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2409:4043:896:8127:d563:710a:ba68:8105 (talk) →Key: removed double hh spellinɡ mistake Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Nishānt Omm (talk | contribs) Added the letters/phonemes in Devanagari script order. Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
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! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="inherentv" >[[Devanagari]] consonant letters such as {{lang|sa|क}} have the [[inherent vowel]] {{lang|sa|अ}} ''a''. Thus, {{lang|sa|क}} is pronounced ''ka'', even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant ''k'' only and do not include the vowel 'a'. </ref> !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="inherentv" /> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="inherentv" /> <ref name="comp"> [[ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST| Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919]] transliteration.</ref> !! English approximation |
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="inherentv" >[[Devanagari]] consonant letters such as {{lang|sa|क}} have the [[inherent vowel]] {{lang|sa|अ}} ''a''. Thus, {{lang|sa|क}} is pronounced ''ka'', even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant ''k'' only and do not include the vowel 'a'. </ref> !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="inherentv" /> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="inherentv" /> <ref name="comp"> [[ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST| Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919]] transliteration.</ref> !! English approximation |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''k'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ग}} || g || style="text-align: left;" | a'''g'''ain |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | lo'''gh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal" /> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | he'''dgeh'''og |
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | he'''dgeh'''og |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | American English bir'''dh'''ouse |
| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | American English bir'''dh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | American English bur'''n'''<ref name="nasal" /> |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''able |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''able |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | '''d'''o |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | re'''dh'''ead |
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| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th |
| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th |
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| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | American English bur'''n'''<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an |
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ब}} || b || style="text-align: left;" | a'''b'''out |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | clu'''bh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref>/r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | Indian '''r'''oti |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between '''w'''ine and '''v'''ine |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''eep |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | American English wor'''sh'''ip |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|स}}|| s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''oup |
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Revision as of 12:49, 8 June 2022
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.
Key
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See also
- IPA vowel chart with audio
- IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio
- IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)
Notes
- ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
- ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
- ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
- ^ /r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
- ^ [ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ [au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ [ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.
- ^ [ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.
- ^ [lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.
- ^ Visarga, added after a vowel.
- ^ In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.
References
- Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.