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There is evidence suggesting that within [[clinical psychology|clinical]] and [[Corrections|correctional]] samples,<ref>{{cite book | last = Gebhard | first = PH | coauthors = Gagnon JH; Pomeroy WB & Christenson CV | year = 1965 | title = Sex offenders: An analysis of types | location = New York | publisher = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid | 12071103 }}</ref> as well as anonymous [[Survey methodology|surveys]] of people sexually interested in children, there are more individuals with an erotic interest in pubescent rather than in prepubescent children.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bernard | first = F | year = 1975 | title= An enquiry among a group of pedophiles | journal = The Journal of Sex Research | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 242–255 | url = http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3811479?uid=3739448&uid=2&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21101622290137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite doi | 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X}}</ref> |
There is evidence suggesting that within [[clinical psychology|clinical]] and [[Corrections|correctional]] samples,<ref>{{cite book | last = Gebhard | first = PH | coauthors = Gagnon JH; Pomeroy WB & Christenson CV | year = 1965 | title = Sex offenders: An analysis of types | location = New York | publisher = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid | 12071103 }}</ref> as well as anonymous [[Survey methodology|surveys]] of people sexually interested in children, there are more individuals with an erotic interest in pubescent rather than in prepubescent children.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bernard | first = F | year = 1975 | title= An enquiry among a group of pedophiles | journal = The Journal of Sex Research | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 242–255 | url = http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3811479?uid=3739448&uid=2&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21101622290137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite doi | 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X}}</ref> |
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==DSM-5== |
==Attempt to include in the DSM-5== |
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A 2008 an [[Academic publication|academic paper]] proposed including hebephilia in the [[DSM-5]], to distinguish between attraction to prepubescent children (pedophilia, identified as attracted to children younger than 11 years old), pubescent children (the novel category of hebephilia, based on attraction to children between 11 and 14 years old), and individuals attracted to both (a novel classification termed pedophebophiles). The paper suggested that, based on [[penile plethysmograph]], [[sex offender]]s could be separated into groups by victim age preference.<ref name=Blanchard/> Clinical psychologist Joseph Plaud criticized the study for a variety of methodological issues including lacking a [[Scientific control|control group]]s of post-pubescent and normal patterns of male sexual arousal, overlap between groups Blanchard believed were separate, and lack of specificity in the data.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0}}</ref> The article also attracted criticism from [[sexologist]] [[Richard Green (sexologist)|Richard Green]],<ref name=green>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9602-7}}</ref> editor of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders#DSM-IV (1994)|DSM-IV]] [[Michael First]],<ref name=cpn>{{cite journal | last = Frieden | first = J | date = 2009-12-01 | accessdate = 2013-01-07 | url = http://psych.imng.com/fileadmin/content_pdf/cpn/archive_pdf/vol37iss12/70438_main.pdf | format = pdf | title = DSM-V work on paraphilias begins in earnest | journal = Clinical Psychiatry News | volume = 37 | issue = 12 | pages = 21 }}</ref> [[forensic psychology|forensic psychologist]] [[Karen Franklin]],<ref name="franklin">{{cite doi|10.1002/bsl.934}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1}}</ref> and physician [[Charles Allen Moser]],<ref name=moser>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8}}</ref> while psychologist [[William O'Donohue]] argue that the proposal does not go far enough.<ref name=Donohue>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5}}</ref> Blanchard replied to these concerns.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9427-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7}}</ref> |
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During [[academic conference]]s for the American Association of Psychiatry and Law and International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, symbolic votes were taken regarding whether the DSM-V should include pedohebephilia, and in both cases an overwhelming majority voted against this.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Franklin | first = K | year = 2011 | title = Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias | url = http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/1773113 | journal = Psychiatric Times | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | authorlink = Karen Franklin }} {{subscription required}}</ref> |
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The proposed DSM-5 replacement for the pedophilia diagnosis, called [[pedohebophilic disorder]], largely reflected the proposal of Blanchard and his colleagues.<ref name=dsm5>http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=186</ref> The naming of the new disorder also reflects the more general distinction proposed between [[paraphilia]] and [[paraphilic disorder]] in DSM-5.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} |
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At the annual meeting of the American Association of Psychiatry and Law (AAPL) a group of forensic psychiatrists working with sex offenders made a symbolic vote on the inclusion of Pedohebephilia in DSM-5, with 2 votes for and 31 against. At the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders meeting in Oslo another vote was made with 1 vote for and 100 against.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Franklin | first = K | year = 2011 | title = Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias | url = http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/1773113 | journal = Psychiatric Times | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | authorlink = Karen Franklin }} {{subscription required}}</ref> The proposed addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 diagnostic codes and appendix was rejected by the American Psychiatric Association board of trustees due to a large degree of opposition to the proposed new diagnosis and concerns about its scientific validity. The AMA board of trustees apparently had to step in due to a small group of psychologists digging their heels in and not accepting the opinions of the wider community of mental health professionals.<ref name=prnsdhebephilia>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/witness/201212/psychiatry-rejects-novel-sexual-disorder-hebephilia |title=Psychiatry Rejects Novel Sexual Disorder "Hebephilia" |author=Karen Franklin |authorlink=Karen Franklin |date= December 2, 2012|accessdate=December 6, 2012 |publisher=''[[Psychology Today]]''|location=USA }}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
Revision as of 00:54, 6 January 2013
Hebephilia is one of several types of chronophilia (a preference for a sexual partner who appears to be of a specific age), in this case a primary or exclusive sexual interest in pubescent individuals approximately 11–14 years old. Hebephilia differs from ephebophilia, which refers to the sexual preference for individuals in later adolescence,[1] and from pedophilia, which refers to the sexual preference for prepubescent children.[1] The onset of puberty varies from child to child, but, on average, girls begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11; boys at age 11 or 12.[2] While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals,[3] true hebephilia is characterized by a preference of pubescent rather than adult partners. The term was introduced by Bernard Glueck in 1956,[4] who later credited it, without citation, to Paul Benedict.[5]
Ray Blanchard and a number of his colleagues from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health believe that hebephilia is a mental disorder and advocated for its inclusion in the DSM-5.[6] The proposed addition to the DSM V was criticized by Richard Green,[7] Allen Frances,[8] Michael First, an editor of the DSM-IV,[8][9] Karen Franklin,[10] Charles Allen Moser,[11] William O'Donohue,[12] and other mental health professionals.
Etiology
As with sexual preference in general, it is not known what causes someone to prefer a pubescent rather than an adult individual for sexual reasons.
Researchers from the Toronto-based Centre for Addiction and Mental Health has conducted a series of studies on physical and psychological correlates of hebephilia, including height,[13] handedness,[14] intelligence quotient and failing a grade.[15] According to the researchers, the results support a neurodevelopmental etiology for hebephilia.
Prevalence
The prevalence of hebephilia within the general population is unknown.
There is evidence suggesting that within clinical and correctional samples,[16][17] as well as anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children, there are more individuals with an erotic interest in pubescent rather than in prepubescent children.[18][19]
Attempt to include in the DSM-5
A 2008 an academic paper proposed including hebephilia in the DSM-5, to distinguish between attraction to prepubescent children (pedophilia, identified as attracted to children younger than 11 years old), pubescent children (the novel category of hebephilia, based on attraction to children between 11 and 14 years old), and individuals attracted to both (a novel classification termed pedophebophiles). The paper suggested that, based on penile plethysmograph, sex offenders could be separated into groups by victim age preference.[6] Clinical psychologist Joseph Plaud criticized the study for a variety of methodological issues including lacking a control groups of post-pubescent and normal patterns of male sexual arousal, overlap between groups Blanchard believed were separate, and lack of specificity in the data.[20] The article also attracted criticism from sexologist Richard Green,[7] editor of the DSM-IV Michael First,[9] forensic psychologist Karen Franklin,[10][21][22] and physician Charles Allen Moser,[11] while psychologist William O'Donohue argue that the proposal does not go far enough.[12] Blanchard replied to these concerns.[23][24]
During academic conferences for the American Association of Psychiatry and Law and International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders, symbolic votes were taken regarding whether the DSM-V should include pedohebephilia, and in both cases an overwhelming majority voted against this.[25]
Etymology
The name is based on the Greek goddess and protector of youth Hebe, but in Ancient Greece also referred to the time before manhood in Athens (depending on the reference, the specific age could be 14, 16 or 18 years old). The suffix -philia is derived from -phil-, implying love or strong friendship.[26]
See also
References
- ^ a b Krafft-Ebing, R (1924). Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct; a Medico-Forensic Study. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kail, RV (2010). Human Development: A Lifespan View (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 296. ISBN 0495600377.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 4714830 , please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 4714830
instead. - ^ Glueck, BC (1956). Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955. New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene/University of Minnesota.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/BF01568731 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1007/BF01568731
instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9602-7, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9602-7
instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 21389170 , please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 21389170
instead. - ^ a b Frieden, J (2009-12-01). "DSM-V work on paraphilias begins in earnest" (pdf). Clinical Psychiatry News. 37 (12): 21. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/bsl.934, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1002/bsl.934
instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8
instead. - ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16010467, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 16010467
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16708284, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 16708284
instead. - ^ Gebhard, PH (1965). Sex offenders: An analysis of types. New York: Harper & Row.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12071103 , please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid= 12071103
instead. - ^ Bernard, F (1975). "An enquiry among a group of pedophiles". The Journal of Sex Research. 11 (3): 242–255.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi= 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9427-9, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9427-9
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7
instead. - ^ Franklin, K (2011). "Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias". Psychiatric Times. 27 (12). (subscription required)
- ^ Powell, A (2007). Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet: A Practical Guide to Identification, Action and Prevention. Radcliffe Publishing. pp. 4-5. ISBN 1857757742.
External links
- List of research articles on hebephilia maintained by James Cantor
- List of articles on the diagnostic controversy maintained by Karen Franklin