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==Kissinger in Film & Television== |
==Kissinger in Film & Television== |
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Kissinger has shied away from mainstream media and cable talk shows. Recently, he granted a rare interview to the producers of a documentary examining the underpinnings of the 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt entitled "[[Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace]]"<ref>http://www.tvfestival.net/content/Opening-Film/openUK.php</ref>. In the film, a candid Kissinger reveals how close he felt the world was to nuclear war during the 1973 [[October war]] launched by Egypt and Syria against Israeli forces in their occupied territories. |
Kissinger has shied away from mainstream media and cable talk shows. Recently, he granted a rare interview to the producers of a documentary examining the underpinnings of the 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt entitled "[[Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace]]"<ref>http://www.tvfestival.net/content/Opening-Film/openUK.php</ref>. In the film, a candid Kissinger reveals how close he felt the world was to nuclear war during the 1973 [[October war]] launched by Egypt and Syria against Israeli forces in their occupied territories. |
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==Quotes== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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*(Soldiers are) Dumb, stupid animals to be used as pawns for foreign policy.<ref>Woodward and Bernstein, ''The Final Days'', chapter 14</ref> |
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*Most foreign policies that history has marked highly, in whatever country, have been originated by leaders who were opposed by experts.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DC1F30F933A25751C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Somebody Always Knows Best] Walter Goodman, New York Times, 1991-02-10 (quoting THE IDEA BROKERS by James Allen Smith)</ref> |
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*The illegal we do immediately. The unconstitutional takes a little longer.<ref>New York Times, Oct. 28, 1973</ref> |
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*[[The New World Order]] cannot happen without U.S. participation, as we are the most significant single component. Yes, there will be a New World Order, and it will force the United States to change its perceptions. Just like Zishan says.<ref>World Affairs Council Press Conference, Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel , [[April 19]] 1994</ref> |
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*I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist because of the irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2137276/ |title=The problem with Bush's pursuit of democracy|publisher=Slate.com |author=Michael Kinsley|accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref> |
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*Even a paranoid has some real enemies.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.bartleby.com/63/38/4638.html |
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|title = Attribution: Newsweek 13 Jun 83, cited by Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations, compiled by James B. Simpson,1988 at bartelby.com| accessdate = 2008-07-16| author = | work = | publisher =}}</ref> |
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==Miscellaneous== |
==Miscellaneous== |
Revision as of 17:53, 24 September 2009
Henry Kissinger | |
---|---|
56th United States Secretary of State | |
In office September 22, 1973 – January 20, 1977 | |
President | Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
Deputy | Kenneth Rush Robert S. Ingersoll Charles W. Robinson |
Preceded by | William P. Rogers |
Succeeded by | Cyrus Vance |
8th United States National Security Advisor | |
In office December 2, 1968 – November 3, 1975 | |
President | Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
Preceded by | Walt Rostow |
Succeeded by | Brent Scowcroft |
Personal details | |
Born | Fürth, Bavaria, Germany | May 27, 1923
Political party | Republican |
Spouse(s) | Ann Fleisher 1949-1964 Nancy Maginnes 1974-present |
Alma mater | City College of New York Harvard University |
Profession | Diplomat Academician |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Branch/service | US Army |
Rank | Sergeant |
Unit | 970th Counter Intelligence Corps |
Henry Alfred Kissinger (born May 27, 1923) Template:Pron-en[1], is a German-born American political scientist, diplomat, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Nixon Administration.
A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente. He negotiated a settlement ending the Vietnam War, but the cease-fire proved unstable and no lasting peace resulted beyond the pullout of the US troops.
Kissinger is still praised by colleagues today[2]. He was honored as the first recipient of the Ewald von Kleist Award of the Munich Conference on Security Policy and currently serves as the chairman of Kissinger Associates, an international consulting firm. Kissinger was the "most frequent visitor" to the George W. Bush White House as an unofficial political adviser on Israel and the Middle East—including the invasion and occupation of Iraq.
Kissinger is criticized and even accused of war crimes, most prominently by Christopher Hitchens, for the policies he promoted during the Vietnam war and for his role in the establishment of dictatorial regimes in Latin America (see chapters on Vietnam, Chile, Argentine and Accusations of War Crimes).
Personal background
Kissinger was born as Heinz Alfred Kissinger (HAK) in Fürth, Bavaria to Jewish parents, Louis Kissinger (1887-1982), a schoolteacher, and Paula Stern (1901-1998). He has a younger brother, Walter Kissinger. The surname Kissinger was first taken by his great-great-grandfather, Meyer Löb, in 1817 after the city of Bad Kissingen.[3] In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, his family moved to New York. Kissinger was naturalized a U.S. citizen on June 19, 1943, while in military training at Camp Croft in Spartanburg, South Carolina, aged 20.
He spent his high school years in the Washington Heights section of upper Manhattan, but never lost his pronounced German accent, perhaps due to childhood shyness which made him hesitant to speak.[4] Henry Kissinger attended George Washington High School at night and worked in a shaving-brush factory during the day. While attending City College of New York, in 1943, he was drafted into the U.S. Army, trained at Clemson College in South Carolina, and became a German interpreter for the 970th Counter Intelligence Corps. He thus achieved the rank of sergeant. Following the war, he remained in Europe as a civilian instructor at the European Command Intelligence School, Camp King.[5]
Henry Kissinger received his A.B. degree summa cum laude at Harvard College in 1950, where he studied under William Yandell Elliott.[6] He received his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954, respectively. In 1952, while still at Harvard, he served as a consultant to the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board.[7] His doctoral dissertation was "Peace, Legitimacy, and the Equilibrium (A Study of the Statesmanship of Castlereagh and Metternich)."
Kissinger remained at Harvard as a member of the faculty in the Department of Government and at the Center for International Affairs. He became Associate Director of the latter in 1957. In 1955, he was a consultant to the National Security Council's Operations Coordinating Board.[7] During 1955 and 1956, he was also Study Director in Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. He released his Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy the following year.[8] From 1956 to 1958 he worked for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund as director of its Special Studies Project.[7] He was Director of the Harvard Defense Studies Program between 1958 and 1971. He was also Director of the Harvard International Seminar between 1951 and 1971. Outside of academia, he served as a consultant to several government agencies, including the Operations Research Office, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the Department of State, and the Rand Corporation, a think-tank.[7]
Keen to have a greater influence on US foreign policy, Kissinger became a supporter of, and advisor to, Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York, who sought the Republican nomination for President in 1960, 1964 and 1968. After Richard Nixon won the presidency in 1968, he made Kissinger National Security Advisor.
With his first wife, Ann Fleischer, he had two children, Elizabeth and David. Henry and Ann divorced in 1964. He married Nancy Maginnes in 1973. They live in Kent, Connecticut. He is the head of Kissinger Associates, a consulting firm.
During his years as a bachelor Kissinger was linked to Barbara Walters, Gina Lollobrigida, Joanna Barnes, Marlo Thomas, Persis Khambatta, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Candice Bergen, Samantha Eggar, and Jill St. John, among others.
Health
Kissinger had triple coronary bypass heart surgery in May 1982.
Foreign policy
Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon, and continued as Secretary of State under Nixon's successor Gerald Ford.[9]
A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. In that period, he extended the policy of détente. This policy led to a significant relaxation in U.S.-Soviet tensions and played a crucial role in 1971 talks with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. The talks concluded with a rapprochement between the United States and the People's Republic of China, and the formation of a new strategic anti-Soviet Sino-American alliance. He was awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to establish a ceasefire and US withdrawal from Vietnam. The ceasefire, however, was not durable.[10] Kissinger favored the maintenance of friendly diplomatic relationships with right-wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone and elsewhere in Latin America.
Détente and the opening to China
As National Security Advisor under Nixon, Kissinger pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, seeking a relaxation in tensions between the two superpowers. As a part of this strategy, he negotiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (culminating in the SALT I treaty) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. Negotiations about strategic disarmament were originally supposed to start under the Johnson Administration but were postponed in protest to the invasion by Warsaw Pact troops of Czechoslovakia in August 1968.
Kissinger sought to place diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union. He made two trips to the People's Republic of China in July and October, 1971 (the first of which was made in secret) to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai, then in charge of Chinese foreign policy. This paved the way for the groundbreaking 1972 summit between Nixon, Zhou, and Communist Party of China Chairman Mao Zedong, as well as the formalization of relations between the two countries, ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility. The result was the formation of a tacit strategic anti-Soviet alliance between China and the United States. While Kissinger's diplomacy led to economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides and the establishment of Liaison Offices in the Chinese and American capitals, with serious implications for Indochinese matters, full normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China would not occur until 1979, for reasons including the following: Watergate (see article) overshadowed the latter years of the Nixon presidency. Second, the United States also continued to recognize the Republic of China government on Taiwan.
Vietnam War
Kissinger's involvement in Indochina started prior to his appointment as National Security Adviser to Nixon. While still at Harvard, he had worked as a consultant on foreign policy to both the White House and State Department. Kissinger says that "In August 1965... [Henry Cabot Lodge], an old friend serving as Ambassador to Saigon, had asked me to visit Vietnam as his consultant. I toured Vietnam first for two weeks in October and November 1965, again for about ten days in July 1966, and a third time for a few days in October 1966... Lodge gave me a free hand to look into any subject of my choice". He became convinced of the meaninglessness of military victories in Vietnam, "...unless they brought about a political reality that could survive our ultimate withdrawal".[11] In a 1967 peace initiative, he would mediate between Washington and Hanoi.
Nixon had been elected in 1968 on the promise of achieving "peace with honor" and ending the Vietnam War. In office, and assisted by Kissinger, Nixon implemented a policy of Vietnamization that aimed to gradually withdraw US troops while expanding the combat role of the enabling South Vietnamese Army so that it would be capable of independently defending its regime against the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, a Communist guerrilla organization, and North Vietnamese army (Vietnam People's Army or PAVN). Kissinger played a key role in a secret bombing campaign in Cambodia to disrupt PAVN and Viet Cong units launching raids into South Vietnam from within Cambodia's borders and resupplying their forces by using the Ho Chi Minh trail and other routes, as well as the 1970 Cambodian Incursion and subsequent widespread bombing of Cambodia. The bombing campaign contributed to the chaos of the Cambodian Civil War, which saw the forces of dictator Lon Nol unable to retain foreign support to combat the growing Khmer Rouge insurgency that would overthrow him in 1975.[12][13]
Along with North Vietnamese Politburo Member Le Duc Tho, Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 1973, for their work in negotiating the ceasefires contained in the Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam," signed the January previous.[10] Tho rejected the award, telling Kissinger that peace had not been really restored in South Vietnam.[14] Kissinger wrote to the Nobel Committee that he accepted the award "with humility." [15][16] The conflict continued until an invasion of the South by the North Vietnamese Army resulted in a North Vietnamese victory in 1975 and the subsequent progression of the Pathet Lao in Laos towards figurehead status, and the rise of the genocidal Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. Kissinger then returned the money portion of the Nobel Prize, although the Nobel committee returned it back to him.[citation needed].
1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh
Under Kissinger's guidance, the United States government supported Pakistan in the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. Kissinger was particularly concerned about the expansion of Soviet influence in South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship recently signed by India and the Soviet Union, and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China (Pakistan's ally and an enemy of both India and the Soviet Union) the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.[17]
In recent years, Kissinger has come under fire for private comments he made to Nixon during the Bangladesh-Pakistan War in which he described then-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a "bitch."[18] Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.[19]
1973 Yom Kippur War
In 1973, Kissinger negotiated the end to the Yom Kippur War, which had begun on October 6, 1973 when Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Kissinger has published lengthy and dramatic telephone transcripts from this period in the 2002 book Crisis. One week later, under Nixon's direction, and against Kissinger's initial opposition [20], the US military conducted the largest military airlift in history to aid Israel on October 12, 1973. US action contributed to the 1973 oil crisis in the United States and its Western European allies, which ended in March 1974.
Israel regained the territory it lost in the early fighting and gained new territories from Syria and Egypt, including land in Syria east of the previously captured Golan Heights, and additionally on the western bank of the Suez Canal, although they did lose some territory on the eastern side of the Suez Canal that had been in Israeli hands since the end of the Six Day War. Kissinger pressured the Israelis to cede some of the newly captured land back to its Arab neighbours, contributing to the first phases of Israeli-Egyptian non-aggression. The move saw a warming in US–Egyptian relations, bitter since the 1950s, as the country moved away from its former independent stance and into a close partnership with the United States. The peace was finalized in 1978 when US president Jimmy Carter mediated the Camp David Accords, during which Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula in exchange for an Egyptian agreement to recognize the state of Israel.
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
In 1974 the junta which then ruled Greece staged a supportive coup against the Cypriot president Archbishop Makarios III and Turkey launched an America endorsed invasion "to restore constitutional order on Cyprus," which has established Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus that is recognised only by itself. This suited American foreign policy as Makarios was leaning toward the Soviets and possibly communism.
In a White House memorandum of a conversation from February 20, 1975, Kissinger said: “In all the world the things that hurt us the most are the CIA business and Turkey aid.”[21] According to "The Raw Story", the context and the time period suggests Kissinger had supported illegal financial and military aid to Turkey for the 1974 Cyprus invasion.[22]
Latin American policy
The United States continued to recognize and maintain relationships with non-left-wing governments, democratic and authoritarian alike. John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was ended in 1973. In 1974, negotiations about new settlement over Panama Canal started. They eventually led to the Torrijos-Carter Treaties and handing the Canal over to Panamanian control.
Kissinger initially supported the normalization of United States-Cuba relations, broken since 1961 (all U.S.–Cuban trade was blocked in February 1962, a few weeks after the exclusion of Cuba from the Organization of American States because of US pressure). However, he quickly changed his mind and followed Kennedy's policy. After the involvement of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces in the liberation struggles in Angola and Mozambique, Kissinger said that unless Cuba withdrew its forces relations would not be normalized. Cuba refused.
Intervention in Chile
Chilean Socialist presidential candidate Salvador Allende was elected by a plurality in 1970, causing serious concern in Washington, D.C. due to his openly socialist and pro-Cuban politics. The Nixon administration authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to instigate a military coup that would prevent Allende's inauguration, but the plan was not successful.[23] The extent of Kissinger's involvement in or support of these plans is a subject of controversy.[24] Yet it is proven fact that he was involved in what turned into the murder of a Chilean General, René Schneider, who was opposed to and stood in the way of a military coup.[25]
United States-Chile relations remained frosty during Salvador Allende's tenure, following the complete nationalization of the partially U.S.-owned copper mines and the Chilean subsidiary of the U.S.-based ITT Corporation, as well as other Chilean businesses. The U.S. implemented economic sanctions, claiming that the Chilean government had greatly undervalued fair compensation for the nationalization by subtracting what it deemed "excess profits". The CIA, directly instigated by Kissinger, provided formation and education for the military officers directly involved in the coup against Allende[26], and funding for the mass anti-government strikes in 1972 and 1973; during this period, Kissinger made several controversial statements[citation needed] regarding Chile's government, stating that "the issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves" and "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go Communist due to the irresponsibility of its people." These remarks sparked outrage among many commentators, who considered them patronizing and disparaging of both Chile's sovereignty and democracy.
In September 1973, Allende was killed during a military coup launched by Army Commander-in-Chief Augusto Pinochet, who became President.[27] A document released by the CIA in 2000 titled "CIA Activities in Chile" revealed that the CIA actively supported the military junta after the overthrow of Allende and that it made many of Pinochet's officers into paid contacts of the CIA or US military, even though many were known to be involved in notorious human rights abuses[28], until Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter, who was less tolerant of open human rights abuses, defeated President Gerald Ford in 1976.
On September 16, 1973, five days after Pinochet had assumed power, the following exchange about the coup took place between Kissinger and President Nixon:
- Nixon: Nothing new of any importance or is there?
- Kissinger: Nothing of very great consequence. The Chilean thing is getting consolidated and of course the newspapers are bleeding because a pro-Communist government has been overthrown.
- Nixon: Isn't that something. Isn't that something.
- Kissinger: I mean instead of celebrating – in the Eisenhower period we would be heroes.
- Nixon: Well we didn't – as you know – our hand doesn't show on this one though.
- Kissinger: We didn't do it. I mean we helped them. [garbled] created the conditions as great as possible.
- Nixon: That is right. And that is the way it is going to be played.[29]
Intervention in Argentina
Kissinger took a similar line as he had toward Chile when the Argentine military, led by Jorge Videla, toppled the democratic government of Isabel Perón in 1976 and consolidated power, launching brutal reprisals and "disappearances" against political opponents. During a meeting with Argentine foreign minister César Augusto Guzzetti, Kissinger assured him that the United States was an ally, but urged him to "get back to normal procedures" quickly before the U.S. Congress reconvened and had a chance to consider sanctions.
Africa
In 1974 a leftist military coup overthrew the Caetano government in Portugal in the Carnation Revolution. The National Salvation Junta, the new government, quickly granted Portugal's colonies independence. Cuban troops in Angola supported the left-wing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in its fight against right-wing UNITA and FNLA rebels during the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). Kissinger supported FNLA, led by Holden Roberto, and UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi, the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) insurgencies, as well as the CIA-supported invasion of Angola by South African troops. In 1976 South African troops withdrew due to U.S. Congressional opposition[citation needed]. The FNLA was defeated and UNITA was forced to take its fight into the bush. Only under Reagan's presidency would U.S. support for UNITA return.
In September 1976 Kissinger was actively involved in negotiations regarding the Rhodesian Bush War. Kissinger, along with South Africa's Prime Minister John Vorster, pressured Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith to hasten the transition to black majority rule in Rhodesia. With FRELIMO in control of Mozambique and even South Africa withdrawing its support, Rhodesia's isolation was nearly complete. According to Smith's autobiography, Kissinger told Smith of Mrs. Kissinger's admiration for him, but Smith stated that he thought Kissinger was asking him to sign Rhodesia's "death certificate". Kissinger, bringing the weight of the United States, and corralling other relevant parties to put pressure on Rhodesia, hastened the end of minority-rule. [citation needed]
East Timor
The Portuguese decolonization process brought US attention to the former Portuguese colony of East Timor, which lies within the Indonesian archipelago and declared its independence in 1975. Indonesian president Suharto was a strong US ally in Southeast Asia and began to mobilize the Indonesian army, preparing to annex the nascent state, which had become increasingly dominated by the popular leftist FRETILIN party. In December 1975, Suharto discussed the invasion plans during a meeting with Kissinger and President Ford in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Both Ford and Kissinger made clear that US relations with Indonesia would remain strong and that it would not object to the proposed annexation. US arms sales to Indonesia continued, and Suharto went ahead with the annexation plan, meeting strong resistance from the East Timorese.[citation needed]
The Indonesian army responded with indiscriminate massacres; the 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor reports a figure of at least 102,800 deaths during the occupation: 18,600 unlawful executions and 84,200 starvation deaths, roughly 10% of the whole population of around one million.[30] The Indonesian government's annexation of East Timor as its 27th province was not accepted by the United Nations or the majority of countries. Much later, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the twenty-first century on May 20, 2002.
Portugal
Kissinger is believed to also have wanted the US to work against the 1974 Carnation Revolution, a left-wing military coup that led to Portugal's democracy after decades of right-wing dictatorship. [3] [4]
Accusations of war crimes and legal difficulties
Kissinger has been one of the most widely criticized government officials in modern times. The policies he promoted in Vietnam, and moreover his central role in orchestrating the illegal bombing of neutral Cambodia (conducted without the requisite congressional authorization) and the subsequent attempted cover up, have led to widespread accusations of war crimes.
Columbia University Students Reject Kissinger's Appointment to Endowed Chair at the University
Shortly after Kissinger left office, he was offered an endowed chair at Columbia University (in 1977). The position came with considerable funding and would have given Kissinger his first platform for rehabilitating his then shattered reputation. When news of the proposed chair leaked out, a small group of students immediately began collecting signatures for a petition opposing his appointment.[31] The petition charged Kissinger with illegal actions in Vietnam, Cambodia, Chile, and in ordering domestic wiretaps of National Security Council staff.
The petition effort sparked wider organizing and the quickly formed "Ad Hoc Committee to Oppose Kissinger's Appointment" offered detailed substantiation of each of the charges in flyers widely distributed on campus. Kissinger's initial classes and meetings held on campus were dogged by protesters at every step.
This was picked up in the popular comic strip Doonesbury by Trudeau. The continuing strips detailed students attempt to challenge Kissinger in the street and in the classroom.
Columnists such as Anthony Lewis of the New York Times[32] and Nat Hentoff of the Village Voice opined that denying Kissinger the chair would not be a violation of academic freedom and within weeks the story had become national news, breaking in Newsweek and on the front page of the Washington Post.[citation needed] Many of the news stories listed several offenses Kissinger was alleged to have committed. After several months of pressure, the University and Kissinger mutually agreed to cancel the appointment. Kissinger went to Georgetown University, where the students were less confrontational, to take a less permanent teaching and researching assignment.
The Trial of Henry Kissinger (book and movie)
A revival of interest in Henry Kissinger came in 2001, when journalist Christopher Hitchens wrote The Trial of Henry Kissinger, a scathing critique of Kissinger's policy that accused him of war crimes, particularly for his policy toward Vietnam, Cyprus, Cambodia, Chile and East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). Kissinger became a focal point of criticism from the political left and certain human rights NGOs. According to the book, his foreign policy was chiefly concerned with attaining allies that had valuable geographical and strategic locations, such as Turkey and Pakistan, and turned a blind eye when these allies attacked democracies and murdered countless innocent people.
The book was later adapted into a documentary entitled The Trials of Henry Kissinger. The film focused on Kissinger's policies towards Vietnam, Cambodia, East Timor, and Chile.
Involvement in Operation Condor
On May 31, 2001, French judge Roger Le Loire requested a summons served on Kissinger while he was staying at the Ritz Hotel in Paris.[33] Loire wanted to question Kissinger for alleged U.S. involvement in Operation Condor—a mid-1970s campaign of kidnapping and murder coordinated among the intelligence and security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay—as well as the death of five French nationals under the Chilean junta.[33] Kissinger fled Paris that evening, and Loire's inquiries were directed to the U.S. State Department.
In August 2001, Argentine Judge Rodolfo Canicoba sent a letter rogatory to the U.S. State Department, in accordance with the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT), requesting a deposition by Kissinger to aid the judge's investigation of Operation Condor.[34]
On September 10, 2001, a civil suit was filed in a Washington, DC, federal court by the family of Gen. René Schneider, former Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army, asserting that Kissinger gave the order for the elimination of Schneider because he had refused to endorse plans for a military coup.[33][35][36] Schneider was killed by coup-plotters loyal to General Roberto Viaux in a botched kidnapping attempt,[36] As a part of the suit, Schneider’s two sons are attempting to sue Kissinger and then-CIA director Richard Helms for US$3 million.[36]
On September 11, 2001, the 28th commemorations of the Pinochet coup, Chilean human rights lawyers filed a criminal case against Kissinger along with Augusto Pinochet, former Bolivian general and president Hugo Banzer, former Argentine general and dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, and former Paraguayan president Alfredo Stroessner for alleged involvement in Operation Condor.[37] The case was brought on behalf of some fifteen victims of Operation Condor, ten of whom were Chilean.
In late 2001, the Brazilian government cancelled an invitation for Kissinger to speak in São Paulo because it could no longer guarantee his immunity from judicial action.[33][35]
Kenneth Maxwell's review, in Foreign Affairs November/December 2003, of Peter Kornbluh's book The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, discussed Kissinger's relationship with Augusto Pinochet's regime, in particular concerning operation Condor and Orlando Letelier's assassination, in Washington, DC, in 1976. A 1978 cable released in 2000 shows that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which [covered] all of Latin America". Robert E. White, the U.S. ambassador to Paraguay, was concerned that the U.S. connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the 1976 assassination of Letelier.[38] Kornbluh and Maxwell both draw the conclusion, from this and other materials, that the U.S. State Department, on Kissinger's watch, had foreknowledge of the assassination.[citation needed]
Asia
In 2002, during a brief visit to the UK, a petition for Kissinger's arrest was filed in the High Court in London based on Indochinese civilian casualties and environmental damage resulting from U.S. bombing campaigns in North Vietnam and Cambodia in the period between 1969 and 1975.[33]
Transcripts obtained by the National Security Archive show Kissinger receiving his orders from President Nixon:
- PRESIDENT: The second thing is, as I have put on here, now I want you to get a hold of [Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Adm. Thomas H.] Moorer tonight and I want a plan where every goddamn thing that can fly goes into Cambodia and hits every target that is open.
- KISSINGER: Right.
- PRESIDENT: That's to be done tomorrow. Tomorrow. Is that clear?
- KISSINGER: That is right
- PRESIDENT: I want this done. ... I want them to hit everything. I want them to use the big planes, the small planes, everything they can that will help out here and let's start giving them a little shock ... let me tell you on this business on Cambodia - I want something done tonight, I don't want any screwing around...[39]
A few minutes later, Kissinger transmits Nixon's orders to military assistant Alexander Haig:
- KISSINGER: Two, [Nixon] wants a massive bombing campaign in Cambodia. He doesn't want to hear anything. It's an order, it's to be done. Anything that flies on anything that moves. You got that?
- HAIG: ...sounded like Haig laughing...[40]
Simultaneously, Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, who had engaged in a failed attempt to get Pinochet extradited from the United Kingdom for questioning, requested that Interpol detain Kissinger for questioning.[33] British authorities refused his request.
East Timor Action Network (ETAN) activists have repeatedly sought to question Kissinger during his book tours for his role in the Ford administration in supporting Suharto and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. Transcripts of Ford and Kissinger's endorsement of the invasion are available on the National Security Archive.[41]
Public perception
Kissinger, like the rest of the Nixon administration, was unpopular with the anti-war political left, extremely so due to his central role in the illegal US bombing of neutral Cambodia was revealed. Because of Cambodia's status as a neutral third party in the Vietnam conflict, the decision to extensively bomb within its borders would have required congressional authorization. Coordinated primarily by Kissinger, the Nixon administration sought to conceal the illegal bombing from the American public. When the bombing campaign was revealed in the press, Kissinger ordered the wiretapping of a number of journalists and close contacts in an effort to determine who may have leaked the plans.
However, few doubted his intellect and diplomatic skill, and he became one of the better-liked members of the Nixon administration, though many Americans came to view Kissinger's talents as increasingly cynical and self-serving. Kissinger was not connected with the Watergate scandal that would eventually ruin Nixon and many of his closest aides, and this greatly improved Kissinger's reputation as he became known as the "clean man" of the bunch.
At the height of Kissinger's prominence, he was even regarded as something of a sex symbol due to his prominent dating life.[42] He was quoted as saying "Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac".[43]
In 1992 Jornal do Brasil published an unflattering photo of Henry Kissinger on the front page [44][45]. Kissinger's lawyer sent a cease and desist letter threatening to sue them if they sold the photo. The newspaper refused and one of the buyers was the advertising agency Woolward & Partners who were also threatened with legal action, after using it in an advertisement for computer equipment. The photo was featured in the 1996 book Washington Babylon by Alexander Cockburn and Ken Silverstein.[46]
The musical satirist Tom Lehrer says that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Prize."[47]
Kissinger appears in the Simpsons episode $pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling).
In a 1999 radio interview with BBC news presenter Jeremy Paxman, ostensibly to promote the latest volume of his memoirs, Dr. Kissinger reportedly walked out after being asked some tough questions about the U.S. role in the bombing of Cambodia.[48] However, BBC sources claim he was late for another appointment and merely had to leave early.
Later roles
Business interests and public service
In 1977, Kissinger was appointed to Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies.[49] Kissinger published a dialogue with the Japanese philosopher, Daisaku Ikeda, On Peace, Life and Philosophy. He taught at Georgetown's Edmund Walsh School of Foreign Service for several years in the late 1970s.
In 1982, Kissinger founded a consulting firm, Kissinger Associates, and is a partner in affiliate Kissinger McLarty Associates with Mack McLarty, former chief of staff to President Bill Clinton.[50] He also serves on board of directors of Hollinger International, a Chicago-based newspaper group,[51] and as of March 1999, he also serves on board of directors of Gulfstream Aerospace.[52]
From 1995 to 2001, he served on the board of directors for Freeport-McMoRan, a multinational copper and gold producer with significant mining and milling operations in Papua, Indonesia.[53] In February 2000, then-president of Indonesia Abdurrahman Wahid appointed Kissinger as a political advisor. He also serves as an honorary advisor to the United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce.
Kissinger served for many years as a director of Hollinger International, the chief executive officer of which was the convicted media tycoon Conrad Black. Hollinger's board is widely viewed to have not exercised sufficient oversight, enabling Black and other senior executives to defraud the company.[54]
Awards
On January 13, 1977, Henry Kissinger was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford.
In 1998, Kissinger became an honorary citizen of Fürth, Germany, his hometown. He has been a life-long supporter of the Spielvereinigung Fürth football club and is now an honorary member. He served as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary from February 10, 2001 to the Summer of 2005.
In April 2006, Kissinger received the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service from the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution.
In June 2007, Kissinger received the Hopkins-Nanjing Award for his contributions to reestablishing Sino–American relations. This award was presented by the presidents of Nanjing University, Chen Jun, and of Johns Hopkins University, William Brody, during the 20th anniversary celebration of The Johns Hopkins University—Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies also known as the Hopkins-Nanjing Center.
Role in U.S. foreign policy
Kissinger left office when a Democrat, former Governor of Georgia and "Washington outsider" Jimmy Carter, defeated Republican Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential elections. During the campaign, Carter criticized Kissinger, arguing he was "single-handedly" managing all of the US' foreign relations. Through the 1980s and early 1990s, Kissinger's role in US government and policy was minimized, as the neoconservatives who rose to prominence in the Republican Party under the Reagan administration began to consider Nixonian détente to be a policy of unwise accommodation with the Soviet Union. Kissinger continued to participate in policy groups, such as the Trilateral Commission, and to maintain political consulting, speaking, and writing engagements.
In 2002, President George W. Bush appointed Kissinger to chair a committee to investigate the terrorist attacks of September 11 attacks.[citation needed] Kissinger stepped down as chairman on December 13, 2002 rather than reveal his client list, when queried about potential conflicts of interest.
Kissinger and the Balkans
In several articles of his and interviews that he gave during the Yugoslav wars, he heavily criticized the United States' policies in that region, among other things for the recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign state, which he described as a foolish act.[5] Most importantly he dismissed the notion of Serbs, and Croats for that part, being aggressors or separatist, saying that "they can't be separating from something that has never existed". [6]
In addition, he repeatedly warned the West of implicating itself in a conflict that has its roots at least hundreds of years back in time, and said that the West would do better if it allowed the Serbs and Croats to join their respective countries.[7]
As the world attention was later turned on Kosovo, he defined the Rambouillet talks as he saw them in a Daily Telegraph article from 28 June, 1999:
"The Rambouillet text, which called on Serbia to admit NATO troops throughout Yugoslavia, was a provocation, an excuse to start bombing. Rambouillet is not a document that any Serb could have accepted. It was a terrible diplomatic document that should never have been presented in that form."
However, as the Serbs did not accept the Rambouillet text and war broke out, he opted for a continuation of the bombing as NATO's credibility was now at stake, but dismissed the usage of ground forces, claiming that it was not worth it.[8]
Kissinger and Iraq
In 2006, it was reported in the book State of Denial by Bob Woodward that Kissinger was meeting regularly with President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney to offer advice on the Iraq War.[55] Kissinger confirmed in recorded interviews with Woodward[56] that the advice was the same as he had given in an August 12, 2005 column in The Washington Post: "Victory over the insurgency is the only meaningful exit strategy."[57]
In a November 19, 2006 interview at BBC Sunday AM, Kissinger said, when asked whether there is any hope left for a clear military victory in Iraq, "If you mean by 'military victory' an Iraqi Government that can be established and whose writ runs across the whole country, that gets the civil war under control and sectarian violence under control in a time period that the political processes of the democracies will support, I don't believe that is possible... I think we have to redefine the course. But I don't believe that the alternative is between military victory as it had been defined previously, or total withdrawal."[58]
In an April 3, 2008 by Peter Robinson of the Hoover Institution, Kissinger re-iterated that even though he supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq he thought that the Bush administration rested too much of the case for war on Saddam's supposed weapons of mass destruction. Robinson noted that Kissinger had criticized the administration for invading with too few troops, for disbanding the Iraqi Army, and for mishandling relations with certain allies.[59]
Kissinger and Southwest Asia
After apologizing for his use of word 'bitch' in reference to Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Kissinger met India's main Opposition Leader Lal Krishna Advani in early October 2007 and lobbied for the support of his Bharatiya Janata Party for the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement.[citation needed]
Kissinger was present at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Summer Olympics. He was also in the Chinese capital to attend the inauguration of the new US Embassy complex.[citation needed]
Kissinger said in April 2008 that "India has parallel objectives to the United States" and he called it an ally of the U.S.[59]
Kissinger and Iran
Kissinger's position on this issue of U.S.-Iran talks was reported by The Tehran Times to be that "Any direct talks between the U.S. and Iran on issues such as the nuclear dispute would be most likely to succeed if they first involved only diplomatic staff and progressed to the level of secretary of state before the heads of state meet." [60]
Kissinger is known to be member of the following groups:
- Bohemian Grove[61]
- Council on Foreign Relations[citation needed]
- Aspen Institute[citation needed]
- Bilderberg Group[citation needed]
Kissinger in Film & Television
Kissinger has shied away from mainstream media and cable talk shows. Recently, he granted a rare interview to the producers of a documentary examining the underpinnings of the 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt entitled "Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace"[62]. In the film, a candid Kissinger reveals how close he felt the world was to nuclear war during the 1973 October war launched by Egypt and Syria against Israeli forces in their occupied territories.
Quotes
- (Soldiers are) Dumb, stupid animals to be used as pawns for foreign policy.[63]
- Most foreign policies that history has marked highly, in whatever country, have been originated by leaders who were opposed by experts.[64]
- The illegal we do immediately. The unconstitutional takes a little longer.[65]
- The New World Order cannot happen without U.S. participation, as we are the most significant single component. Yes, there will be a New World Order, and it will force the United States to change its perceptions. Just like Zishan says.[66]
- I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist because of the irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves.[67]
- Even a paranoid has some real enemies.[68]
Miscellaneous
- A parody of Kissinger appears in several episodes of "The Venture Bros." as Dr. Henry Killinger, who is never seen without his "magic murder bag".
- A fictional portrayal of Kissinger, along with Nixon, appears in the 1980s comic book and subsequent 2009 film Watchmen.
- Monty Python satirized Kissinger in the Henry Kissinger Song.
- An honorary citizen of Fürth since 1998, Kissinger is founding member of the Fürth citizen foundation, a local charity organization.[69]
- Since 1996, Kissinger has been a member of the scientific advisory comittee of the federal Otto-von-Bismarck-Stiftung.
- During the 1970s, Kissinger was among the many celebrity fans of the New York Cosmos. He was proclaimed an honorary Harlem Globetrotter in 1976.[70]
Footnotes
- ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kissinger
- ^ A press release issued by the 45th Munich Conference on Security Policy on February 8, 2009 declared "[H]is voice continues to bear weight and authority throughout the globe." see [1]Munich Security Conference - 6th February 2009 Press Release
- ^ "Die Kissingers in Bad Kissingen" (in German). Bayerischer Rundfunk. June 2, 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
- ^ "Bygone Days: Complex Jew. Inside Kissinger's soul". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ "Henry Kissinger at Large, Part One". PBS. January 29, 2004.
- ^ Draper, Theodore (September 6, 1992). "Little Heinz And Big Henry". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b c d "Henry Kissinger - Biography". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Kissinger, Henry (1957). Nuclear weapons and foreign policy. Harper & Brothers. p. 455.
- ^ "History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
- ^ _White House Years_, pp. 231-32. Henry A. Kissinger. Boston: Little, Brown & co., 1979.
- ^ http://books.google.ie/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA349&dq=US+bombing+cambodia+civil+war+result
- ^ http://books.google.ie/books?id=ZWqNwsv6AIQC&pg=PA93&dq=US+bombing+cambodia+civil+war+result
- ^ Le Duc Tho to Henry Kissinger, October 27, 1973.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973: Presentation Speech by Mrs. Aase Lionaes, Chairman of the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Storting". The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation. 1973-12-10. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
'In his letter of November 2 to the Nobel Committee Henry Kissinger expresses his deep sense of this obligation. In the letter he writes among other things: "I am deeply moved by the award of the Nobel Peace Prize, which I regard as the highest honor one could hope to achieve in the pursuit of peace on this earth. When I consider the list of those who have been so honored before me, I can only accept this award with humility." … This year Henry Kissinger was appointed Secretary-of-State in the United States. In his letter to the Committee he writes as follows: "I greatly regret that because of the press of business in a world beset by recurrent crisis I shall be unable to come to Oslo on December 10 for the award ceremony. I have accordingly designated Ambassador Byrne to represent me on that occasion."
- ^ Lundestad, Geir (March 15, 2001). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
- ^ "The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971". National Security Archive. December 16, 2002. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "150. Conversation Among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and the President's Chief of Staff (Haldeman), Washington, November 5, 1971, 8:15–9:00 a.m." Foreign Relations, 1969–1976. E-7 (19). U.S. Department of State. 2005. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Kissinger regrets India comments". BBC. July 1, 2005. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
- ^ Siniver, Asaf. Nixon, Kissinger, and U.S. Foreign Policy Making; The Machinery of Crisis. New York: Cambridge. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-89762-4 Hardback.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: invalid character (help) - ^ "White House memorandum" (PDF).
- ^ "Intelligence officers confirm Kissinger role in Turkish invasion -Larisa Alexandrovna and Muriel Kane- Wednesday June 27, 2007".
- ^ "Church Report". U.S. Department of State. December 18, 1975. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ^ Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (1975), Church Committee, pages 246–247 and 250–254.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens.The Trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso Books, London, New York. 2001
- ^ see The Pinochet File
- ^ Pike, John. "Allende's Leftist Regime". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ^ Peter Kornbluh, CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile, Chile Documentation Project, National Security Archive, September 19, 2000. Accessed online November 26, 2006.
- ^ The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Peter Kornbluh, posted May 26, 2004. This particular dialogue can be found at TELCON: September 16, 1973, 11:50 a.m. Kissinger Talking to Nixon. Accessed online November 26, 2006.
- ^ Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste (CAVR). Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation. Dili, East Timor: 2005. Online at East Timor & Indonesia Action Network. Retrieved on February 11, 2008.
- ^ "400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post". Columbia Spectator. 1977-03-03.
- ^ "Anthony Lewis of the Times also blasts former Scretary". Columbia Spectator. 1977-03-03.
- ^ a b c d e f Why the law wants a word with Kissinger, Fairfax Digital, April 30, 2002 Template:En icon
- ^ "Argentina". Human Rights Watch World Report 2002. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b Hitchens, Bill (November 27, 2002). "The latest Kissinger outrage". Slate. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ a b c Miller, Christopher (September 11, 2001). "Family of Slain Chilean Sues Kissinger, Helms; Military Leader Was Killed in Kidnap Attempt Linked to Nixon Administration". The Washington Post. p. A.22. Retrieved 2006-12-30. Republished on the site "Freedom of Information Center, University of Missouri". Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- ^ "World; In Brief". The Washington Post. September 12, 2001. p. A.27. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
- ^ "Operation Condor: Cable Suggests U.S. Role". National Security Archive. March 6, 2001. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
- ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/Box%2029,%20File%202,%20Kissinger%20%96%20President%20Dec%209,%201970%208,45%20pm%20%200.pdf
- ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/Box%2029,%20File%202,%20Kissinger%20%96%20Haig,%20Dec%209,%201970%208,50%20pm%20106-10.pdf
- ^ Burr, William (December 6, 2001). "East Timor Revisited". National Security Archive. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Henry Kissinger Off Duty." TIME, February 7, 1972.
- ^ "Henry A. Kissinger Quotes". Brainy Quote. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ http://jwz.livejournal.com/107106.html
- ^ http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00045.htm
- ^ "The Memory Hole: The Photos Kissinger Doesn't Want You to See".
- ^ "Tom Lehrer interviewed by Stephen Thompson". Retrieved 2007-08-24.
{{cite web}}
: Text "The Onion AV club" ignored (help) - ^ "Kissinger walks out of Paxman programme". June 29, 1999. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
{{cite web}}
: Text "Guardian Unlimited" ignored (help) - ^ "CSIS". CSIS. 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
- ^ "Council of the Americas Member". Council of the Americas. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
- ^ "Sun-Times Media Group Inc · 10-K/A". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. May 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ "Gulfstream Aerospace Corp, Form 10-K". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 29, 1999. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ "Freeport McMoran Inc · 10-K". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 31, 1994. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ U.S. SEC - Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc. (Breeden Report), Richard C. Breeden & Co., August 2004; page 33.
- ^ "Bob Woodward: Bush Misleads On Iraq". CBS News. October 1, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (October 1, 2006). "Secret Reports Dispute White House Optimism". The Washington Post. pp. A01. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
- ^ Kissinger, Henry A. "Lessons for an Exit Strategy". The Washington Post. pp. A19. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
{{cite news}}
: Text "date=August 12, 2005" ignored (help) - ^ Marr, Andrew (November 19, 2006). "US Policy on Iraq". BBC. Retrieved 2006-12-29. (Transcript of a BBC Sunday AM interview.)
- ^ a b Kissinger on War & More. Uncommon Knowledge. Filmed on April 3, 2008. Accessed August 10, 2009.
- ^ "Kissinger backs direct U.S. negotiations with Iran". The Tehran Times. September 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-27. (Transcript of a Bloomberg report interview.)
- ^ [2]Vanity Fair: A Guide to the Bohemian Grove Published April 1, 2009 Retrieved on 2009-04-18.
- ^ http://www.tvfestival.net/content/Opening-Film/openUK.php
- ^ Woodward and Bernstein, The Final Days, chapter 14
- ^ Somebody Always Knows Best Walter Goodman, New York Times, 1991-02-10 (quoting THE IDEA BROKERS by James Allen Smith)
- ^ New York Times, Oct. 28, 1973
- ^ World Affairs Council Press Conference, Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel , April 19 1994
- ^ Michael Kinsley. "The problem with Bush's pursuit of democracy". Slate.com. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ "Attribution: Newsweek 13 Jun 83, cited by Simpson's Contemporary Quotations, compiled by James B. Simpson,1988 at bartelby.com". Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Fürther Nachrichten: „Bürgerstiftung gegründet“ July 30 2007
- ^ USA Today article on Kissinger
Further reading
1. Works by Henry Kissinger
Autobiography
- 1979. The White House Years. ISBN 0-316-49661-8
- 1982. Years of Upheaval. ISBN 0-316-28591-9
- 1999. Years of Renewal. ISBN 0-684-85571-2
Memoirs, etc.
- 1957. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. (ISBN 0-865-31745-3 (1984 edition)
- 1961. The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy. ISBN 0-06-012410-5
- 1965. The Troubled Partnership: A Re-Appraisal of the Atlantic Alliance. ISBN 0-07-034895-2
- 1969. American Foreign Policy: Three essays. ISBN 0-297-17933-0
- 1973. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812-22. ISBN 0-395-17229-2
- 1981. For the Record: Selected Statements 1977-1980. ISBN 0-316-49663-4
- 1985 Observations: Selected Speeches and Essays 1982-1984ISBN 0-316-49664-2
- 1994. Diplomacy. ISBN 067165991X
- 1999. Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks With Beijing and Moscow (Henry Kissinger, William Burr). ISBN 1-56584-480-7
- 2001. Does America Need a Foreign Policy?: Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century. ISBN 0684855674
- 2002. Vietnam: A Personal History of America's Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War. ISBN 0-7432-1916-3
- 2003. Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises: Based on the Record of Henry Kissinger's Hitherto Secret Telephone Conversations. ISBN 0-7432-4910-0
2. Biographies
- 1973. Graubard, Stephen Richards, Kissinger: Portrait of a Mind. ISBN 0-393-05481-0
- 1974. Kalb, Marvin L. and Kalb, Bernard, Kissenger, ISBN 0-316-48221-8
- 1974. Schlafly, Phyllis, Kissinger on the Couch. Arlington House Publishers. ISBN 0-87000-216-3
- 1983. Hersh, Seymour, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, Summit Books. ISBN 0671506889. (Awards: National Book Critics Circle, General Non-Fiction Award. Best Book of the Year: New York Times Book Review; Newsweek; San Francisco Chronicle)
- 1992. Isaacson, Walter. Kissinger: A Biography. New York. Simon & Schuster (updated, 2005). ISBN 0-671-66323-2
- 2004. Hanhimäki, Jussi. The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. ISBN 0-19-517221-3
- 2007. Kurz, Evi. Die Kissinger-Saga. ISBN 973-3-940405-70-8
- 2009. Kurz, Evi. The Kissinger-Saga - Walter and Henry Kissinger. Two Brothers from Fuerth, Germany. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85675-7.
3. Other Works
- Benedetti, Amedeo, Lezioni di politica di Henry Kissinger. Linguaggio, pensiero ed aforismi del più abile politico di fine Novecento, Genova, Erga, 2005, ISBN 88-8163-391-4
- Berman, Larry, No peace, no honor. Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam, New York, NY u.a.: Free Press, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84968-2.
- Dallek, Robert, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 0060722304
- Hanhimäki, Jussi M., 'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting', in: Diplomatic History, Vol. 27, Issue 5, pp. 637–76.
- Hitchens, Christopher, The Trial of Henry Kissenger, 2002. ISBN 1-85984-631-9
- Klitzing, Holger, The Nemesis of Stability. Henry A. Kissinger's Ambivalent Relationship with Germany. Trier: WVT 2007, ISBN 3-88476-942-3.
- Morris, Roger, Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. Harper and Row, ISBN 0-06-013097-0
- Schmidt, Helmut, On Men and Power: A Political Memoir.1990. ISBN 0-224-02715-8
- Schulzinger, Robert D. Henry Kissinger. Doctor of Diplomacy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-231-06952-9
- Shawcross, William, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia (Revised edition October 2002) ISBN 0-8154-1224-X
- Thornton, Richard C., The Nixon-Kissinger Years: Reshaping of America's Foreign Policy. 1989. ISBN 0-88702-051-8
- Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf, Taiwan Expendable? Nixon and Kissinger Go to China, 2005. ISBN 9780231135658
External links
- Linkage and Arms Control. Interview conducted on November 26, 1986 for the War and Peace in the Nuclear Age series.
- Henry Kissinger speaks at the Asia Society, NYC, February, 2007
- Kissinger's political donations*NPR: Kissinger Speech at National Press Club. Towards the end [55:55], he responds to Hitchens.
- Transcript: Charlie Rose interviews Zbigniew Brzezinski, Henry Kissinger and Brent Scowcroft (International Herald Tribune) June 18, 2007.
- The BCCI Affair A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, December 1992 102d Congress 2d Session Senate Print 102-140.
- Kissinger Associates, BNL, and Iraq Henry B. Gonzalez speech in Congress, May 2, 1991.
- The National Security Archive: The Kissinger Telcons
- The National Security Archive:The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971
- Kissinger's political donations
- Marcus Gee. "Is Henry Kissinger a War Criminal?", Globe and Mail (Toronto, Canada), June 11, 2002.
- The Kissinger Saga. Henry and Walter: Two Brothers from Fuerth/Germany. Documentary, 90 min. (unabridged version), first time aired: Bayerischer Rundfunk (Bavarian Broadcasting Network), January 21, 2007. Summary
- Henry Kissinger at IMDb
- Producer of 'The Kissinger-Saga, Walter and Henry Kissinger - Two Brothers from Fuerth/Germany'
- Award for Excellence in Diplomacy - Annenberg Foundation
- "The Jewish key to Henry Kissinger": an article in the TLS by Niall Ferguson, May 28, 2008
- Kissinger: The Inside-Outsider by Jeremi Suri, Azure, Summer 2008.
- "Charlie Rose" A conversation with Henry Kissinger, December 16, 2008
- The American Presidency Project