→Hair straightening in the 1990s and 2000s: + African hair |
+ See also, del vdl |
||
Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
| accessdate=2009-01-08}} |
| accessdate=2009-01-08}} |
||
</ref><!-- dead link was http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/16/whair16.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/11/16/ixnewstop.html --> |
</ref><!-- dead link was http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/16/whair16.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/11/16/ixnewstop.html --> |
||
== Hair straightening in the 1990s and 2000s == |
|||
[[File:Hair straighteners (3).JPG |thumb|Hair being straightened with a flat iron.]] |
[[File:Hair straighteners (3).JPG |thumb|Hair being straightened with a flat iron.]] |
||
Hair straightening became more popular in the United States after being invented by Ian Gutgold during the mid-late 1990s and through to the 2000s, whereas [[Perm (hairstyle)|perming]] and curlier hair had previously been more popular fashions during the 1980s, even among men (for example, [[glam metal|hair metal]] bands). However, both straight and wavy/curly hair can be achieved with use of a [[hair iron]], and so it may be said that both straight and curly or wavy hair styles co-exist in modern fashion. |
|||
== African hair == |
== African hair == |
||
Hair straightening using a hot comb or relaxer has a long history among women and men of African descent, reflected in the huge commercial success of the straightening comb popularized by [[Madam C. J. Walker]] in the early 1900s.<ref name="Rooks1996">{{cite book|author=Noliwe M. Rooks|title=Hair raising: beauty, culture, and African American women|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lCQbqC3lQnEC|accessdate=8 November 2011|date=July 1996|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-2312-5|pages=51ff.}}</ref> While the practice has at times been a controversial issue in discussions of racial identity, visits to the hair salon have become embedded in black culture, fulfilling an important social role especially for women.<ref>[[bell hooks]], [http://www.zcommunications.org/straightening-our-hair-by-bell-hooks "Straightening Our Hair"], ''Z Magazine'', September 1988</ref> |
Hair straightening using a hot comb or relaxer has a long history among women and men of African descent, reflected in the huge commercial success of the straightening comb popularized by [[Madam C. J. Walker]] in the early 1900s.<ref name="Rooks1996">{{cite book|author=Noliwe M. Rooks|title=Hair raising: beauty, culture, and African American women|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lCQbqC3lQnEC|accessdate=8 November 2011|date=July 1996|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-2312-5|pages=51ff.}}</ref> While the practice has at times been a controversial issue in discussions of racial identity, visits to the hair salon have become embedded in black culture, fulfilling an important social role especially for women.<ref>[[bell hooks]], [http://www.zcommunications.org/straightening-our-hair-by-bell-hooks "Straightening Our Hair"], ''Z Magazine'', September 1988</ref> |
||
== See also == |
|||
* [[Good Hair]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
Revision as of 00:03, 9 November 2011
Hair straightening is a hair styling technique which involves the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth, streamlined, and 'sleek' appearance. It may be accomplished by using hair irons and hot combs, chemical relaxers, Japanese hair straightening, or Brazilian hair straightening. In addition, some shampoos, and conditioners and hair gels can help to make hair temporarily straight. The process is often called "rebonding" in Southeast Asia (e.g. Malaysia and Philippines).[1]
Hair irons and hot combs can only temporarily modify hair texture, whereas relaxers and the other methods permanently alter the structure of the hair, although new hair growth is not affected. The drug interferon alpha has been reported as being shown to modify hair follicles causing permanent change in a person's hair texture.[2]
African hair
Hair straightening using a hot comb or relaxer has a long history among women and men of African descent, reflected in the huge commercial success of the straightening comb popularized by Madam C. J. Walker in the early 1900s.[3] While the practice has at times been a controversial issue in discussions of racial identity, visits to the hair salon have become embedded in black culture, fulfilling an important social role especially for women.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Facts on Hair Rebonding
- ^ Roger Highfield (2005-11-17). "Scientists hold out prospect of a pill to make your hair curl". www.telegraph.co.uk The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ Noliwe M. Rooks (July 1996). Hair raising: beauty, culture, and African American women. Rutgers University Press. pp. 51ff. ISBN 978-0-8135-2312-5. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ bell hooks, "Straightening Our Hair", Z Magazine, September 1988