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rv; as an IPA guide, we want this to be in alphabetical order to make it easier for people trying to understand our transcriptions Tag: Undo |
220.233.36.82 (talk) sorted in devanagri varnmala (alphabetic) order. It was so difficult to read as a devanagari reader if ordered by english alphabets. |
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{{IPA key|H:IPA-SA}} |
{{IPA key|H:IPA-SA}} |
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{{Contains special characters|Indic}} |
{{Contains special characters|Indic}} |
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The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] and [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see |
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] and [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]], and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. |
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See [[shiksha]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit. |
See [[shiksha]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit. |
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{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|limit=2}} |
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==Key== |
==Key== |
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{| style="background: none;" |
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! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="inherentv" >[[Devanagari]] consonant letters such as {{lang|sa|क}} have the [[inherent vowel]] {{lang|sa|अ}} ''a''. Thus, {{lang|sa|क}} is pronounced ''ka'', even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant ''k'' only and do not include the vowel 'a'. </ref> !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="inherentv" /> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="inherentv" /> <ref name="comp"> [[ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST| Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919]] transliteration.</ref> !! English approximation |
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="inherentv" >[[Devanagari]] consonant letters such as {{lang|sa|क}} have the [[inherent vowel]] {{lang|sa|अ}} ''a''. Thus, {{lang|sa|क}} is pronounced ''ka'', even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant ''k'' only and do not include the vowel 'a'. </ref> !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="inherentv" /> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="inherentv" /> <ref name="comp"> [[ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST| Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919]] transliteration.</ref> !! English approximation |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''k'''in |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ग}} || g || style="text-align: left;" | a'''g'''ain |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | lo'''gh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | he'''dgeh'''og |
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | he'''dgeh'''og |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | e'''n'''joyable<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''able |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''able |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | [[American English|American]] bir'''d''' |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | American bir'''dh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | American bur'''n'''<ref name="nasal"/> |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | eigh'''t'''h |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''able (but dental) |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | wi'''d'''th |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | re'''dh'''ead (but [[Dental consonant|dental]]) |
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| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th |
| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th |
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| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an |
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ब}} || b || style="text-align: left;" | a'''b'''out |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | clu'''bh'''ouse |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref>/r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | [[Indian English|Indian]] '''r'''oti |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between '''w'''ine and '''v'''ine |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''eep |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | American wor'''sh'''ip |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa| |
| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''oup |
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| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a''' |
| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a''' |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t |
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t |
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| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t |
| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t |
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| <big>{{IPA link| |
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big> |
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| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k |
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k |
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|<big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big> |
|<big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big> |
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|{{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}}|| e || style="text-align: left;" | Scottish w'''ai'''t |
|{{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}}|| e || style="text-align: left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] w'''ai'''t |
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|<big>{{IPA|ɐːi̯}}</big><ref>[ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref> |
|<big>{{IPA|ɐːi̯}}</big><ref>[ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref> |
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|ः<ref>Visarga, added after a vowel. </ref> |
|ः<ref>Visarga, added after a vowel. </ref> |
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|ḥ |
|ḥ |
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| style="text-align: left;" | |
| style="text-align: left;" |'''h'''ead |
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<br> |
<br> |
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*[[IPA vowel chart with audio]] {{spoken}} |
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*[[IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio]] {{spoken}} |
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*[[:File:The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(revised_to_2015).pdf|IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{cite web | publisher=Ulrich Stiehl | first1=Maciej | last1=Zieba | first2=Ulrich | last2=Stiehl | title=The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit | url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf | accessdate=27 September 2011 | date=June 9, 2002}} |
* {{cite web | publisher=Ulrich Stiehl | first1=Maciej | last1=Zieba | first2=Ulrich | last2=Stiehl | title=The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit | url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf | accessdate=27 September 2011 | date=June 9, 2002}} |
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*{{clc|Pages with Sanskrit IPA|pages}} |
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*{{clc|Pages with Pali IPA|pages}} |
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{{IPA keys}} |
{{IPA keys}} |
Latest revision as of 13:17, 11 April 2024
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit and Pali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.
Key
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Notes
- ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
- ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
- ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
- ^ /r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
- ^ [ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ [au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ [ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.
- ^ [ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.
- ^ [lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.
- ^ Visarga, added after a vowel.
- ^ In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.
References
- Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.