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| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | a'''bh'''or |
| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "b" roughly like a'''bh'''or |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh''' |
| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | Palatal sibilant like '''sh'''ip |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | ''' |
| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "d" roughly like '''th'''us |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like |
| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of dental "d" roughly like brea'''th h'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like North American bo'''rd''' |
| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "d" roughly like North American bo'''rd'''er |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like North American bi'''rdh'''ouse |
| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex "d" roughly like North American bi'''rdh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | do'''gh'''ouse |
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "g" do'''gh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ħ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ः}} <ref>''[[visarga]]'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ḥ || style="text-align: left;" | ''' |
| {{lang|sa|ः}} <ref>''[[visarga]]'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ḥ || style="text-align: left;" | Whispered "h" pulled down the throat like Somali '''x'''ood |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}~{{IPAlink|h}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | a'''h'''ead |
| {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | a'''h'''ead, '''h'''ead |
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| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak |
| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | '''j'''uice |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like he'''dgeh'''og |
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "j" roughly like he'''dgeh'''og |
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| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in |
| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|kʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''k'''in |
| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "k" in '''k'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link|l̪}}</big> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɭ}}</big> |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɭʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ळ्ह}} || ḷh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex "l" in French be'''ll'''e jambe |
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| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch |
| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch |
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| <big>{{IPA link|n̪}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th |
| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "n" roughly like te'''n'''th<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | Palatal "n" roughly like be'''n'''ch<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like bur'''n'''t<ref name="nasal"/> |
| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "n" roughly like bur'''n'''t<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal"/> |
| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ̊}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ं}} <ref>''[[anusvara]]'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ṃ || style="text-align: left;" | Voiceless "ŋ" like Welsh fy '''ngh'''ot |
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| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''an |
| {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''an |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|pʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an |
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "p" in '''p'''an |
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| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex trill like North American '''r'''at |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ड़}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex flap like Spanish co'''d'''o |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ढ़}} || ṛh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex flap in Spanish co'''d'''o |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|s̪}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''oup |
| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | Dental sibilant roughly like '''s'''oup |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex sibilant roughly like North American wor'''sh'''ip |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | Dental "t" like French sys'''t'''eme |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪ʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of dental "t" roughly like '''th'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''able |
| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex "t" roughly like s'''t'''able |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | '''t''' |
| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of retroflex "t" roughly like '''t'''oo |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew |
| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | Aspirated form of "ch" in '''ch'''ew |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|b̪}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between ''' |
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | Labiodental b between '''b'''oot and '''v'''oot |
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| style="vertical-align: top;" | |
| style="vertical-align: top;" | |
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! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation |
! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation |
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| <big>{{IPAlink| |
| <big>{{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''ll , b'''a'''ll |
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| <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | p'''u'''t |
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| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t |
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|r̩}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || |
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || r̥ || style="text-align: left;" | Retroflex [[Syllabic consonant]] roughly like "r" in North American bi'''r'''d in rhotic accents |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|r̩ː}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || |
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || r̥̄ || style="text-align: left;" | Long retroflex [[Syllabic consonant]] roughly like long "r" in North American butte'''r''' in rhotic accents |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || |
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || l̥ || style="text-align: left;" | Dental [[Syllabic consonant]] like "le" in turt'''le''' |
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| <big>{{IPA link|l̩ː}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || l̥̄ || style="text-align: left;" | Long dental [[Syllabic consonant]] like long "le" in bott'''le''' |
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| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | t'''en''' |
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| <big>{{IPA| |
| <big>{{IPA|ei}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | s'''ay''' |
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| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o''' |
| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | "o" in b'''o'''ne (Scottish English) |
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| <big>{{IPA| |
| <big>{{IPA|ou}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | |
| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | "ou" in b'''oa'''t (American English) |
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|<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big> |
|<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|ँ}} || ◌̃/m̐ |
| {{lang|sa|ँ}} <ref>''[[chandravindu]]'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ◌̃/m̐/n̐|| style="text-align: left;" | [[nasal vowel]] ({{IPA|[ɔ̃ː]}}, {{IPA|[ãː]}}, {{IPA|[õː]}}, etc.)<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big> |
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|<big>{{IPA link|ː|◌ː}}</big> |
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| || || style="text-align: left;" | doubled consonant<br>(placed after doubled consonant) |
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Revision as of 11:24, 20 April 2019
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.
Key
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See also
- IPA vowel chart with audio
- IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio
- IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)
Notes
- ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
- ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
- ^ visarga - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
- ^ a b c d e f Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
- ^ anusvara - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
- ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
- ^ chandravindu - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
References
- Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.