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==DSM-5 debate== |
==DSM-5 debate== |
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A 2008 [[Academic publication|research paper]] |
A 2008 [[Academic publication|research paper]] proposed that, based on [[penile plethysmograph]], [[sex offender]]s could be separated into groups by victim age preference.<ref name=Blanchard/> The paper concluded that the DSM-5 could better account for those data if it split DSM-IV-TR's diagnosis of pedophilia (attraction to children generally under 13) into pedophilia (attracted to prepubescent children, generally younger than 11) and hebephilia (attracted to early pubescent children, generally 11-14 years old). What DSM-IV called pedophilia would instead be termed "pedophebephilia." Clinical psychologist Joseph Plaud criticized the study for a variety of methodological issues including lacking a [[Scientific control|control group]]s of post-pubescent and normal patterns of male sexual arousal, overlap between groups Blanchard believed were separate, and lack of specificity in the data.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0}}</ref> The article also attracted criticism from [[sexologist]] [[Richard Green (sexologist)|Richard Green]],<ref name=green>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9602-7}}</ref> editor of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders#DSM-IV (1994)|DSM-IV]] [[Michael First]],<ref name=cpn>{{cite journal | last = Frieden | first = J | date = 2009-12-01 | accessdate = 2013-01-07 | url = http://psych.imng.com/fileadmin/content_pdf/cpn/archive_pdf/vol37iss12/70438_main.pdf | format = pdf | title = DSM-V work on paraphilias begins in earnest | journal = Clinical Psychiatry News | volume = 37 | issue = 12 | pages = 21 }}</ref> [[forensic psychology|forensic psychologist]] [[Karen Franklin]],<ref name="franklin">{{cite doi|10.1002/bsl.934}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1}}</ref> and physician [[Charles Allen Moser]],<ref name=moser>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8}}</ref> while psychologist [[William O'Donohue]] argue that the proposal does not go far enough.<ref name=Donohue>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5}}</ref> Blanchard replied to these concerns.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9427-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7}}</ref> The proposed criteria for DSM-5 involved an adult who, for six or more months, experienced sexual attraction to prepubescent or pubescent children that was equal to or greater than their attraction to adults, who also found the attraction distressing, used [[child pornography]] and/or sought sexual stimulation from a child. The adult must be at least 18 years of age and at least five years older than the child.<ref name = Wakefield>{{cite doi | 10.1007/s10615-011-0353-2}}</ref> |
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Professor of [[social work]] Jerome Wakefield described the inclusion as an inappropriate extension of the existing well-validated category of pedophilia, which would carry significant risk of [[Type I and type II errors#Type I error|false positives]], and ignored the large qualitative distinctions between prepubescent children and sexually mature pubescents. He summarized his discussion with the statement "it appears that the hebephilia proposal is one where criminality and social disapproval are being confused with mental disorder."<ref name = Wakefield/> |
Professor of [[social work]] Jerome Wakefield described the inclusion as an inappropriate extension of the existing well-validated category of pedophilia, which would carry significant risk of [[Type I and type II errors#Type I error|false positives]], and ignored the large qualitative distinctions between prepubescent children and sexually mature pubescents. He summarized his discussion with the statement "it appears that the hebephilia proposal is one where criminality and social disapproval are being confused with mental disorder."<ref name = Wakefield/> |
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The name is based on the Greek goddess and protector of youth [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], but in [[Ancient Greece]] also referred to the time before manhood in [[Athens]] (depending on the reference, the specific age could be 14, 16 or 18 years old). The [[suffix]] -philia is derived from -[[phil]]-, implying love or strong friendship.<ref>{{cite book | last = Powell | first = A | title = Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet: A Practical Guide to Identification, Action and Prevention | publisher = Radcliffe Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn = 1857757742 | pages = [http://books.google.ca/books?id=w2NFpGQciSQC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false 4-5] }}</ref> |
The name is based on the Greek goddess and protector of youth [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], but in [[Ancient Greece]] also referred to the time before manhood in [[Athens]] (depending on the reference, the specific age could be 14, 16 or 18 years old). The [[suffix]] -philia is derived from -[[phil]]-, implying love or strong friendship.<ref>{{cite book | last = Powell | first = A | title = Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet: A Practical Guide to Identification, Action and Prevention | publisher = Radcliffe Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn = 1857757742 | pages = [http://books.google.ca/books?id=w2NFpGQciSQC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false 4-5] }}</ref> |
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According to |
In 1914, physician [[Kurt Boas]] described ''hebephilia'' as "an alleged form of female fetishism."<ref name="boas">Boas, Kurt (1914). Über Hebephilie, eine angebliche Form des weiblichen Fetischismus. ''Archiv für Kriminialanthropologie.'' Volume 61, 1–38</ref> According to psychologist [[Emanuel Hammer]] and psychiatrist [[Bernard Glueck, Jr.]], ''hebephilia'' was proposed by psychiatrist [[Paul K. Benedict]] "to describe sexual activity with adolescents of both sexes, as distinguished from pedophilia."<ref name="hammer">Hammer, Emmanuel F.; Glueck, Bernard C Jr (1955). Psychodynamic patterns in sex offender. ''Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Psychopathological Association''. 1955:157-68. PMID 13245805</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Glueck | first = BC | year = 1956 | title = Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955 | location = New York | publisher = [[New York State Department of Mental Hygiene]]/[[University of Minnesota]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite doi | 10.1007/BF01568731}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 07:20, 6 January 2013
Hebephilia is one of several types of chronophilia (a preference for a sexual partner who appears to be of a specific age), in this case a primary or exclusive sexual interest in pubescent individuals approximately 11–14 years old. Hebephilia differs from ephebophilia, which refers to the sexual preference for individuals in later adolescence,[1] and from pedophilia, which refers to the sexual preference for prepubescent children.[1] The onset of puberty varies from child to child, but, on average, girls begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11; boys at age 11 or 12.[2] While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals,[3] true hebephilia is characterized by a preference of pubescent rather than adult partners.
Ray Blanchard and a number of his colleagues from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health believe that hebephilia is a mental disorder and advocated for its inclusion in the DSM-5.[4] The proposed addition to the DSM V was criticized by Richard Green,[5] Allen Frances,[6] Michael First, an editor of the DSM-IV,[6][7] Karen Franklin,[8] Charles Allen Moser,[9] William O'Donohue,[10] and other mental health professionals.
Etiology
As with sexual preference in general, it is not known what causes someone to prefer a pubescent rather than an adult individual for sexual reasons. Researchers from the Toronto-based Centre for Addiction and Mental Health has conducted a series of studies on physical and psychological correlates of hebephilia, including height,[11] handedness,[12] intelligence quotient and failing a grade.[13] According to the researchers, the results support a neurodevelopmental etiology for hebephilia.
Prevalence
The prevalence of hebephilia within the general population is unknown. There is evidence suggesting that within clinical and correctional samples,[14][15] as well as anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children, there are more individuals with an erotic interest in pubescent rather than in prepubescent children.[16][17]
DSM-5 debate
A 2008 research paper proposed that, based on penile plethysmograph, sex offenders could be separated into groups by victim age preference.[4] The paper concluded that the DSM-5 could better account for those data if it split DSM-IV-TR's diagnosis of pedophilia (attraction to children generally under 13) into pedophilia (attracted to prepubescent children, generally younger than 11) and hebephilia (attracted to early pubescent children, generally 11-14 years old). What DSM-IV called pedophilia would instead be termed "pedophebephilia." Clinical psychologist Joseph Plaud criticized the study for a variety of methodological issues including lacking a control groups of post-pubescent and normal patterns of male sexual arousal, overlap between groups Blanchard believed were separate, and lack of specificity in the data.[18] The article also attracted criticism from sexologist Richard Green,[5] editor of the DSM-IV Michael First,[7] forensic psychologist Karen Franklin,[8][19][20] and physician Charles Allen Moser,[9] while psychologist William O'Donohue argue that the proposal does not go far enough.[10] Blanchard replied to these concerns.[21][22] The proposed criteria for DSM-5 involved an adult who, for six or more months, experienced sexual attraction to prepubescent or pubescent children that was equal to or greater than their attraction to adults, who also found the attraction distressing, used child pornography and/or sought sexual stimulation from a child. The adult must be at least 18 years of age and at least five years older than the child.[23]
Professor of social work Jerome Wakefield described the inclusion as an inappropriate extension of the existing well-validated category of pedophilia, which would carry significant risk of false positives, and ignored the large qualitative distinctions between prepubescent children and sexually mature pubescents. He summarized his discussion with the statement "it appears that the hebephilia proposal is one where criminality and social disapproval are being confused with mental disorder."[23]
During academic conferences for the American Association of Psychiatry and Law and International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, symbolic votes were taken regarding whether the DSM-V should include pedohebephilia, and in both cases an overwhelming majority voted against this.[24]
Etymology
The name is based on the Greek goddess and protector of youth Hebe, but in Ancient Greece also referred to the time before manhood in Athens (depending on the reference, the specific age could be 14, 16 or 18 years old). The suffix -philia is derived from -phil-, implying love or strong friendship.[25]
In 1914, physician Kurt Boas described hebephilia as "an alleged form of female fetishism."[26] According to psychologist Emanuel Hammer and psychiatrist Bernard Glueck, Jr., hebephilia was proposed by psychiatrist Paul K. Benedict "to describe sexual activity with adolescents of both sexes, as distinguished from pedophilia."[27][28][29]
See also
References
- ^ a b Krafft-Ebing, R (1924). Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct; a Medico-Forensic Study. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.
{{cite book}}
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instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 21389170 , please use {{cite journal}} with
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instead. - ^ a b Frieden, J (2009-12-01). "DSM-V work on paraphilias begins in earnest" (pdf). Clinical Psychiatry News. 37 (12): 21. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/bsl.934, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16010467, please use {{cite journal}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16708284, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 16708284
instead. - ^ Gebhard, PH (1965). Sex offenders: An analysis of types. New York: Harper & Row.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12071103 , please use {{cite journal}} with
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instead. - ^ Bernard, F (1975). "An enquiry among a group of pedophiles". The Journal of Sex Research. 11 (3): 242–255.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9427-9, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/s10615-011-0353-2, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ Franklin, K (2011). "Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias". Psychiatric Times. 27 (12). (subscription required)
- ^ Powell, A (2007). Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet: A Practical Guide to Identification, Action and Prevention. Radcliffe Publishing. pp. 4-5. ISBN 1857757742.
- ^ Boas, Kurt (1914). Über Hebephilie, eine angebliche Form des weiblichen Fetischismus. Archiv für Kriminialanthropologie. Volume 61, 1–38
- ^ Hammer, Emmanuel F.; Glueck, Bernard C Jr (1955). Psychodynamic patterns in sex offender. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American Psychopathological Association. 1955:157-68. PMID 13245805
- ^ Glueck, BC (1956). Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955. New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene/University of Minnesota.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/BF01568731, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1007/BF01568731
instead.
External links
- List of research articles on hebephilia maintained by James Cantor
- List of articles on the diagnostic controversy maintained by Karen Franklin