koː|IPA}}) is a cover term for a diverse group of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi) dialects spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several discontinuous areas in northwestern [[Pakistan]], primarily in the provinces of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|p=53}}; {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=18–19}}; {{harvtxt|Shackle|1980|p=482|ps=: the term ''Hindko'' is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous."}}. For the ethnic diversity, see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|pp=10–11}}</ref> The various names for this language group include ''Hindki'',{{sfn|Rensch|1992|p=4}}{{efn|The term ''Hindki'' normally refers to a Hindko speaker and {{harvtxt|Shackle|1980|p=482}} reports that in [[Pashto]] the term has slighly pejorative connotations, which are avoided with the recently introduced term ''Hindkūn''.}} '''Panjistani''' and the ambiguous [[Pahari (disambiguation)|Pahari]].{{sfn|Shackle|2010}} |
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{{refimprove|date=October 2015}} |
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'''Hindko''' ({{lang-pnb|{{Nastaliq|ہندکو}}}} <small>[[ALA-LC]]:</small> {{transl|Hindko|ALA-LC|''Hindko''}} {{IPA-hns|hɪnd̪koː|IPA}}) <ref group="lower-alpha">Also known as ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) as ''Pahari''.</ref><ref name=CELW>Shackle, "Lahnda", in Brown & Ogilvie, eds, ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World''</ref> is a dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] spoken in Northern [[Pakistan]].<ref name="T&F">{{cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415939195|page=447}}</ref> Hindko follows the standardized Punjabi [[Shahmukhi]] script for writing.<ref>http://www.omniglot.com/writing/punjabi.htm: Shahmukhi Alphabet Example</ref><ref>http://www.apnaorg.com/shahmukhi/ : Shahmukhi Alphabets</ref> |
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There is a nascent language movement{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} with a literary traditions based on '''Peshawari''',{{sfn|Shackle|1980|pp=486, 497, 509|ps=: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of [[NWFP]] 'Hindko'".}} the urban variety of [[Peshawar]] in the northwest, and another one based on the language of [[Abbottabad]] in the northeast.{{sfn|Rahman|1996|pp=211–14}} |
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==Name== |
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The name ''Hindko'' simply means "Indian" (of the [[Indus]]),<ref>[http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/L/languages.htm - Gerieson Linguistic Survey of India] {{wayback|url=http://www.opf.org.pk/almanac/L/languages.htm |date=20070515140511 }}</ref> and has been applied to various dialects spoken in northern Pakistan, in the areas of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (including [[Hazara (Pakistan)|Hazara]]), [[Punjab region|Punjab]] especially [[Pothohar Plateau]], Pakistan Administered Kashmir, including by some Pashtun tribes, as well as by the [[Hindki]] people of [[Afghanistan]]. The name is found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός (''Caucasus Indicus'', or [[Hindu Kush]]). |
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The name ''Hindko'' means "the Indian language" (in contrast to neighbouring [[Pashto]]).{{sfn|Shackle|1980|p=482}} {{Harvtxt|Shackle|1979|pp=200–1}} states that Hindko is closer to [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] than to [[Standard Punjabi]]. Differences with other [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi varieties]] are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.{{sfn|Shackle|1980|p=486}} |
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⚫ | There is no generic name for |
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==Dialects== |
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==Language or dialect== |
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The central dialect group of "Hindko proper"{{efn|"Hindko proper" is Shackle's term.}} comprises [[Kohati]] (spoken in the city of [[Kohat]] and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of [[Attock District]], Punjab: [[Chacchi]] (spoken in [[Attock Tehsil|Attock]] and [[Haripur Tehsil]]s), [[Ghebi]] (spoken to the south in [[Pindi Gheb Tehsil]]) and [[Awankari]] (spoken in [[Talagang Tehsil]], now part of [[Chakwal District]]).{{sfn|Shackle|1980|pp=484–86}}{{sfn|Rensch|1992|pp=57, 85}} Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity{{efn|Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities: |
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[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Punjabi dialects.]] |
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*the city of [[Peshawar]] |
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{{further|Punjabi dialects}} |
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*rural [[Peshawar District]]: [[Wad Pagga]] and [[Pakha Gholam]] |
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Almost all linguists classify Hindko as a dialect of Punjabi, and only very few consider it a distinct language, especially in modern times. In recent years, the migration of the people from the Hazara region to the plains of Punjab and intermarriages has brought Hindko even closer to standard Punjab. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] has, like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Urdu]], and [[Hindi]], also been exposed to the [[language or dialect|dialect-versus-language]] question. Each of these languages have a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations.<ref>Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame (1904). ''Panjabi Grammar''. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.</ref> |
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*Kohati: the city of [[Kohat]] |
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*Attock: [[Attock]] City and [[Talagang]] |
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*Hazara: three settlements of [[Mansehra District]]: [[Balakot]], [[Sherpur, Mansehra|Sherpur]] and [[Mansehra]] City; two in [[Abbottabad District]]: [[Singo Di Garhi]] and [[Jammun]] (near [[Ghazi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Ghazi]]) {{harv|Rensch|1992|pp=53–58}} |
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}} also assigns to this group the rural dialects of [[Peshawar District]].{{sfn|Rensch|1992|pp=55–56}} [[Christopher Shackle|Shackle]], however, sees most{{efn|The exception is the divergent ''Khālsavī'' dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.}} of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City.{{sfn|Shackle|1980|pp=497–98}} |
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In a group of its own is Peshawari,{{efn|The local pronunciation is {{IPA|[pɪʃʌori]}}) {{harv|Shackle|1980|p=497}}.}} the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestigious]] urban variety spoken in the city of [[Peshawar]] and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language.<ref>For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1980|pp=486, 509}}; for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see {{harvtxt|Rensch|1992|pp=76–77}}.</ref> It has a wide dialectal base{{sfn|Shackle|1980|p=497}} and has undergone the influence of [[Urdu]] and [[Standard Punjabi]].{{sfn|Rensch|1992|pp=55–56}}{{sfn|Shackle|1980|p=509}} A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the [[Hazara region]].{{sfn|Shackle|1980|p=485}}{{sfn|Rensch|1992|p=56}} They are known as [[Kaghani]], "Northern Hindko" or "Hazara Hindko", and are classified by [[ethnologue]] as a separate language.<ref>{{ethnologue19|hno|Northern Hindko}}</ref> |
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==Subdialects== |
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{{unreferenced section|date = March 2013}} |
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Hindko could be classified into four subdialects: Hazara Hindko, Peshawari Hindko, Chachhi, and Kohati. The Hindko of Peshawar is prestigious and the basis for an emergent literature. Due to the ambiguous nature of the name "Hindko", much of the literature on the language is confused, and much of the material below concerns all dialects called "Hindko" rather than Hindko proper. Hindko is closely related to few other dialects of Punjabi, especially with the [[Dhani dialect|Dhani]] dialect of [[Chakwal]]. |
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Testing of intelligibility has revealed two groups of dialects: a northern group comprising the dialects of "Northern Hindko" and a southern group encompassing the rest. The southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones.{{sfn|Rensch|1992|pp=58–62}} |
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==History and origin== |
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{{unreferenced section|date = March 2013}} |
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Hindko is closely related to several other varieties of "Greater Punjabi", especially the [[Dhani dialect|Dhani]] dialect of [[Chakwal]].{{citation needed|date = November 2016}} To the south, across the [[Salt Range]] are found the dialects of [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]].{{sfn|Shackle|1980|p=484}} One of these – the variety spoken in the [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] is variously referred to as either "Hindko" or "Siraiki".{{sfn|Rensch|1992|pp=7–8, 57}} |
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During the pre-Islamic era in present-day Pakistan, the language of the masses was refined by the ancient grammarian [[Pāṇini]], who set the rules of an ancient language called [[Sanskrit]] which was used principally for Hindu scriptures (analogous to [[Latin]] in the Western world). Meanwhile, the vernacular language of the masses, [[Prakrit]] developed into many tongues and dialects which spread over the northern parts of [[South Asia]]. Hindko is believed to be closely related to Prakrit. It has undergone very little grammatical change, but has borrowed considerable vocabulary from its neighbours, in particular [[Pahari language|Pahari]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Maiya language|Maiya]], and [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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⚫ | The speakers of Hindko live primarily in seven districts in northern Pakistan: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]], [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]], [[Akora Khattak]], [[Swabi District|Swabi]] and [[Kohat District|Kohat]] in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Attock and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], and parts of [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] including [[Muzaffarabad]]. Jonathan Addleton states that "Hindko is the linguistic majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, represented in nearly one-third of the province's total households." (Pakhtunkhwa referring to [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province]].) According to the 1981 census, Hindko-speaking households accounted for {{sigfig|92.3|2}}% of the total in [[Abbottabad District]], {{sigfig|46.8|2}}% in [[Mansehra District]], 6.9% in Peshawar District, and {{sigfig|10.4|2}}% in Kohat District.{{sfn|Addleton|1986|pp=58–59|ps=, quoted by {{Harvtxt|Rensch|1992|p=5}}.}} Hindko is also spoken in [[Afghanistan]] by the Hindkois and the [[Hindki]] people.{{citation needed|date = November 2016}} |
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{{unreferenced section|date = March 2013}} |
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⚫ | The speakers of Hindko live primarily in seven districts: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]], [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]], [[Akora Khattak]], [[Swabi District|Swabi]] and [[Kohat District|Kohat]] in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Attock and [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], and parts of [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] including [[Muzaffarabad]] |
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⚫ | There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Battagram and Kohistan are sometimes recognised collectively as [[Hazarawal]], named after the defunct [[Hazara Division]] that comprised these districts. |
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In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley than elsewhere). In Abottabad, it is now being advanced due to usage of Urdu words. It is spoken mainly in the Hazara Division of Khyber PakhtunKhwa and Potohar region of Punjab province. The language is spoken by people of different ethnic backgrounds. The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In the north east, Hindko is the dominant dialect both in terms of domain of usage and in terms of the number of speakers, whereas in the south west, Pashto seems to be advancing in those same areas. |
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The most common second language is [[Urdu]] and the second most common one is [[Pashto]].{{sfn|Rensch|1992|p=80}} In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of [[Language domain|domains of use]] and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the northeast, whereas in the southwest it is losing ground.{{sfn|Rensch|1992|pp=4–5}} |
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The Gandhara Hindko Board published the first [[dictionary]] of Hindko and its launching ceremony was held on March 16, 2003. According to a press release, [[Sultan Sakoon]], a Hindko poet, compiled the dictionary.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} |
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In recent years, the migration of the people from the Hazara region to the plains of Punjab and intermarriages has brought Hindko even closer to standard Punjab.{{citation needed|date = October 2016}}. |
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Hindko speakers are also found throughout Afghanistan, where they are known as Hindkois. |
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==Literature |
==Literature== |
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{{unreferenced section|date = March 2013}} |
{{unreferenced section|date = March 2013}} |
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The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— ''Hindkowan'', ''The Gandhara Voice'', " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. The organisation has arranged a number of mega events to raise awareness among the Hindkowans about the importance of their language and culture. The board seeks respect for and due attention to all the languages spoken in Gandhara. |
The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— ''Hindkowan'', ''The Gandhara Voice'', " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. The organisation has arranged a number of mega events to raise awareness among the Hindkowans about the importance of their language and culture. The board seeks respect for and due attention to all the languages spoken in Gandhara. |
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In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. |
In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the [[University of London]]. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko [[phonology]] were published by the [[University of Peshawar]] in the late 1970s. |
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The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting the Hindko. [[Riffat Akbar Swati]] and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine ''Faroogh'' is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in ''Farogh'' monthly. He is <!--[one of] the???--> organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum. |
The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting the Hindko. [[Riffat Akbar Swati]] and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine ''Faroogh'' is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in ''Farogh'' monthly. He is <!--[one of] the???--> organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum. |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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== References == |
== References == |
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==Bibliography== |
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*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| ref = harv}} |
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*{{Cite book| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| title = Language and politics in Pakistan| date = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-577692-8| ref = harv}} |
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*{{Cite book| last1 = Rensch| first1 = Calvin R.| editor-last1 = O'Leary| editor-first1 = Clare F.| editor-last2 = Rensch| editor-first2 = Calvin R.| editor-last3 = Hallberg| editor-first3 = Calinda E.| date = 1992| title = Hindko and Gujari| chapter = The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People| isbn = 969-8023-13-5| publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics| location = Islamabad| series = Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan| url = http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/38573| ref = harv}} |
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*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210| ref = harv}} |
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*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1980| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00137401| issn = 0041-977X| volume = 43| issue = 3| pages = 482–510| | title = Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| url = http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0041977X00137401| ref = harv}} |
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*{{Cite book|last = Shackle| first = Christopher| title = Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World| chapter = Lahnda| date = 2010| publisher = Elsevier| isbn = 978-0-08-087775-4| editors = Keith Brown (ed.)| ref = harv}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* 1974: Phonology of Verbal Phrase in Hindko, Dr E.B.A. Awan published by Idara-e-Farogh-e-Hindko Peshawar in 1992. |
* 1974: Phonology of Verbal Phrase in Hindko, Dr E.B.A. Awan published by Idara-e-Farogh-e-Hindko Peshawar in 1992. |
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* 2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004. |
* 2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004. |
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* 2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005. |
* 2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005. |
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* 1980: "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar." Bulletin of SOAS, 1980, 482-510 |
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* 1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213-34. London: Curzon |
* 1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213-34. London: Curzon |
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* 1992: Rensch, Calvin R., ''Hindko and Gujari'' National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 305 pp. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. |
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* Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010. |
* Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010. |
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* Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah |
* Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah |
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* {{Cite book| last = Toker| first = Halil| title = A practical guide to Hindko Grammar| date = 2014| publisher = Trafford Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4907-2379-2| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADAwAAQBAJ| ref = harv}} (based on the Hindko of Peshawar) |
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{{Indo-Iranian languages}} |
{{Indo-Iranian languages}} |
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{{Punjabi dialects}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindko Language}} |
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[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]] |
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]] |
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[[Category:Punjabi |
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] |
Revision as of 10:31, 7 May 2017
Hindko | |
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Southern Hindko (ISO) Panjistani | |
ہندکو | |
Native to | Pakistan |
Region | Peshawar, Kohat, Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau, Punjab, Azad Kashmir |
Native speakers | (625,000 cited 1981)[1] |
Dialects |
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Shahmukhi | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:hnd – Southern Hindkohno – Hazara Hindko |
Glottolog | hind1271 |
Template:Contains Hindko text Hindko (ہندکو ALA-LC: [Hindko] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Hindko (help) IPA: [hɪnd̪koː]) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda (Western Punjabi) dialects spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.[2] The various names for this language group include Hindki,[3][a] Panjistani and the ambiguous Pahari.[4]
There is a nascent language movement[5] with a literary traditions based on Peshawari,[6] the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast.[7]
The name Hindko means "the Indian language" (in contrast to neighbouring Pashto).[8] Shackle (1979, pp. 200–1) states that Hindko is closer to Saraiki than to Standard Punjabi. Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.[9]
Dialects
The central dialect group of "Hindko proper"[b] comprises Kohati (spoken in the city of Kohat and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of Attock District, Punjab: Chacchi (spoken in Attock and Haripur Tehsils), Ghebi (spoken to the south in Pindi Gheb Tehsil) and Awankari (spoken in Talagang Tehsil, now part of Chakwal District).[10][11] Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity[c] also assigns to this group the rural dialects of Peshawar District.[12] Shackle, however, sees most[d] of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City.[13]
In a group of its own is Peshawari,[e] the prestigious urban variety spoken in the city of Peshawar and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language.[14] It has a wide dialectal base[15] and has undergone the influence of Urdu and Standard Punjabi.[12][16] A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the Hazara region.[17][18] They are known as Kaghani, "Northern Hindko" or "Hazara Hindko", and are classified by ethnologue as a separate language.[19]
Testing of intelligibility has revealed two groups of dialects: a northern group comprising the dialects of "Northern Hindko" and a southern group encompassing the rest. The southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones.[20]
Hindko is closely related to several other varieties of "Greater Punjabi", especially the Dhani dialect of Chakwal.[citation needed] To the south, across the Salt Range are found the dialects of Saraiki.[21] One of these – the variety spoken in the Dera Ismail Khan District is variously referred to as either "Hindko" or "Siraiki".[22]
Demographics
The speakers of Hindko live primarily in seven districts in northern Pakistan: Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur, Peshawar, Nowshera, Akora Khattak, Swabi and Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Attock and Rawalpindi in Punjab, and parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir including Muzaffarabad. Jonathan Addleton states that "Hindko is the linguistic majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, represented in nearly one-third of the province's total households." (Pakhtunkhwa referring to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province.) According to the 1981 census, Hindko-speaking households accounted for 92% of the total in Abbottabad District, 47% in Mansehra District, 6.9% in Peshawar District, and 10% in Kohat District.[23] Hindko is also spoken in Afghanistan by the Hindkois and the Hindki people.[citation needed]
There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Battagram and Kohistan are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarawal, named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised these districts.
The most common second language is Urdu and the second most common one is Pashto.[24] In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and Pashto is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of domains of use and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the northeast, whereas in the southwest it is losing ground.[25]
In recent years, the migration of the people from the Hazara region to the plains of Punjab and intermarriages has brought Hindko even closer to standard Punjab.[citation needed].
Literature
The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— Hindkowan, The Gandhara Voice, " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. The organisation has arranged a number of mega events to raise awareness among the Hindkowans about the importance of their language and culture. The board seeks respect for and due attention to all the languages spoken in Gandhara.
In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 1970s.
The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting the Hindko. Riffat Akbar Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in Farogh monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum.
Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari are contributing in their own way to the cause of promoting Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published.
See also
Notes
- ^ The term Hindki normally refers to a Hindko speaker and Shackle (1980, p. 482) reports that in Pashto the term has slighly pejorative connotations, which are avoided with the recently introduced term Hindkūn.
- ^ "Hindko proper" is Shackle's term.
- ^ Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities:
- the city of Peshawar
- rural Peshawar District: Wad Pagga and Pakha Gholam
- Kohati: the city of Kohat
- Attock: Attock City and Talagang
- Hazara: three settlements of Mansehra District: Balakot, Sherpur and Mansehra City; two in Abbottabad District: Singo Di Garhi and Jammun (near Ghazi) (Rensch 1992, pp. 53–58)
- ^ The exception is the divergent Khālsavī dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.
- ^ The local pronunciation is [pɪʃʌori]) (Shackle 1980, p. 497).
References
- ^ Southern Hindko at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Hazara Hindko at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11)
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 4.
- ^ Shackle 2010.
- ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of NWFP 'Hindko'".
- ^ Rahman 1996, pp. 211–14.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 482.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 486.
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 484–86.
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 57, 85.
- ^ a b Rensch 1992, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Shackle 1980, pp. 497–98.
- ^ For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77).
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 497.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 509.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 485.
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 56.
- ^ Northern Hindko at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 58–62.
- ^ Shackle 1980, p. 484.
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 7–8, 57.
- ^ Addleton 1986, pp. 58–59, quoted by Rensch (1992, p. 5).
- ^ Rensch 1992, p. 80.
- ^ Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5.
Bibliography
- Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan". al-Mushir. 28 (2): 58–80.
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(help) - Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
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(help) - Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
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(help) - Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
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(help) - Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
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(help) - Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X.
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(help) - Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
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Further reading
- 1974: Phonology of Verbal Phrase in Hindko, Dr E.B.A. Awan published by Idara-e-Farogh-e-Hindko Peshawar in 1992.
- 2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.
- 2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.
- 1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213-34. London: Curzon
- Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.
- Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah
- Toker, Halil (2014). A practical guide to Hindko Grammar. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4907-2379-2.
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(help) (based on the Hindko of Peshawar)