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[[File:The Acropolis Baalbek Holy Land (i.e. Balabakk Lebanon).jpg|thumb|right|The ruins of Roman Heliopolis in the early 1900s]] |
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#redirect [[Baalbek]] |
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'''Heliopolis''', fully "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" ([[Latin]] for the "Fortunate Julian Augustan Colony in the City of the [[Helios (god)|Sun]]"), was a [[Roman colony|colony]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. It was also known as {{nowrap|'''Heliopolis in Phoenicia'''}} to distinguish it from [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]] in [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]]. It was known to locals as [[Baalbek]] and it has since regained its historic name. Its ruins are a [[Unesco world heritage site]]<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/294 UNESCO: Heliopolis/Baalbeck]</ref> |
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==History== |
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Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name ''Heliopolis'') formed part of the [[Diadochi]] kingdoms of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] & [[Seleucid Syria|Syria]]. It was annexed by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] during their eastern wars. The [[Roman Italy|Italic]] settlers of the [[Roman colony]] "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] but were more probably the [[legionaries|veterans]] of two Roman Legions under [[Augustus]], during which time it hosted a Roman garrison. |
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[[File:Baalbec, monolith in wall. 110.Holy land photographed. Daniel B. Shepp. 1894.jpg|thumb|right|The famous [[Trilithon]] of Heliopolis]] |
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[[File:Baalbek-Bacchus-Details.jpg|thumb|right|[[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] [[capital (column)|capitals]] ornamenting the [[Temple of Bacchus]]]] |
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Indeed the veterans of two [[Roman legion]]s were established in the city (and region) of [[Berytus]] by emperor [[Augustus]]: the [[Legio V Macedonica|fifth Macedonian]] and the [[Legio III Gallica|third Gallic]].,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zMJqGTSUmH8C&pg=PA45 Roman Berytus: a colony of legionaries]</ref> and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus. The population was mainly local in the second century under [[Hadrian]] with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the [[Camel train|caravans]] to the coast and interior. |
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During [[Classical Antiquity]], the city's [[Roman temple|temple]] to [[Baʿal]] & [[Hadad|Haddu]] was [[interpretatio graeca|conflated]] first with the worship of the [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] [[sun god]] [[Helios]]<ref>Cook Arthur [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0633 550]</ref> and then with the Greek and [[Ancient Roman religion|Roman]] [[sky god]] under the name "[[Heliopolitan Zeus]]" or "[[Heliopolitan Jupiter|Jupiter]]". The present [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]] presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation. The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern [[Borders of the Roman Empire]]: it took three centuries to create this colossal [[Roman paganism]]'s temple complex, called ''Sanctuary'' of Heliopolis.<ref>Video-Panoramas of the Sanctuary temples at [http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/bekaa/baalbeck/monuments.php Discover Lebanon: Heliopolis temples]</ref> |
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==Monoliths== |
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Heliopolis contains some of the biggest monoliths of [[Classical Antiquity]], inccuding the [[Trilithon|Baalbek Trilithon]] and the [[Stone of the Pregnant Woman]]: |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1px; border:1px solid #cccccc; " |
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|----- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="cccccc" |
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! width="10%" | Date |
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! width="20%" | Building / Object |
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! width="20%" | Monolith |
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! width="10%" | Weight <br />(in [[Tonne|t]]) |
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! width="20%" | Comment |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} |
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| [[Stone of the Pregnant Woman]] <ref>{{harvnb|Ruprechtsberger|1999|p=15}}</ref> |
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| Block in quarry |
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| {{Sort|100000.12|{{0|~}}1000.12}} |
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| |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|?}} |
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| [[Stone of the Pregnant Woman#Second monolith|Unnamed monolith]] <ref>{{harvnb|Ruprechtsberger|1999|p=17}}</ref> |
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| Block in quarry |
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| {{Sort|124200|{{0|~}}1242}} |
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| |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|?}} |
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| [[Stone of the Pregnant Woman#Third monolith|Unnamed monolith]] |
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| Block in quarry |
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| {{Sort|124200|{{0|~}}1650}} |
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| Biggest monolith in the world |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} |
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| Layer beneath [[Trilithon#Baalbek|Trilithon]] <ref name="Adam 1977, 52"/>/ |
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| Blocks, several |
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| {{Sort|035000|{{0|~}}[[Average|∅]]350}} |
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| Podium of Jupiter temple |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} |
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| [[Trilithon#Baalbek|Trilithon]] <ref name="Adam 1977, 52">{{cite journal|last = Adam |
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| first = Jean-Pierre |
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| title = À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes |
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| journal = Syria |
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| volume = 54 |
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| issue = 1/2 |
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| year = 1977 |
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| pages = 31–63 |
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| url = http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/syria_0039-7946_1977_num_54_1_6623 |
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| language = French |
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| doi=10.3406/syria.1977.6623 |
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}}</ref> |
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| Blocks, three |
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| {{Sort|080000|{{0|~}}[[Average|∅]]800}} |
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| Podium of Jupiter temple |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} |
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| [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]] |
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| [[Column|Column drum]], lower |
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| {{Sort|004850|{{0|~11}}48.5}} |
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| |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} |
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| [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]] |
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| [[Architrave]]-[[Frieze|frieze block]], central |
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| {{Sort|006300|{{0|~11}}63}} |
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| Lifted by [[Crane (machine)#Ancient Rome|cranes]] to height of 19 m<ref name="Coulton 1974, 16, 19">{{cite journal|last=Coulton |first=J.J. |title=Lifting in Early Greek Architecture |journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=Vol. 94 |date=1974 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} |
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| [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]] |
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| [[Cornice|Cornice block]], corner |
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| {{Sort|010800|{{0|~1}}108}} |
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| Lifted by [[Crane (machine)#Ancient Rome|cranes]] to height of 19 m<ref name="Coulton 1974, 16, 19"/> |
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|- |
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|} |
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[[File:Pano Baalbek 1.jpg|thumb|1100px|center|The "Great Court" of ancient Heliopolis's temple complex (seen from the [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]])]] |
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[[File:1865 Spruner Map Israel or Palestine post 70 AD.jpg|thumb|right|Roman Heliopolis and its surroundings in the third century]] |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Alouf, Michael. ''History of Baalbek'' Publisher American Press. Beirut, 1998 ([https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=qiyY1CKE9SIC&printsec=frontcover]) |
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* {{citation |last=Cook |first=Arthur Bernard |title=Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion |url=http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011 |volume=[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011 Vol. I: ''Zeus God of the Bright Sky''] |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1914 }}. |
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* Lohmann, Daniel (2010). ''Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis''. Bolletino di Archeologia [Bulletin of Archaeology], Special Volume, pp. 29–30. |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Ancient Rome|Lebanon}} |
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* [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)]] |
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* [[Temple of Bacchus]] |
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* [[Baalbeck]] |
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* [[Roman Berytus]] |
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* [[Roman Phoenicia]] |
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{{Roman colonies in ancient Levant}} |
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{{Archaeological sites in Lebanon}} |
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{{Roman Archaeological sites in Beirut & Lebanon}} |
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[[Category:Roman sites in Lebanon]] |
Revision as of 17:00, 24 May 2021
Heliopolis, fully "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" (Latin for the "Fortunate Julian Augustan Colony in the City of the Sun"), was a colony of the Roman Empire. It was also known as Heliopolis in Phoenicia to distinguish it from Heliopolis in Egypt. It was known to locals as Baalbek and it has since regained its historic name. Its ruins are a Unesco world heritage site[1]
History
Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name Heliopolis) formed part of the Diadochi kingdoms of Egypt & Syria. It was annexed by the Romans during their eastern wars. The Italic settlers of the Roman colony "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of Caesar but were more probably the veterans of two Roman Legions under Augustus, during which time it hosted a Roman garrison.
Indeed the veterans of two Roman legions were established in the city (and region) of Berytus by emperor Augustus: the fifth Macedonian and the third Gallic.,[2] and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus. The population was mainly local in the second century under Hadrian with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the caravans to the coast and interior.
During Classical Antiquity, the city's temple to Baʿal & Haddu was conflated first with the worship of the Greek sun god Helios[3] and then with the Greek and Roman sky god under the name "Heliopolitan Zeus" or "Jupiter". The present Temple of Jupiter presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation. The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern Borders of the Roman Empire: it took three centuries to create this colossal Roman paganism's temple complex, called Sanctuary of Heliopolis.[4]
Monoliths
Heliopolis contains some of the biggest monoliths of Classical Antiquity, inccuding the Baalbek Trilithon and the Stone of the Pregnant Woman:
Date | Building / Object | Monolith | Weight (in t) |
Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st–2nd c. | Stone of the Pregnant Woman [5] | Block in quarry | 1000.12 | |
? | Unnamed monolith [6] | Block in quarry | 1242 | |
? | Unnamed monolith | Block in quarry | 1650 | Biggest monolith in the world |
1st–2nd c. | Layer beneath Trilithon [7]/ | Blocks, several | ∅350 | Podium of Jupiter temple |
1st–2nd c. | Trilithon [7] | Blocks, three | ∅800 | Podium of Jupiter temple |
1st–2nd c. | Temple of Jupiter | Column drum, lower | 48.5 | |
1st–2nd c. | Temple of Jupiter | Architrave-frieze block, central | 63 | Lifted by cranes to height of 19 m[8] |
1st–2nd c. | Temple of Jupiter | Cornice block, corner | 108 | Lifted by cranes to height of 19 m[8] |
References
- ^ UNESCO: Heliopolis/Baalbeck
- ^ Roman Berytus: a colony of legionaries
- ^ Cook Arthur 550
- ^ Video-Panoramas of the Sanctuary temples at Discover Lebanon: Heliopolis temples
- ^ Ruprechtsberger 1999, p. 15
- ^ Ruprechtsberger 1999, p. 17
- ^ a b Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes". Syria (in French). 54 (1/2): 31–63. doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623.
- ^ a b Coulton, J.J. (1974). "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture". Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. 94.
{{cite journal}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help)
Bibliography
- Alouf, Michael. History of Baalbek Publisher American Press. Beirut, 1998 ([1])
- Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, vol. Vol. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
{{citation}}
: External link in
(help).|volume=
- Lohmann, Daniel (2010). Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis. Bolletino di Archeologia [Bulletin of Archaeology], Special Volume, pp. 29–30.