→Semi-automatic pistols: added info taken from S&W 59, Beretta 92, VP70, Glock, FN57 pages Tag: nowiki added |
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The '''[[Remington Model 95]]''' derringer was one of the first metallic cartridge handguns. Small and easy to use, Remington manufactured more than 150,000 of these over-under double-barreled derringers from 1866 until the end of their production in 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2014/3/24/remington-41-double-derringer/ |title=Remington .41 Double Derringer |date= March 24, 2014 |publisher= ''American Rifleman'' |accessdate=2017-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Marcot2005">{{cite book|last=Marcot|first=Roy M.|title=The History of Remington Firearms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAmkAvoUKIEC&pg=PA32|year=2005|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-690-4|page=32}}</ref> The [[Remington Model 95|Remington]] derringer doubled the capacity of older single-shot percussion handguns designed by [[Henry Deringer]], while maintaining a compact size. The Remington Model 95 has achieved such widespread popularity, that it has completely overshadowed it's predecessors, becoming synonymous with the word "derringer". The Model 95 was made only in [[.41 rimfire]]. Its barrels pivoted upwards to reload and a cam on the hammer alternated between top and bottom barrels. The .41 Short bullet moved very slowly, at about {{convert|425|ft/s|m/s}}, around half the speed of a modern [[.45 ACP]]. It could be seen in flight, but at very close range, such as at a [[casino]] or [[bar (establishment)|saloon]] card table, it could easily kill. There were four models with several variations. The Remington derringer design is still being made; in a variety of calibers from [[.22 long rifle]] to [[.45 Long Colt]], by several manufacturers.<ref name="Ramage2008">{{cite book|last=Ramage|first=Ken|title=Gun Digest 2009: The World's Greatest Gun Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ft0GxbxMw6IC&pg=PA308|date=5 August 2008|publisher=F+W Media, Inc|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=0-89689-647-1|page=308}}</ref> The current production of derringers are used by [[Cowboy Action Shooting]] reenactors as well as a concealed-carry weapon. |
The '''[[Remington Model 95]]''' derringer was one of the first metallic cartridge handguns. Small and easy to use, Remington manufactured more than 150,000 of these over-under double-barreled derringers from 1866 until the end of their production in 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2014/3/24/remington-41-double-derringer/ |title=Remington .41 Double Derringer |date= March 24, 2014 |publisher= ''American Rifleman'' |accessdate=2017-07-22}}</ref><ref name="Marcot2005">{{cite book|last=Marcot|first=Roy M.|title=The History of Remington Firearms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAmkAvoUKIEC&pg=PA32|year=2005|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-690-4|page=32}}</ref> The [[Remington Model 95|Remington]] derringer doubled the capacity of older single-shot percussion handguns designed by [[Henry Deringer]], while maintaining a compact size. The Remington Model 95 has achieved such widespread popularity, that it has completely overshadowed it's predecessors, becoming synonymous with the word "derringer". The Model 95 was made only in [[.41 rimfire]]. Its barrels pivoted upwards to reload and a cam on the hammer alternated between top and bottom barrels. The .41 Short bullet moved very slowly, at about {{convert|425|ft/s|m/s}}, around half the speed of a modern [[.45 ACP]]. It could be seen in flight, but at very close range, such as at a [[casino]] or [[bar (establishment)|saloon]] card table, it could easily kill. There were four models with several variations. The Remington derringer design is still being made; in a variety of calibers from [[.22 long rifle]] to [[.45 Long Colt]], by several manufacturers.<ref name="Ramage2008">{{cite book|last=Ramage|first=Ken|title=Gun Digest 2009: The World's Greatest Gun Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ft0GxbxMw6IC&pg=PA308|date=5 August 2008|publisher=F+W Media, Inc|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=0-89689-647-1|page=308}}</ref> The current production of derringers are used by [[Cowboy Action Shooting]] reenactors as well as a concealed-carry weapon. |
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===Semi-automatic pistols=== |
<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>===Semi-automatic pistols=== |
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{{main article|Semi-automatic pistol}} |
{{main article|Semi-automatic pistol}} |
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[[File:Mauser C96 7,63 (6971794467).jpg|thumb|left|Mauser C96 "Broomhandle", the first mass-produced and commercially successful semi-automatic pistol]] |
[[File:Mauser C96 7,63 (6971794467).jpg|thumb|left|Mauser C96 "Broomhandle", the first mass-produced and commercially successful semi-automatic pistol]] |
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[[File:Browning High-Power 9mm IMG 1526.jpg|thumb|left|[[Browning High-Power]] semi-automatic pistol]] |
[[File:Browning High-Power 9mm IMG 1526.jpg|thumb|left|[[Browning High-Power]] semi-automatic pistol]] |
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The '''[[Browning Hi Power]]''' is a [[Trigger (firearms)#Single-action|single-action]], [[semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] handgun available in [[9mm]]. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor [[John Browning]], and completed by [[Dieudonné Saive]] at ''[[Fabrique Nationale de Herstal|Fabrique Nationale]]'' (FN) of [[Herstal]], Belgium. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history,<ref name="arnolddw">{{cite web |url=http://www.handgunsmag.com/2010/09/24/featured_handguns_browning_hi_power/ |title=Classic Handguns of the 20th Century: The Browning HI-Power |author=Arnold, David W. |publisher=Handguns Magazine |date=2010-09-24 |accessdate=2010-01-19}}</ref> having been used by the armed forces of over 50 countries.<ref name="miller2001">Miller, David (2001). ''The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns''. Salamander Books Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84065-245-4}}.</ref> The Hi Power name alludes to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of contemporary designs such as the [[Luger P08 pistol|Luger]] or [[M1911 pistol|Colt M1911]]. The Browning was one of the first pistols to use high capacity, detachable magazines. |
The '''[[Browning Hi Power]]''' is a [[Trigger (firearms)#Single-action|single-action]], [[semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] handgun available in [[9mm]]. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor [[John Browning]], and completed by [[Dieudonné Saive]] at ''[[Fabrique Nationale de Herstal|Fabrique Nationale]]'' (FN) of [[Herstal]], Belgium. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history,<ref name="arnolddw">{{cite web |url=http://www.handgunsmag.com/2010/09/24/featured_handguns_browning_hi_power/ |title=Classic Handguns of the 20th Century: The Browning HI-Power |author=Arnold, David W. |publisher=Handguns Magazine |date=2010-09-24 |accessdate=2010-01-19}}</ref> having been used by the armed forces of over 50 countries.<ref name="miller2001">Miller, David (2001). ''The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns''. Salamander Books Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84065-245-4}}.</ref> The Hi Power name alludes to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of contemporary designs such as the [[Luger P08 pistol|Luger]] or [[M1911 pistol|Colt M1911]]. The Browning was one of the first pistols to use high capacity, detachable magazines. |
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[[File:Vp70z.jpg|thumb|Heckler & Koch VP70]] |
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The '''[[Heckler & Koch VP70]]''' was introduced in 1970, it's a 19-round, [[9×19mm]],[[Blowback (arms)|blowback-operated]], [[trigger (firearms)|double-action]] only, [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]]/three-round burst capable [[polymer]] frame [[pistol]] manufactured by German arms firm [[Heckler & Koch|Heckler & Koch GmbH]]. The VP70 was a revolutionary pistol and introduced the polymer frame pistol, predating the [[Glock]] by 12 years. It was the first double-action only semi-automatic pistol to use a high-capacity 18-round magazine, twice as many bullets as its single-column magazine designs of the era and 5 more rounds than the Browning Hi-Power. One unique feature of this weapon involved the combination stock/holster for the military version of the VP70. The stock incorporates a selector switch that, when mounted, allows selective fire. Cyclic rate of fire for the three-round burst is 2200 rounds per minute. When not mounted, the stock acts as a holster. The VP70 uses a spring-loaded striker like a Glock, instead of a conventional firing pin. It is double action only so the trigger pull is relatively heavy. In lieu of a blade front sight, the VP70 uses a polished ramp with a central notch in the middle to provide the illusion of a dark front post. Contrary to a common misconception, the VP70 does indeed have a manual safety. It is the circular button located immediately behind the trigger and is a common crossblock safety. VP stands for '''''Volkspistole'''''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kersten |first1= Manfred |last2=Schmid |first2=Walter|date=1999 |title=HK- Die Offizielle Geschichte der Oberndorfer Firma Heckler & Koch |trans-title=The Official History of the Oberndorf Firm Heckler & Koch |language=German |publisher=Weispfennig |isbn=978-3000050916}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= David Higginbotham |url=http://www.guns.com/2012/08/28/the-hk-vp70-the-first-polymer-framed-pistol/ |title=The HK VP70 The First Polymer Framed Pistol |publisher=Guns.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-10 |quote=HK says the VP [...] means Volks Pistole or People’s Pistol [...] This is where another (erroneous) name for the pistol comes from. Vollautomatische Pistole.}}</ref><ref name="Lewis2007">{{cite book |author=Jack Lewis |year=2007 |title=The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyF_GKQdPXgC&pg=PA250 |edition=7th |location=Iola, Wis. |publisher=Gun Digest Books |isbn=978-1-4402-2652-6 |page=250 |quote=Around 1970, Heckler & Koch developed the selective-fire VP70 (VolksPistole: People's Pistol) with the reported hope that it would be chosen to arm village militias in Vietnam.}}</ref> (literally "People's Pistol"), and the designation 70 was for the first year of production: 1970. |
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[[File:Smith & Wesson pistooli Rajamuseo.JPG|thumb|left|S&W Model 59]] |
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The '''[[Smith & Wesson Model 59]]''' was a [[semi-automatic pistol]] introduced in 1971. It was the first standard [[Trigger (firearms)|double-action]] pistol to use a high-capacity 14-round capacity staggered-magazine. The Model 59 went on the market in 1971.<ref name=Trzoniec/><ref name=Hartink/> It went out of production a decade later in 1980 when the improved second generation series was introduced (the Model 459). The Model 59 was manufactured in [[9×19mm Parabellum]] caliber with a wider anodized aluminum frame (to accommodate a double-stack magazine), a straight backstrap, a magazine disconnect (the pistol will not fire unless a magazine is in place), and a blued carbon steel slide that carries the manual safety. The grip is of three pieces made of two nylon plastic panels joined by a metal backstrap. It uses a magazine release located to the rear of the trigger guard, similar to the [[M1911 Colt pistol|M1911A1]]. |
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[[File:Beretta 92 FS.gif|thumb|Beretta 92 FS]] |
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The '''[[Beretta 92]]''' is a [[semi-automatic pistol]] introduced in 1975 it was evolved from earlier [[Beretta M1951|M1951]]. It has an open [[Pistol Slide|slide]] design, an alloy [[Receiver (firearms)|frame]] and locking block [[gun barrel|barrel]], originally from [[Walther P38]], were first used in the M1951. The grip angle and the front sight integrated with the slide were also common to earlier Beretta pistols. What were perhaps the Model 92's two most important advanced design features had first appeared on its immediate predecessor, the 1974 .380 caliber [[Beretta Cheetah|Model 84]]. These improvements both involved the magazine, which featured direct feed; that is, there was no feed ramp between the magazine and the chamber (a Beretta innovation in pistols). In addition, the magazine was a 15 round "double-stacked" design. The [[United States Armed Forces|United States' military]] replaced the [[M1911A1]] [[.45 ACP]] pistol in 1985 with the Beretta 92FS, designated as the [[Beretta M9|'''M9''']]. |
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[[File:Glock17.jpg|thumb|left|An early "third generation" Glock 17 (full-size pistol chambered for 9x19mm Parabellum), identified by the addition of thumb rests, an accessory rail, finger grooves on the front strap of the pistol grip and a single cross pin above the trigger.]] |
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The '''[[Glock 17]]''', is an 18-round, [[polymer]]-[[Receiver (firearms)|framed]], [[Recoil operation#Short recoil operation|short recoil]]-operated, locked-breech [[semi-automatic pistol]]s designed and produced by [[Glock Ges.m.b.H.]], located in [[Deutsch-Wagram]], Austria. It entered [[Austrian Armed Forces|Austrian military]] and [[Federal Police (Austria)|police]] service by 1982 after it was the top performer on an exhaustive series of reliability and safety tests.<ref name="Kasler_2"/> Despite initial resistance from the market to accept a perceived "plastic gun" due to unfounded durability and reliability concerns and fears that its use of a polymer frame might circumvent [[Metal detector#Security screening|metal detector]]s in airports, Glock pistols have become the company's most profitable line of products, commanding 65% of the market share of handguns for [[United States law enforcement]] agencies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.glock.com/products/sector/law-enforcement|title=GLOCK Police and Law Enforcement Firearms {{!}} Police Pistols {{!}} GLOCK USA|website=us.glock.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> as well as supplying numerous national armed forces, security agencies, and police forces in at least 48 countries.<ref name="Sweeney 2008">{{cite book |title=The Gun Digest Book of the Glock |edition= 2nd |last=Sweeney |first=Patrick |year=2008 |publisher=Krause Publications |location=Iola, WI |isbn=0896896420}}</ref> Glocks are also popular firearms among civilians for recreational and competition shooting, home and self-defense, and [[concealed carry]] or [[open carry]].<ref>Glock: The Rise of America's Gun by Paul M. Barret</ref> |
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[[File:FN5701.jpg|thumb|All-black FN Five-seveN USG pistol surrounded by twenty FN 5.7×28mm cartridges—the contents of a standard magazine.]] |
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The '''[[FN Five-seven]]''', is a 21-round, [[Semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]] [[pistol]] designed and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale d’Armes de Guerre-Herstal ([[FN Herstal]]) in Belgium.<ref name="ownersmanual2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.fnhusa.com/index.php/download_file/view/873 |title=FNH USA Five-seveN Autoloading Pistol Owner's Manual |publisher=[[FNH USA]] |year=2009 |accessdate=August 31, 2012}}</ref> The Five-seven pistol was introduced in 1998.<ref name="hogg2002">{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Hogg |year=2002 |title=Jane's Guns Recognition Guide |series=Jane's Recognition Guides |publisher=Jane's Information Group and Collins Press |location=Glasgow |isbn=978-0-00-712760-3}}</ref> It was developed in conjunction with the [[FN P90]] [[personal defense weapon]] and the [[FN 5.7×28mm]] cartridge.<ref name="arsmechanica">{{cite book |editor1-first=Auguste |editor1-last=Francotte |editor2-first=Gaier |editor2-last=Claude |editor3-first=Karlshausen |editor3-last=Robert |title=Ars Mechanica – The Ultimate FN Book |date=January 2008 |publisher=Herstal Group |location=Vottem |isbn=978-2-87415-877-3}}</ref> Developed as a companion pistol to the P90, the Five-seven shares many of its design features: it is a lightweight [[polymer]]-based weapon with a large [[Magazine (firearms)|magazine]] capacity, [[ambidextrous]] controls, low [[recoil]], and the ability to penetrate [[ballistic vest|body armor]] when using certain cartridge types.<ref name="bahde2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.tactical-life.com/online/combat-handguns/fnh-five-seven-odg-57x28mm |title=FNH Five-seveN ODG 5.7×28mm |author=Bahde, Dave |work=Combat Handguns |date=November 2009 |accessdate=November 28, 2009}}</ref> The Five-seven is currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations, including Canada, France, Greece, India, Poland, Spain, and the United States.<ref name="milrev">Tirans, Ivars (2009). "Baltic Defence Research and Technology 2009 Conference Proceedings". Military Review: Scientific Journal for Security and Defence ({{ISSN|1407-1746}}), Nr. 3/4 (132/133), p 103.</ref><!--NOTE: See the Users section of this article for additional references for each individual country.--> In the United States, the Five-seven is in use with numerous law enforcement agencies, including the [[U.S. Secret Service]].<ref name="jbwood"/><ref name="jones2009">{{cite book |editor1-first=Richard D. |editor1-last=Jones |editor2-first=Leland S. |editor2-last=Ness |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 |date=January 27, 2009 |edition=35th |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon |isbn=978-0-7106-2869-5}}</ref> In the years since the pistol's introduction to the civilian market in the United States, it has also become increasingly popular with civilian shooters.<ref name="grevillius2006">Grevillius, Nils (September 11, 2006). "One Hot Number". [[Guns & Ammo]], '''Vol. 50''' (No. 10): pp 48-53.</ref> |
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===Machine pistols=== |
===Machine pistols=== |
Revision as of 19:42, 9 January 2018
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/M%26Prevolver.jpg/220px-M%26Prevolver.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Glock_17_2nd_Gen.jpg/220px-Glock_17_2nd_Gen.jpg)
A handgun is a firearm designed to be fired with only one hand. The two most common handgun sub-types are the revolvers and semi-automatic pistols.
In the days before mass production, handguns were often considered a badge of office, much the same a sword. As they had limited utility and were more expensive than the long-guns of the era, handguns were carried only by the very few who could afford to purchase them. However, when Samuel Colt patented the Colt Paterson, the first practical mass produced revolver in 1836, they very quickly became popular defensive weapons. Giving rise to the saying "God created men, but Colt made them equal."[1][2] Today, in most of the world, handguns are generally considered self-defense weapons used primarily by police and military officers. However, in the United States, handguns are also widely available to civilians and commonly carried for self-defense.
History
Hand cannon
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/220px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg)
Firearms first appeared in China where gunpowder was first developed. The oldest known bronze barrel handgun is the Heilongjiang hand cannon, dated to 1288.[3] It's 34 centimeters (13.4 inches) long without a handle and weighs 3.55 kg (7.83 pounds). The diameter of the interior at the end of the barrel is 2.6 cm (1.0 inches).[4] The barrel is the lengthiest part of the hand cannon and is 6.9 inches long.[5]
The hand cannon has a bulbous base at the breech called the yaoshi (藥室) or gunpowder chamber, where the explosion that propels the projectile occurs.[6][7] The diameter of the Heilongjiang hand-gun's powder chamber is 6.6 cm (2.6 inches).[8] The walls of the powder chamber are noticeably thicker to better withstand the explosive pressure of the gunpowder.[7] The powder chamber also has a touch hole, a small hole for the fuse that ignites the gunpowder.[9] Behind the gunpowder chamber is a socket shaped like a trumpet where the handle of the hand cannon is inserted.[5] The bulbous shape of the base gave the earliest Chinese and Western cannons a vase-like or pear-like appearance, which gradually disappeared when advancements in metallurgical technology made the bulbous base obsolete.[10]
Matchlock
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PS8004046.jpg/220px-PS8004046.jpg)
The matchlock appeared in Europe in the mid-15th century.[11] The matchlock was the first mechanism invented to facilitate the firing of a hand-held firearm. The classic European matchlock gun held a burning slow match in a clamp at the end of a small curved lever known as the serpentine. Upon the pulling of a lever (or in later models a trigger) protruding from the bottom of the gun and connected to the serpentine, the clamp dropped down, lowering the smoldering match into the flash pan and igniting the priming powder. The flash from the primer traveled through the touch hole igniting the main charge of propellant in the gun barrel. On release of the lever or trigger, the spring-loaded serpentine would move in reverse to clear the pan. For obvious safety reasons the match would be removed before reloading of the gun. Both ends of the match were usually kept alight in case one end should be accidentally extinguished.
Wheellock
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wheellock_pistol_or_%27Puffer%27.jpg/220px-Wheellock_pistol_or_%27Puffer%27.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Wheellock_mechanism.jpg/220px-Wheellock_mechanism.jpg)
The wheellock was the next major development in firearms technology after the matchlock and the first self-igniting firearm. Its name is from its rotating steel wheel to provide ignition. Developed in Europe around 1500, it was used alongside the matchlock.
The wheellock works by spinning a spring-loaded steel wheel against a piece of pyrite to generate intense sparks, which ignite gunpowder in a pan, which flashes through a small touchhole to ignite the main charge in the firearm's barrel. The pyrite is clamped in vise jaws on a spring-loaded arm (or 'dog'), which rests on the pan cover. When the trigger is pulled, the pan cover is opened, and the wheel is rotated, with the pyrite pressed into contact.
A close modern analogy of the wheellock mechanism is the operation of a cigarette lighter, where a toothed steel wheel is spun in contact with a piece of sparking material to ignite the liquid or gaseous fuel.
A wheellock firearm had the advantage that it can be instantly readied and fired even with one hand, in contrast to the then-common matchlock firearms, which must have a burning cord of slow match ready if the gun might be needed and demanded the operator's full attention and two hands to operate. On the other hand, wheellock mechanisms were complex to make, making them relatively costly.
Flintlock
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ketland1.jpg/220px-Ketland1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Flintlock_ignition_movie.gif)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pistolet-IMG_3196-b.jpg/220px-Pistolet-IMG_3196-b.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Billing%2C_flintl%C3%A5spistol%2C_1700-1730_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_90774.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Billing%2C_flintl%C3%A5spistol%2C_1700-1730_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_90774.tif.jpg)
A flintlock is a general term for any firearm that uses a flint striking ignition mechanism. The term may also apply to a particular form of the mechanism itself, that was introduced in the early 17th century, and rapidly replaced earlier firearm-ignition technologies, such as the matchlock and the wheellock.
Flintlock pistols were used as self-defense weapons and as a military arm. Their effective range was short, and they were frequently used as an adjunct to a sword or cutlass. Pistols were usually smoothbore although some rifled pistols were produced.
Flintlock pistols came in a variety of sizes and styles which often overlap and are not well defined, many of the names we use having been applied by collectors and dealers long after the pistols were obsolete. The smallest were less than 6 inches (15 cm) long and the largest were over 20 inches (51 cm). From around the beginning of the 1700s the larger pistols got shorter, so that by the late 1700s the largest would be more like 16 inches (41 cm) long. The smallest would fit into a typical pocket or a hand warming muff and could easily be carried by women.
The largest sizes would be carried in holsters across a horse's back just ahead of the saddle. In-between sizes included the coat pocket pistol, or coat pistol, which would fit into a large pocket, the coach pistol, meant to be carried on or under the seat of a coach in a bag or box, and belt pistols, sometimes equipped with a hook designed to slip over a belt or waistband. Larger pistols were called horse pistols. Arguably the most elegant of the pistol designs was the Queen Anne pistol, which was made in all sizes.
Probably the high point of the mechanical development of the flintlock pistol was the British duelling pistol; it was highly reliable, water resistant and accurate. External decoration was minimal but craftsmanship was evident, and the internal works were often finished to a higher degree of craftsmanship than the exterior. Dueling pistols were the size of the horse pistols of the late 1700s, around 16 inches (41 cm) long and were usually sold in pairs along with accessories in a wooden case with compartments for each piece.
Caplock mechanism
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pistole_1842.jpg/220px-Pistole_1842.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Caplock.gif/220px-Caplock.gif)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pistolet_marine_1837-IMG_6935.jpg/220px-Pistolet_marine_1837-IMG_6935.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pistol_img_3011.jpg/220px-Pistol_img_3011.jpg)
The caplock mechanism or percussion lock was developed in the early 19th century and succeed the flintlock mechanism in firearm technology, and used a percussion cap struck by the hammer to set off the main charge, rather than using a piece of flint to strike a steel frizzen.
The rudimentary percussion system was developed by Rev. Alexander John Forsyth as a solution to the problem that birds would startle when smoke puffed from the powder pan of his flintlock shotgun, giving them sufficient warning to escape the shot.[12] His invention of a fulminate-primed firing mechanism deprived the birds of their early warning system, both by avoiding the initial puff of smoke from the flintlock powder pan, as well as shortening the interval between the trigger pull and the shot leaving the muzzle. Forsyth patented his ignition system in 1807. However, it was not until after Forsyth's patents expired that the conventional percussion cap system was developed.
The caplock offered many improvements over the flintlock. The caplock was easier to load, more resistant to weather, and was much more reliable than the flintlock. Many older flintlock weapons were later converted into caplocks so that they could take advantage of this increased reliability.[12]
The caplock mechanism consists of a hammer, similar to the hammer used in a flintlock, and a nipple (sometimes referred to as a "cone"), which holds a small percussion cap. The nipple contains a tube which goes into the barrel. The percussion cap contains a chemical compound called mercuric fulminate or fulminate of mercury, whose chemical formula is Hg(ONC)2.[12] It is made from mercury, nitric acid and alcohol. When the trigger releases the hammer, it strikes the cap, causing the mercuric fulminate to explode. The flames from this explosion travel down the tube in the nipple and enter the barrel, where they ignite the main powder charge.[12]
Revolvers
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Colt_Paterson_Belt_2nd_Model.jpg/220px-Colt_Paterson_Belt_2nd_Model.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Colt_Paterson_5th_Model.jpg/220px-Colt_Paterson_5th_Model.jpg)
In 1836, Samuel Colt patented the Colt Paterson, the first practical mass produced revolver. It uses a revolving cylinder with multiple chambers aligned with a single, stationary barrel. Initially this 5-shot revolver was produced in .28 caliber, with a .36 caliber model following a year later. As originally designed and produced, no loading lever was included with the revolver; a user had to disassemble the revolver partially to re-load it. Starting in 1839, however, a reloading lever and a capping window were incorporated into the design, allowing reloading without requiring partial disassembly of the revolver. This loading lever and capping window design change was also incorporated after the fact into most Colt Paterson revolvers that had been produced from 1836 until 1839.[13] Unlike later revolvers, a folding trigger was incorporated into the Colt Paterson. The trigger only became visible upon cocking the hammer.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_1%2C_2nd_Issue.jpg/220px-Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_1%2C_2nd_Issue.jpg)
The Smith & Wesson Model 1 was the first firearm manufactured by Smith & Wesson, with production spanning the years 1857 through 1882. It was the first commercially successful revolver to use rimfire cartridges instead of loose powder, musket ball, and percussion caps. It is a single-action, tip-up revolver holding seven .22 Short black powder cartridges.[14]
The Colt Single Action Army, also known as the Single Action Army, SAA, Model P, Peacemaker, M1873, and Colt .45 is a single-action revolver with a revolving cylinder holding six metallic cartridges. It was designed for the U.S. government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company — today's Colt's Manufacturing Company — and was adopted as the standard military service revolver until 1892.
The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873. Colt has discontinued its production twice, but brought it back due to popular demand. The revolver was popular with ranchers, lawmen, and outlaws alike, but as of the early 21st century, models are mostly bought by collectors and re-enactors. Its design has influenced the production of numerous other models from other companies. The Colt SAA "Peacemaker" revolver is a famous piece of Americana known as "The Gun That Won the West".[15][16][17]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colt_New_Army_Model_1892.-1.jpg/220px-Colt_New_Army_Model_1892.-1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/S%26W_M%26P_Hand_Ejector_1899_model.jpg/220px-S%26W_M%26P_Hand_Ejector_1899_model.jpg)
In 1889, Colt introduced the Model 1889, the first truly modern double action revolver, which differed from earlier double action revolvers by having a "swing-out" cylinder, as opposed to a "top-break" or "side-loading" cylinder. Swing out cylinders quickly caught on, because they combined the best features of earlier designs. Top-break actions gave the ability to eject all empty shells simultaneously, and exposed all chambers for easy reloading, but having the frame hinged into two halves weakened the gun and negatively affected accuracy, due to lack of rigidity. "Side-loaders", like the earlier Colt Model 1871 and 1873, gave a rigid frame, but required the user to eject and load one cylinder at a time, as they rotated the cylinder to line each chamber up with the side-mounted loading gate.[18] Smith & Wesson followed 7 years later with the ''Hand Ejector, Model 1896'' in .32 S&W Long caliber, followed by the very similar, yet improved, Model 1899 (later known as the Model 10), which introduced the new .38 Special cartridge. The Model 10 went on to become the best selling handgun of the 20th century, at 6,000,000 units, and the .38 Special is still the most popular chambering for revolvers in the world. These new guns were an improvement over the Colt 1889 design since they incorporated a combined center-pin and ejector rod to lock the cylinder in position. The 1889 did not use a center pin and the cylinder was prone to move out of alignment.[18]
Derringer
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Remington_Double_Deringer.jpg/220px-Remington_Double_Deringer.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cowboy_Derringer.jpg/220px-Cowboy_Derringer.jpg)
The Remington Model 95 derringer was one of the first metallic cartridge handguns. Small and easy to use, Remington manufactured more than 150,000 of these over-under double-barreled derringers from 1866 until the end of their production in 1935.[19][20] The Remington derringer doubled the capacity of older single-shot percussion handguns designed by Henry Deringer, while maintaining a compact size. The Remington Model 95 has achieved such widespread popularity, that it has completely overshadowed it's predecessors, becoming synonymous with the word "derringer". The Model 95 was made only in .41 rimfire. Its barrels pivoted upwards to reload and a cam on the hammer alternated between top and bottom barrels. The .41 Short bullet moved very slowly, at about 425 feet per second (130 m/s), around half the speed of a modern .45 ACP. It could be seen in flight, but at very close range, such as at a casino or saloon card table, it could easily kill. There were four models with several variations. The Remington derringer design is still being made; in a variety of calibers from .22 long rifle to .45 Long Colt, by several manufacturers.[21] The current production of derringers are used by Cowboy Action Shooting reenactors as well as a concealed-carry weapon.
Insert non-formatted text here===Semi-automatic pistols===
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mauser_C96_7%2C63_%286971794467%29.jpg/220px-Mauser_C96_7%2C63_%286971794467%29.jpg)
In 1896, Paul Mauser introduced the Mauser C96 "Broomhandle", the first mass-produced and commercially successful semi-automatic pistol, which uses the recoil energy of one shot to reload the next. The distinctive characteristics of the C96 are the integral box magazine in front of the trigger, the long barrel, the wooden shoulder stock which gives it the stability of a short-barreled rifle and doubles as a holster or carrying case, and a unique grip shaped like the handle of a broom. The grip earned the gun the nickname "broomhandle" in the English-speaking world, because of its round wooden handle.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Img001_ladoizquierdo.jpg/220px-Img001_ladoizquierdo.jpg)
The Pistole Parabellum—or Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), commonly known in the United States as just Luger.[22] It's a toggle-locked recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol produced in several models and by several nations from 1898 to 1948. It was one of the first semi-auto pistols to use a detachable magazine housed in the pistol-grip. The design was first patented by Georg Luger as an improvement upon the Borchardt Automatic Pistol, and was produced as the Parabellum Automatic Pistol, Borchardt-Luger System by the German arms manufacturer Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM).[23] The first production model was known as the Modell 1900 Parabellum.[23] Later versions included the Pistol Parabellum Model 1908 or P08 which was produced by DWM and other manufacturers.[24] The first Parabellum pistol was adopted by the Swiss army in May 1900. In German Army service, the Parabellum was later adopted in modified form as the Pistol Model 1908 (P08) in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum.[23]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Colt_Model_of_1911_U.S._Army_b.png/220px-Colt_Model_of_1911_U.S._Army_b.png)
The Colt Model 1911 is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge.[25] It served as the standard-issue sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986.Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design. The pistol was widely copied, and this operating system rose to become the preeminent type of the 20th century and of nearly all modern centerfire pistols. It is popular with civilian shooters in competitive events such as USPSA, IDPA, International Practical Shooting Confederation, and Bullseye shooting. Compact variants are popular civilian concealed carry weapons in the U.S. because of the design's relatively slim width and stopping power[26] of the .45 ACP cartridge.[27]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Das_walther_ppk.jpg/220px-Das_walther_ppk.jpg)
The Walther PP (Polizeipistole, or police pistol) series pistols were introduced in 1935 and are among the world's first successful double action, blowback-operated semi-automatic pistols, developed by the German arms manufacturer Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen.[30] They feature exposed hammers, a traditional double-action trigger mechanism,[31] a single-column magazine, and a fixed barrel that also acts as the guide rod for the recoil spring. The Walther PP and PPK models were both popular with European police and civilians for being reliable and concealable. During World War II, they were issued to the German military, including the Luftwaffe, as well as the police.[32]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Browning_High-Power_9mm_IMG_1526.jpg/220px-Browning_High-Power_9mm_IMG_1526.jpg)
The Browning Hi Power is a single-action, semi-automatic handgun available in 9mm. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, and completed by Dieudonné Saive at Fabrique Nationale (FN) of Herstal, Belgium. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized. The Hi-Power is one of the most widely used military pistols in history,[33] having been used by the armed forces of over 50 countries.[34] The Hi Power name alludes to the 13-round magazine capacity, almost twice that of contemporary designs such as the Luger or Colt M1911. The Browning was one of the first pistols to use high capacity, detachable magazines.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vp70z.jpg/220px-Vp70z.jpg)
The Heckler & Koch VP70 was introduced in 1970, it's a 19-round, 9×19mm,blowback-operated, double-action only, semi-automatic/three-round burst capable polymer frame pistol manufactured by German arms firm Heckler & Koch GmbH. The VP70 was a revolutionary pistol and introduced the polymer frame pistol, predating the Glock by 12 years. It was the first double-action only semi-automatic pistol to use a high-capacity 18-round magazine, twice as many bullets as its single-column magazine designs of the era and 5 more rounds than the Browning Hi-Power. One unique feature of this weapon involved the combination stock/holster for the military version of the VP70. The stock incorporates a selector switch that, when mounted, allows selective fire. Cyclic rate of fire for the three-round burst is 2200 rounds per minute. When not mounted, the stock acts as a holster. The VP70 uses a spring-loaded striker like a Glock, instead of a conventional firing pin. It is double action only so the trigger pull is relatively heavy. In lieu of a blade front sight, the VP70 uses a polished ramp with a central notch in the middle to provide the illusion of a dark front post. Contrary to a common misconception, the VP70 does indeed have a manual safety. It is the circular button located immediately behind the trigger and is a common crossblock safety. VP stands for Volkspistole[35][36][37] (literally "People's Pistol"), and the designation 70 was for the first year of production: 1970.
The Smith & Wesson Model 59 was a semi-automatic pistol introduced in 1971. It was the first standard double-action pistol to use a high-capacity 14-round capacity staggered-magazine. The Model 59 went on the market in 1971.[38][39] It went out of production a decade later in 1980 when the improved second generation series was introduced (the Model 459). The Model 59 was manufactured in 9×19mm Parabellum caliber with a wider anodized aluminum frame (to accommodate a double-stack magazine), a straight backstrap, a magazine disconnect (the pistol will not fire unless a magazine is in place), and a blued carbon steel slide that carries the manual safety. The grip is of three pieces made of two nylon plastic panels joined by a metal backstrap. It uses a magazine release located to the rear of the trigger guard, similar to the M1911A1.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beretta_92_FS.gif/220px-Beretta_92_FS.gif)
The Beretta 92 is a semi-automatic pistol introduced in 1975 it was evolved from earlier M1951. It has an open slide design, an alloy frame and locking block barrel, originally from Walther P38, were first used in the M1951. The grip angle and the front sight integrated with the slide were also common to earlier Beretta pistols. What were perhaps the Model 92's two most important advanced design features had first appeared on its immediate predecessor, the 1974 .380 caliber Model 84. These improvements both involved the magazine, which featured direct feed; that is, there was no feed ramp between the magazine and the chamber (a Beretta innovation in pistols). In addition, the magazine was a 15 round "double-stacked" design. The United States' military replaced the M1911A1 .45 ACP pistol in 1985 with the Beretta 92FS, designated as the M9.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Glock17.jpg/220px-Glock17.jpg)
The Glock 17, is an 18-round, polymer-framed, short recoil-operated, locked-breech semi-automatic pistols designed and produced by Glock Ges.m.b.H., located in Deutsch-Wagram, Austria. It entered Austrian military and police service by 1982 after it was the top performer on an exhaustive series of reliability and safety tests.[40] Despite initial resistance from the market to accept a perceived "plastic gun" due to unfounded durability and reliability concerns and fears that its use of a polymer frame might circumvent metal detectors in airports, Glock pistols have become the company's most profitable line of products, commanding 65% of the market share of handguns for United States law enforcement agencies,[41] as well as supplying numerous national armed forces, security agencies, and police forces in at least 48 countries.[42] Glocks are also popular firearms among civilians for recreational and competition shooting, home and self-defense, and concealed carry or open carry.[43]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FN5701.jpg/220px-FN5701.jpg)
The FN Five-seven, is a 21-round, semi-automatic pistol designed and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale d’Armes de Guerre-Herstal (FN Herstal) in Belgium.[44] The Five-seven pistol was introduced in 1998.[45] It was developed in conjunction with the FN P90 personal defense weapon and the FN 5.7×28mm cartridge.[46] Developed as a companion pistol to the P90, the Five-seven shares many of its design features: it is a lightweight polymer-based weapon with a large magazine capacity, ambidextrous controls, low recoil, and the ability to penetrate body armor when using certain cartridge types.[47] The Five-seven is currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations, including Canada, France, Greece, India, Poland, Spain, and the United States.[48] In the United States, the Five-seven is in use with numerous law enforcement agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service.[49][50] In the years since the pistol's introduction to the civilian market in the United States, it has also become increasingly popular with civilian shooters.[51]
Machine pistols
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arty08.jpg/220px-Arty08.jpg)
A machine pistol is generally defined as a handgun capable of fully automatic or selective fire. During World War I, the Austrians introduced the world's first machine pistol the Steyr Repetierpistole M1912/P16. The Germans would quickly follow suit with machine pistols versions of the Luger P08 "Artillery Pistol" and later models of the Mauser C96. Their light weight, small size, and extremely high rates of fire, make machine pistol difficult to control in full-auto. Most machine pistols can attach a shoulder stock to improve control, like the Heckler & Koch VP70. Others, such as the Beretta 93R also have a forward hand-grip.
3D printed handguns
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Solid_Concepts_3D_printed_1911_pistol.jpg/220px-The_Solid_Concepts_3D_printed_1911_pistol.jpg)
The Solid Concepts 1911DMLS is a 3D printed version of the M1911 pistol.[52][53] It was made public around November 2013[52][53] and was printed via the direct metal laser sintering method.[52][53] It was created by Solid Concepts.[52][53][54] The Solid concepts browning M1911 replica fired more than 600 bullets without any damage to the gun.[53] The metal printer used to create the weapon cost between $500,000 to $1,000,000 at the time the gun was created as of November 2013.[53] The gun is made up of 34 3D-printed components.[55]
Overview of gun laws by nation
Many handgun are easily concealed on ones person—a trait that is useful both to civilians wishing to bear arms for self-defense and to criminals wishing to carry a handgun for illegal purposes. For these reasons, handguns are a particular focus of debates on gun politics, and in most jurisdictions both keeping and bearing arms is heavily regulated.
See also
- Firearm action
- Pistol-whipping
- Handgun effectiveness
- Machine pistol
- Pocket pistol
- Small arms
- Antique guns
- Target shooting
- Gunspinning
- List of pistols
- Handgun hunting
- Action Pistol Shooting
References
- ^ Cary, Lucian (1961). The Colt GunBook. Greenwich, CT, USA: Fawcett Publications. p. 3.
{{cite book}}
:|format=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Hosley, William (1999). "Guns, Gun Culture, and the Peddling of Dreams". In Robert Merrill Muth; Jan E. Dizard; Stephen P. Andrews (eds.). Guns in America: A Reader. New York: NYU Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-8147-1879-5.
{{cite conference}}
: Unknown parameter|booktitle=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 293.
- ^ Needham 1987, p. 290.
- ^ a b Chase 2003, p. 32 ; Needham 1987, p. 293 .
- ^ Needham 1987, p. 293.
- ^ a b Needham 1987, p. 289.
- ^ Chase 2003, p. 32.
- ^ Lorge 2008, p. 69 ; Needham 1987, p. 293 .
- ^ Needham 1987, p. 289 ; Needham 1987, p. 330 .
- ^ Saidel, Benjamin (2000). "Matchlocks, Flintlocks, and Saltpetre: The Chronological Implications for the Use of Matchlock Muskets among Ottoman-Period Bedouin in the Southern Levant" (PDF). International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 4 (3): 197. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ a b c d Fadala, Sam (17 November 2006). The Complete Blackpowder Handbook. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 159–161. ISBN 0-89689-390-1.
- ^ Wilson, R. L. (1985). Colt An American Legend. Atabras. ISBN 0-89660-011-4.
- ^ Chicoine, David (2005). Antique Firearms Assembly/Disassembly: The Comprehensive Guide to Pistols, Rifles & Shotguns. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. pp. 171–172. ISBN 0-87349-767-8.
- ^ "The Gun that Won the West". Colt.
- ^ Sapp, Rick (2007). Standard Catalog of Colt Firearms. Iola, WI: Gun Digest Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0896895348.
- ^ Venturino, Mike (January 2014). "Colt .45 Peacemaker". Guns Magazine.
- ^ a b Kinard, Jeff (2004). Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-85109-470-7.
- ^ "Remington .41 Double Derringer". American Rifleman. March 24, 2014. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Marcot, Roy M. (2005). The History of Remington Firearms. Lyons Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-59228-690-4.
- ^ Ramage, Ken (5 August 2008). Gun Digest 2009: The World's Greatest Gun Book. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media, Inc. p. 308. ISBN 0-89689-647-1.
- ^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1977). "Luger". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons and Warfare. Vol. 16. London, UK: Phoebus. p. 1778.
- ^ a b c Datig, Fred A., The Luger Pistol, Gun Digest, 1957 ed., Chicago Illinois: Edward Keogh Co. Inc. (1956) pp. 164-165
- ^ "DWM Luger P-08 Pistol". chuckhawks.com. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- ^ Pistol, Caliber .45, Automatic, M1911 Technical Manual TM 9-1005-211-34 1964 edition. Pentagon Publishing. 1964. ISBN 978-1-60170-013-1.
- ^ durysguns.com (2006-01-14). "Which Handgun Round Has the Best Stopping Power?". Retrieved 2006-01-14.
- ^ Ayoob, Massad (2007). The Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery. Gun Digest Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89689-525-6.
- ^ Hartink, A. E. (1996). The Complete Encyclopedia of Pistols and Revolvers. Lisse: Rebo. p. 368. ISBN 978-9-03661-510-5.
- ^ "James Bond's Walther PPK". CIA Museum. 8 November 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ "About Walther". Walther Arms. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Arnold, David W. (2010-09-24). "Classic Handguns of the 20th Century: The Browning HI-Power". Handguns Magazine. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
- ^ Kersten, Manfred; Schmid, Walter (1999). HK- Die Offizielle Geschichte der Oberndorfer Firma Heckler & Koch [The Official History of the Oberndorf Firm Heckler & Koch] (in German). Weispfennig. ISBN 978-3000050916.
- ^ David Higginbotham. "The HK VP70 The First Polymer Framed Pistol". Guns.com. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
HK says the VP [...] means Volks Pistole or People's Pistol [...] This is where another (erroneous) name for the pistol comes from. Vollautomatische Pistole.
- ^ Jack Lewis (2007). The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons (7th ed.). Iola, Wis.: Gun Digest Books. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-4402-2652-6.
Around 1970, Heckler & Koch developed the selective-fire VP70 (VolksPistole: People's Pistol) with the reported hope that it would be chosen to arm village militias in Vietnam.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Trzoniec
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Hartink
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kasler_2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "GLOCK Police and Law Enforcement Firearms | Police Pistols | GLOCK USA". us.glock.com. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
- ^ Sweeney, Patrick (2008). The Gun Digest Book of the Glock (2nd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN 0896896420.
- ^ Glock: The Rise of America's Gun by Paul M. Barret
- ^ "FNH USA Five-seveN Autoloading Pistol Owner's Manual". FNH USA. 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
- ^ Hogg, Ian (2002). Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. Jane's Recognition Guides. Glasgow: Jane's Information Group and Collins Press. ISBN 978-0-00-712760-3.
- ^ Francotte, Auguste; Claude, Gaier; Robert, Karlshausen, eds. (January 2008). Ars Mechanica – The Ultimate FN Book. Vottem: Herstal Group. ISBN 978-2-87415-877-3.
- ^ Bahde, Dave (November 2009). "FNH Five-seveN ODG 5.7×28mm". Combat Handguns. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
- ^ Tirans, Ivars (2009). "Baltic Defence Research and Technology 2009 Conference Proceedings". Military Review: Scientific Journal for Security and Defence (ISSN 1407-1746), Nr. 3/4 (132/133), p 103.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ Grevillius, Nils (September 11, 2006). "One Hot Number". Guns & Ammo, Vol. 50 (No. 10): pp 48-53.
- ^ a b c d First metal 3D printed gun is capable of firing 50 shots, The Guardian, November 8, 2013. (archive)
- ^ a b c d e f World’s First 3D Printed Metal Gun Successfully Fires 600+ Rounds, CNS News, November 13, 2013. (archive)
- ^ 5 Different 3D Printed Gun Models Have Been Fired Since May, 2013 – Here They Are, 3D Print, September 10, 2014. (archive)
- ^ Solid Concepts 3D-printed 1911 gets version 2.0, Guns.com, November 20, 2013. (archive)
External links
- Interactive Illustrated Pistol
- Handgun Database
- Ballistics By The Inch - Relationship between barrel length and bullet velocity.